<p>Background: During the last decades patient satisfaction has become an important measurement of quality in psychiatric care. However the patients are seldom asked to evaluate the treatments.</p><p>Objectives: The aim is to determine which factors the outpatients regard as beneficial in their psychiatric treatment. The purpose is explorative. During the study another purpose developed; to present research on the importance of the relationship between the caretaker and the caregiver for the outcome.</p><p>Method: 30 persons were interviewed about what they found helpful in psychiatric treatment. The interviews were open using Grounded Theory as methodological input.</p><p>Result: The most prominent topic was the quality of the relationship between the caregiver and the caretaker. The characteristics of a helping relationship seem to be when the patient:</p><p>- is being listened to and understood by a caregiver who is interested and concerned.</p><p>- is not only seen as a caretaker with problems but also as a complete person, someone more than an equation of symptoms, diagnoses and shortcomings</p><p>- is seen as a person worth listening to with unique knowledge which matters to the caregiver</p><p>- is seen as a unique person not possible to minimize to just another case</p>

Background: During the last decades patient satisfaction has become an important measurement of quality in psychiatric care. However the patients are seldom asked to evaluate the treatments. Objectives: The aim is to determine which factors the outpatients regard as beneficial in their psychiatric treatment. The purpose is explorative. During the study another purpose developed; to present research on the importance of the relationship between the caretaker and the caregiver for the outcome. Method: 30 persons were interviewed about what they found helpful in psychiatric treatment. The interviews were open using Grounded Theory as methodological input. Result: The most prominent topic was the quality of the relationship between the caregiver and the caretaker. The characteristics of a helping relationship seem to be when the patient: - is being listened to and understood by a caregiver who is interested and concerned. - is not only seen as a caretaker with problems but also as a complete person, someone more than an equation of symptoms, diagnoses and shortcomings - is seen as a person worth listening to with unique knowledge which matters to the caregiver - is seen as a unique person not possible to minimize to just another case

Team leadership research has largely relied on traditional dyadic models (i.e., those capturing one-on-one relationships between a leader and follower) to explain team-level phenomena. Despite recent advancements, much of this research falls short of addressing the complexity inherent to teams. One promising alternative to the traditional perspectives, functional leadership theory, moves beyond the constraints of dyadic models and instead advances a needs-based approach for understanding team leadership (i.e., effective leaders are those that meet any and all team needs). Although intuitive, the ambiguous nature of simply meeting team needs does not provide sufficient specificity as to how exactly leaders meet team needs. In an effort to address this issue, I introduce a multi-dimensional construct, called leader focus, to explain how leaders meet team needs by focusing their efforts on teamwork or taskwork (i.e., person-task focus) as well as different relational entities in the team (i.e., entity focus). In total, I propose six unique foci of team leadership: individual task-focus, team task-focus, subgroup task-focus, individual person-focus, team person-focus, and subgroup person-focus. Next, using social interdependence theory, I hypothesize that individual-focused leadership is most effective when task interdependence is low, whereas team- and subgroup-focused leadership are most effective when task interdependence is high. Further, person-focused leadership is hypothesized to influence team effectiveness by way of interpersonal processes; task-focused leadership is argued to influence team effectiveness via task-related processes. In a sample of 89 firefighting crews, partial support is found for the multi-foci model of team leadership. Team task-focused leadership influences team task performance indirectly through task processes; team person-focused and subgroup person-focused leadership influence team helping behaviors through interpersonal processes. Moreover, the relationship between individual task-focused and subgroup task-focused leadership on team processes is contingent on task interdependence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The relationship to professionals has proved to be a helping factor for personswith severe mental illness, but it is also a relationship characterised by anunbalanced power relation. The aim of this study was to compile and analyze theknowledge of what persons with severe mental illness themselves consider to behelping in the relationship to professionals, and to specifically analyse this from apower perspective. The analysis was conducted using Foucault’s ideas of powerand knowledge, and an empowerment perspective. The method used was anarrative review. Fourteen relevant studies were included, in which fouroverarching themes were identified; building the basis for helping, workingtogether, more than a consumer and the professional role. The institutionalisedknowledge regarding the consumers, their problems and in which way thisrelationship is helping, was understood as an integral part of the power within therelationship. To share power by looking beyond this knowledge, going beyond theinstitutionalised way of helping and instead taking the consumer’s view intoaccount, was seen as helping. This knowledge calls for professionals to, inambition to helping individuals with severe mental illness, be open to the variousdifferent ways of doing so.

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Mokyklose daugėjant mokinių, susiduriančių su įvairiomis socializacijos problemomis, tampa ypač aktualus pagalbos jiems teikimas. Kad tai būtų tinkamai organizuota, svarbu žinoti mokyklos administracijos ir pagalbą teikiančių mokytojų komandos požiūrį į šią veiklos sritį, nustatyti pagalbos mokiniams poreikį, išanalizuoti siūlomas pagalbos formas ir įvertinti teikiamos pagalbos kokybę. Šiuo tikslu Raseinių rajono savivaldybės ugdymo įstaigose buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio objektas – pagalba socializacijos sunkumų patiriančiam mokiniui. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pagalbos socializacijos sunkumų patiriančiam mokiniui poreikio, pasiūlos ir kokybės dermę, atskleidžiant mokyklų vadovų ir pagalbos komandos atliekamų funkcijų realizavimo ypatumus. Metodologiniu tyrimo pagrindu laikytina: psichoanalizės teorija (K Horni, H. Salivanas, E Fromas): asmenybė – tai tarpasmeninių santykių atspindys; psichosocialinė asmenybės vystymosi teorija (E. Eriksonas): tam tikras konkretaus vaiko elgesys priklauso nuo jo ankstesnio patyrimo, dabartinės situacijos, nuo kultūrinės aplinkos ir net nuo visuomenės istorijos; socialinio išmokimo teorija (A. Bandura): žmogaus elgesys ir psichiniai procesai – tai išmokimo rezultatas. Elgesį dažniausiai lemia ne viena aplinkybė ar atskiras elgesio modelis, o jų tarpusavio sąveika. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai - mokslinės literatūros, teisės dokumentų analizė; empiriniai - kiekybinis standartizuotas apklausos raštu metodas taikytas apklausiant mokyklų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / As the number of pupils, which run into different socialization problems, is increasing, helping them becomes particularly relevant. That it would be properly organized, it is important to know the attitude of school’s administration and teacher’s team that is helping pupils towards this preserve, set the necessity of help, analyze forms of help that are offered and evaluate the quality of help. According to this research was made in Raseiniai district local governments’ educational institutional. Its object is, helping a pupil having trouble in socializing. The aim of the research is to set harmony of demand, supply and quality for pupil having trouble in socializing, while revealing schools leaderships’ and helping teams’ realization peculiarity of surplus function. The basis of methodological research is kept: the theory of psychoanalysis ( K. Horni, H. Salivanas, E. Fromas}: personality is the reflection of interpersonal relationship; the theory of evolution of psychosocial personality {E. Ericson}: specific behavior of particular pupil depends on his earlier experience, cultural environment and even on the history of community; the theory of social learning {A. Bandura): learning result is humans’ behavior and psycho processes. Behavior mostly depends not only on one factor or on separate model of behavior, but their interplay. The methods of research: theoretical – scientific literature, the analysis of law documents; empirical – quantitative standardize... [to full text]

For older adults, engaging in prosocial behaviours such as volunteering, caregiving, and informal helping, may contribute to self-perceptions of social usefulness. Limitations of past research on social usefulness include lack of a clear operationalization of the construct and lack of a psychometrically sound measure. To address these issues, study one was conducted to explore the construct of social usefulness through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 older adults, with varying degrees of prosocial engagement. A thematic analysis illustrated various themes that were associated with perceptions of social usefulness that includes: (a) values and beliefs about social usefulness, (b) the personal need and motivation to be socially useful, (c) the amount of perceived personal social usefulness, (d) the perceived quality of personal social usefulness, and (e) the personal outcomes of social usefulness. These themes were used in study 2 as basis for item development for a scale of social usefulness. In study 2, social usefulness items were developed from the data extracts (i.e., quotes) and themes from study one. The items were administered to 408 older adults, along with preliminary validation measures. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution that includes: (a) personal motivation to be socially useful, (b) psychological rewards of social usefulness, and (c) perceived network reliance on special social usefulness. The Older Adult Social Usefulness Scale demonstrated good construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. The scale offers an empirically developed measure of social usefulness. The conceptual, theoretical, and practical implications of these findings, along with limitations and future research directions, are discussed.

Theoretical speculation implies Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) are drawn in disproportionate numbers to caretaking occupations. This study compared the prevalence of ACOAs between nursing and noncaretaking occupations. A cover letter, demographic questionnaire, and Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) were distributed to a random sample of 196 registered nurses and 184 noncaretaking employees at a large metropolitan hospital. Seventy-nine nursing and 104 noncaretaking occupations respondents completed the questionnaires.Comparison of demographic data for nursing and noncaretaking occupations revealed similar composition regarding age, number of marriages, and race. There were more male, divorced, widowed, and first born respondents in noncaretaking occupations than in nursing.ACOAs were identified in 21.5% of nursing respondents and 19.2% of noncaretaking occupation respondents. Chi-square showed no significant difference between the proportion of ACOAs in nursing and noncaretaking occupations at the .05 level of confidence. Thus, the null hypothesis was not rejected. This study found ACOAs are not drawn in disproportionate numbers to nursing. / School of Nursing

Extra-role helping, defined as assisting co-workers with their work tasks, and extra-role voice, defined as arguing for constructive change, are believed to be functional for work groups. However, the mechanisms by which helping and voice might contribute to group effectiveness have not been described in detail, and relatively little empirical research has addressed the effects that helping and voice actually have within groups, or their relationships with outcomes relevant to group effectiveness. I argue that helping and voice will have their most direct and immediate effects on fellow group members, and that these effects may influence the subsequent performance of the group as a whole. I present a cross-level model of task facilitation, which describes the impact that group level helping may have on the task performance of individual group members. I present a cross-level model of climate building, which describes the impact that group level helping and voice may have on the climate perceptions of individual group members. I test hypotheses drawn from these models in three studies. Study one was conducted with 1086 Australian air traffic controllers in 45 groups. The results provided support for the task facilitation mechanism, and showed that group level helping was positively associated with the task performance and effectiveness of individual air traffic controllers. Study two was conducted in an Australian public sector organisation employing over 4000 individuals in 177 groups. The results of this study provided support for the climate building mechanism. Group level helping was positively associated with individual perceptions of affective climate. The effects of group level voice depended on the level of goal clarity within the group. I argued that group members would perceive a greater need for voice when group goal clarity was low, and that under these circumstances, group members would attribute voice behaviour to a genuine desire to benefit the group. Under conditions of high goal clarity, however, group members would not perceive a need for voice, and so the voice behaviours would be attributed to self-serving motives to gain power, influence or resources. Results supported these arguments, with group voice having a negative effect on climate perceptions when goal clarity was high, and a positive effect on climate perceptions when goal clarity was low. In study three I examined the impact of attributions for voice behaviour directly. I conducted an experiment with 69 second year management students. Students were placed in a simulated organisational context by way of a written vignette. The level of co-worker voice and the motives for voice were manipulated within this vignette to form a two by two factorial design in which the level of voice (no voice vs. some voice) was crossed with co-worker motives (self-serving vs. altruistic). Manipulation checks showed that participants attributed the co-worker's behaviour to self serving motives in the self-serving condition, and to altruistic motives in the altruistic condition. The results showed that voice behaviour had a negative impact on climate perceptions when self-serving attributions were made. When altruistic attributions were made, the presence or absence of voice did not influence climate perceptions. The results of the three studies suggest that extra-role helping and voice form important parts of the technical, social and psychological environment in which group members work. Furthermore, this environment can have important effects on the task performance and climate perceptions of group members. To the extent that group effectiveness depends on high levels of individual task performance and positive climate perceptions, these outcomes will influence subsequent group effectiveness. I close by discussing the contribution of the task facilitation and climate building models, and the practical implications of the results obtained within this thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-157).