Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 95-126.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutation or deletion of the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1), which encodes cell-ubiquitous SMN protein. Although classified as a neuromuscular disease, a range of systemic pathologies is reported in SMA patients. Despite a clear understanding of the genetics, the role of SMN protein in SMA pathogenesis is somewhat unclear, especially in tissues outside the CNS. Here, we describe failed liver development in response to reduced SMN levels, in a Taiwanese mouse model of severe SMA. Molecular analysis revealed significant changes in proteins involved in cell cycling and blood homeostasis including coagulation prior to motor neuron pathology. With SMN being directly associated with some of these proteins, this indicates primary liver pathology in SMA. Study of livers obtained from two other mouse models of SMA; severe SMNΔ7 and intermediate 2B, which have slightly higher SMN levels than Taiwanese SMA mice, also revealed significant overlapping pathologies, suggestive of high intrinsic susceptibility of the liver to SMN decrease. Proteomic study of pre-symptomatic 2B/- liver revealed significant perturbations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, which could account for metabolic defects in SMA patients. Vascular changes can be observed in mouse models of SMA and even skeletal muscle of severe SMA patients. Although Taiwanese SMA liver showed no morphological changes to its vasculature, it does have impairments in several key vascular signaling molecules, including VEGF and Tie-2. Furthermore, we report for the first time significant vascular changes in a zebrafish model of SMA, that could be associated with defective neuronal-vascular signaling and is supported by preliminary findings in the Taiwanese SMA retina. This thesis uncovers perturbations in several clinically relevant signalling pathways directly linked to SMN decrease, independent of the motor neurone pathology. Taken together this work emphasises the importance of a systemic therapy in SMA.

Megakaryocyte specification is the process by which discrete hematopoietic subpopulations undergo lineage commitment towards the myeloid compartment, finally specifying as a megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor (MEP) by way of thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO) signaling, before becoming a megakaryocyte lineage restricted progenitor that will progressively increase cellular ploidy and compartmentalize its cytoplasm in preparation for platelet production. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a cell type that is experimentally manipulated to function as embryonically derived pluripotent cells, there now exists the ability to analyze signal transduction throughout discrete phases of hematopoiesis, megakaryocyte lineage cell fate, and platelet production. Recent studies have implicated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a transcription factor that plays a critical role in multiple aspects of hematopoiesis. These results inspired the hypothesis that AHR signaling may be functionally relevant in the context of megakaryopoiesis. To test this hypothesis, an iPSC directed differentiation strategy was established in order to create a platform upon which to experimentally manipulate AHR signaling throughout megakaryocyte specification. The results demonstrate: 1) iPSC derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) undergo exponential expansion upon AHR agonism; 2) AHR antagonism allows for megakaryocyte lineage bias; 3) Optimization of directed-differentiation allows for the examination of AHR signaling in megakaryocyte lineage-restricted cells; 4) AHR signaling suppresses the expression of MPL, the gene that encodes the thrombopoietin receptor (C-MPL) in iPSC derived megakaryocyte lineage committed cells; 5) AHR activation concomitantly suppresses cell surface expression of C-MPL, which may alter the sensitivity of HPCs to TPO signaling; 6) Multiple gene targets are modulated by AHR activation within megakaryocyte lineage cells, providing evidence of a transcriptional program downstream of AHR signaling that preferentially suppresses megakaryocyte specification; 7) A reporter iPSC line of AHR activity provides evidence of endogenous AHR signaling throughout megakaryocyte specification and shows a sharp decline in AHR activity upon megakaryocyte lineage commitment; 8) In a mouse model of megakaryocyte lineage specific AHR knockout, platelet counts are significantly reduced. These data suggest that the AHR plays a significant role in megakaryocyte specification by modulating the expression of multiple lineage specific gene targets, including MPL, the thrombopoietin receptor. / 2017-05-02T00:00:00Z

Les cellules souches (CS) se démarquent des progéniteurs et cellules différenciées à de nombreux égards. Notamment, les CS présentent des caractéristiques particulières dans des processus cellulaires fondamentaux, et il a été récemment proposé que la biogenèse des ribosomes (BiRi) participe à la régulation des CS. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai utilisé diverses approches pour étudier le rôle et la régulation de la BiRi dans des populations de CS, in vivo et ex vivo dans des modèles murins.Grâce à un modèle d’inactivation génétique du facteur de BiRi Notchless (Nle), j’ai participé à l’étude de son rôle dans le lignage hématopoïétique et l’épithélium intestinal adultes, et cours du développement embryonnaire précoce. In vivo, la perte constitutive de Nle entraîne une létalité embryonnaire, et j’ai montré ex vivo que l’inactivation de Nle dans des CS embryonnaires induit une réponse au stress ribosomique médiée par le suppresseur de tumeur p53, et des défauts de prolifération/survie. L’induction de la perte de Nle chez l’adulte active également p53 dans les CS hématopoïétiques et intestinale, entraînant leur rapide élimination.En parallèle, j’ai utilisé plusieurs méthodes pour mesurer l’activité de BiRi des progéniteurs immatures et CS hématopoïétiques (CSH) à l’homéostasie, in vivo chez la souris adulte. J’ai ainsi mis en évidence des variations de l’activité de BiRi dans ces populations, révélant notamment une activité de BiRi des CSH jusqu’ici insoupçonnée du fait de leur quiescence.Dans l’ensemble, mon travail renforce l’idée d’un rôle de la BiRi dans la régulation des CS, et apporte une meilleure compréhension de la régulation de ce processus dans le lignage hématopoïétique. / Stem cells (SCs) differ from progenitors and differentiated cells on many aspects. Notably, SCs display particular characteristics in fundamental cellular processes, and ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) has recently been proposed to play an important role in the regulation of SCs. During my thesis, I have used various approaches to study the role and regulation of RiBi in SC populations, using in vivo and ex vivo mouse models.Using genetic inactivation of the RiBi factor Notchless (Nle), I have participated to the analysis of its role in the adult hematopoietic system and intestinal epithelium, and in the establishment of the first cell lineages during early embryogenesis. In vivo, constitutive Nle deficiency causes early embryonic lethality, and I showed ex vivo that Nle inactivation in embryonic SCs induces a ribosomal stress response mediated by the tumor suppressor p53, and proliferation/survival defects. Conditional Nle inactivation in the adult mouse also induces activation of p53 in hematopoietic and intestinal SCs in vivo, leading to their rapid elimination.In parallel, I have used different methods to analyze the RiBi activity of hematopoietic SCs (HSCs) and immature progenitors at homeostasis, in vivo in the adult mouse. Thus, I have unraveled variations in the RiBi activity of these populations, and notably uncovered previously unsuspected RiBi activity in HSCs despite their quiescent state.Altogether, my work supports the hypothesis of a role for RiBi in the regulation of SCs and provides better understanding of the activity of this process during hematopoietic differentiation.

A hematopoese nas serpentes inicia-se durante a embriogênese e através dos processos de alterações da vida fetal. A primeira atividade eritropoética é extraembrionária, a partir de células mesodérmicas do saco vitelínico e durante o desenvolvimento embrionário torna-se intraembrionário. Em serpentes recém-nascidas e adultas, o principal foco hematopoético ocorre na medula óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os diferentes estágios de maturação das células sanguíneas da serpente O. guibei, com base em estudos de microscopia, reações citoquímicas e aspectos ultraestruturais. Fragmentos de vértebras de serpentes recém-nascidas e adultas (n=11) foram coletados para obtenção da medula óssea que foi fixada em formol cálcio ou Bouin e processadas para histologia de rotina. Cortes histológicos, imprint de medula óssea e esfregaços sanguíneos foram corados com Rosenfeld, hematoxilina e eosina ou azul de metileno. As reações citoquímicas realizadas foram ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS), azul de toluidina (AT), Sudan Black B (SBB), benzidina peroxidase (PA) e fosfatase ácida (FA). Para a microscopia electrónica de transmissão (TEM), a medula óssea foi fixada em paraformaldeído a 4% + glutaraldeído 2%, em tampão Tyrode, pós fixados em tetróxido de ósmio a 1% e embebidos em resina Epon 812. A maior parte das células progenitoras de células sanguíneas foram identificadas em focos hematopoiéticos ativos na medula óssea de vértebras e costelas. As linhagens azurofílicas e linfoides foram morfologicamente similares aos de outros répteis. A linhagem granulocítica foi classificada como mieloblasto, promielócito, mielócito e granulócito maduro. Mielócitos podem ser diferenciados em basófilos com grânulos grandes, redondos e eletrondensidade homogênia ou heterófilos, com grânulos de tamanhos e formas variadas na análise MET. TB e PAS foram positivos nos grânulos imaturos e maduros basófilos. Por outro lado, heterófilos e azurófilos mostraram reação fortemente positiva para lípidos de SBB e BP. FA foi encontrado nos azurófilos em várias fases de maturação. As diferentes fases de eritrócitos foram classificadas como: proeritroblasto, eritroblasto basófilo, eritroblasto policromático, proeritrócitos e eritrócitos maduros. Os trombócitos apresentaram positivadade para PAS. As características dos trombócitos maduros e imaturos foram definidas através da TEM apresentando corpos densos, grânulos alfa, microtúbulos e sistema canalicular aberto. Concluindo, a medula óssea das costelas e vértebras é um importante foco hematopoético nas serpentes O. guibei recém-nascidas e adultas. Os aspectos morfológicos, citoquímicos e ultraestruturais são úteis para identificar e caracterizar os diferentes estágios de maturação das células sanguíneas / Hematopoiesis in snakes begins during embryogenesis and the process changes through fetal life. The first erytropoietic activity is extraembryonic from mesoderm cells of the yolk sac and during the embryonic development it becomes intraembryonic. In newborn and adult snakes, the main site of hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to characterize different stages of blood cells maturation of O. guibei snakes, based on microscopic studies including cytochemical stains and ultrastructural features. Fragments of vertebrae of newborn and adult snakes (n= 11) were collected to obtain bone marrow that was fixed in Bouin or formol calcium and processed routinely for histology. Tissue sections, imprint of bone marrow and blood smears were stained with Rosenfeld, hematoxylin and eosin or methylene blue. The cytochemical reactions performed were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), toluidine blue (AT), sudan black B (SBB), benzidine peroxidase (BP) and acid phosphatase (FA). For transmission electron microscopy (MET), bone marrow was fixed in paraformaldehyde 4% + glutaraldehyde 2% in Tyrode buffer, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon 812 resin. Most of progenitors of blood cells were identified in the active hematopoietic focus in bone marrow of vertebrae and ribs. The azurophilic and lymphocytic series were morphologically similar to those of other reptiles. Granulocytic lineage was classified as myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte and mature granulocytes. Myelocyte can be differentiated into basophils, with large, round and electrondensity homogeneous granules or heterophils, with varied size and shapes granules in the TEM analysis. AT and PAS were positive in the immature and mature basophils granules. On the other hand, heterophils and azurophils showed strong positive reaction for lipids staining of SBB and BP. FA was found on azurophils in various stages of maturation. The different stages of erythrocytes were classified as: proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, proerythrocyte and mature erythrocytes. Thrombocytics cells showed PAS positive. The characteristics of mature and immature thrombocytes were defined using TEM identifying the dense bodies, alpha granules, microtubules and open canalicular system. Concluding, the rib or vertebral bone marrow is an important hematopoietic site in the newborn and adult O. guibei snakes. The morphologic, cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics are useful to identify and characterize different stages of maturation of blood cells

L'hématopoïèse est le processus de formation des cellules sanguines différenciées à partir de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Ce processus est étroitement contrôlé par l'intégration de signaux de développementaux et homéostatiques pour assurer une production équilibrée des différents types de cellules sanguines. Au niveau moléculaire, la régulation de ce processus est médiée par un certain nombre de facteurs de transcription, en particulier par les membres de la famille RUNX. Ainsi, des mutations affectant les membres de cette famille peuvent entrainer une déréglementation du programme de différenciation hématopoïétique et causer des hémopathies, dont des leucémies. D'une manière intrigante, de nombreux régulateurs de la transcription et des voies de signalisation contrôlant le développement des cellules sanguines sont évolutivement conservés des humains à Drosophila melanogaster, qui est donc utilisée comme organisme modèle pour étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents à la spécification des lignages sanguins et au contrôle de l'homéostasie des cellules sanguines. Les membres de la famille Myeloid Leukemia Factor (MLF) ont été impliqués dans l'hématopoïèse et dans la transformation oncogénique des cellules sanguines, mais leur fonction et leur mécanisme d'action moléculaire restent insaisissables. Des travaux précédents chez la Drosophile ont montré que MLF stabilise le facteur de transcription de type RUNX Lozenge (LZ) et contrôle le nombre de cellules sanguines LZ+. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai cherché à déchiffrer le mécanisme moléculaire d'action de MLF sur Lozenge dans les cellules sanguines. Par une approche protéomique puis par des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation dans les cellules de Drosophile Kc167, nous avons identifié le co-chaperon de type Hsp40 DnaJ-1, et son partenaire le chaperon Hsc70-4, comme deux partenaires de MLF. De façon importante, nous avons montré que l'inhibition de l'expression de DnaJ-1 ou de Hsc70-4 dans les cellules Kc167 induit une réduction du niveau de protéine Lozenge et une diminution de sa capacité à activer la transcription très semblable à celles observées suite à l'inhibition de l'expression de MLF. De plus, la sur-expression de mutants de DnaJ-1 incapables d'activer le chaperon Hsc70-4 entraîne aussi une réduction du niveau de Lozenge et de sa capacité de transactivation et des expériences de coimmunoprécipitation montrent que Lozenge interagit avec MLF, DnaJ-1 et Hsc70-4. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que MLF agit au sein d'un complexe chaperon composé de DnaJ-1 et Hsc70-4 pour contrôler le niveau de Lozenge. En utilisant différents mutants de MLF ou DnaJ-1, nous avons montré que MLF et DnaJ-1 interagissent ensemble et avec Lozenge via des domaines phylogénétiquement conservés. D'autre part, des expériences de GST " pull down " in vitro suggèrent que ces trois protéines peuvent interagir ensemble directement. Nous proposons donc que MLF et DnaJ-1 contrôlent le niveau de protéine Lozenge en interagissant avec elle et en favorisant son repliement et/ou sa solubilité via l'activité chaperon de Hsc70-4. En parallèle, nous avons étudié la fonction de DnaJ-1 in vivo dans le développement des cellules sanguines de la Drosophile. Nos résultats montrent que, comme mlf, la perte de dnaj-1 s'accompagne d'une augmentation de la taille et du nombre des cellules sanguines LZ+, ainsi que d'une hyperactivation de la voie de signalisation Notch dans ces cellules. Nos résultats suggèrent que des hauts niveaux de Lozenge sont nécessaires pour contrôler le nombre et la taille des cellules LZ+ et pour inhiber l'expression de Notch. Nous proposons que le complexe MLF/DnaJ-1 contrôle le développement du lignage LZ+ en régulant le niveau de protéine Lozenge, et ainsi le niveau d'activité de la voie Notch. En conclusion, nos résultats ont mis à jour un lien fonctionnel entre MLF, le co-chaperon de type Hsp40 DnaJ-1 et un facteur de transcription de type RUNX, qui pourrait être conservé dans d'autres espèces. / Hematopoiesis is the process of formation of fully differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This process is tightly controlled by the integration of developmental and homeostatic signals to ensure the generation of an appropriate number of each blood cell type. At the molecular level, the regulation of this developmental process is mediated by a number of transcription factors, especially by members of the RUNX family, and mutations affecting these factors are at the origin of numerous hemopathies, including leukemia. Intriguingly, many transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways controlling blood cell development are evolutionarily conserved from humans to Drosophila melanogaster. Hence, the fruit fly has become a potent and simplified model to study the mechanisms underlying the specification of blood cell lineages and the regulation of blood cell homeostasis. Members of the Myeloid Leukemia Factor (MLF) family have been implicated in hematopoiesis and in oncogenic blood cell transformation, but their function and molecular mechanism of action remain elusive. Previous work in Drosophila showed that MLF stabilizes the RUNX transcription factor Lozenge (LZ) and controls the number of LZ+ blood cells. During my PhD, I sought to further decipher the molecular mechanism of action of MLF on Lozenge during blood cell development. Using a proteomic approach in Drosophila Kc167 cells, we identified the Hsp40 co-chaperone family member DnaJ-1 and its chaperone partner Hsc70-4 as two partners of MLF. These interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitations and in vitro pull-down assays. Importantly, we found that knocking down DnaJ-1 or Hsc70-4 expression in Kc167 cells caused a reduction in the level of Lozenge protein and a concomitant decrease in Lozenge transactivation activity, which were very similar to those caused by MLF knock-down. Similarly, over-expression of two DnaJ-1 mutants that are unable to stimulate the chaperone activity of Hsc70-4 also decreased Lozenge level and impaired its capacity to activate transcription. These results suggest that MLF could act within a chaperone complex composed of DnaJ-1 and Hsc70-4 to control Lozenge stability and activity. Along that line, we showed by co-immunoprecipitation that Lozenge interacts with MLF, DnaJ-1 and Hsc70-4, respectively. Using various truncated mutants of MLF or DnaJ-1, we showed that MLF and DnaJ-1 interact and together with Lozenge through their conserved MLF homology domain (MHD) and C-terminal region, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro GST pull-down assays suggested that the interactions between MLF, DnaJ-1 and Lozenge are direct. Thus, we propose that MLF and DnaJ-1 control Lozenge protein level by interacting with it and by promoting its folding and/or solubility via the Hsc70 chaperone machinery. In parallel, we assessed DnaJ-1 function in Drosophila blood cells in vivo using a null allele of dnaj-1 generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technique. We found that, like mlf, dnaj-1 mutation leads to an increase in the number and size of LZ+ blood cells, as well as to an over-activation of the Notch signaling pathway in these cells. Moreover, our data suggested that high levels of active Lozenge are required to control the number and size of LZ+ blood cells, and to down-regulate Notch expression. We propose that the MLF/DnaJ-1 complex controls LZ+ blood cell development in vivo by regulating Lozenge protein level/activity and thereby Notch pathway activation. In sum, our results establish a functional link between MLF, the Hsp40 co-chaperone DnaJ-1 and the RUNX transcription factor Lozenge, which could be conserved in other species.

Le but de mon travail était d’étudier les modifications post-traductionnelles et plus précisément la sumoylation d’Ikaros. Mes études ont montré que le facteur de transcription Ikaros est modifié non seulement par SUMO-1 mais aussi par SUMO-2/3 sur plusieurs sites consensus. Cette modification est conditionnelle et dépendante du stade de développement des cellules T. J’ai trouvé un site consensus en plus des sites déjà décrits dans l’étude de Gómez-del Arco et al., 2005. En accord avec les résultats publiés, dans mon système expérimental, l’absence de sumoylation augmente les propriétés anti-prolifératives d’Ikaros, car ses mutants qui ne peuvent pas être sumoylés inhibent mieux la prolifération des cellules leucémiques. Un effet surprenant est l’absence d’un effet cumulatif de l’absence de sumoylation sur la prolifération des cellules. Par exemple, des mutants ponctuels qui ne perdent pas complètement leur sumoylation sont les meilleurs répresseurs de la prolifération, comparés avec le mutant où tous les sites modifiés sont mutés. Ce résultat est en contradiction avec les données publiées, parce qu’il suggère un rôle différent de la sumoylation, et non seulement comme un interrupteur physique des complexes Ikaros – NURD. J’ai fait des expériences utilisant l’expression d’un gène rapporteur comme un moyen de révéler des différences subtiles entre les propriétés répressives d’Ikaros et ses mutants sumo-déficients. Pour ces essais j’ai utilisé des cellules HeLa, un type cellulaire qui n’exprime pas Ikaros endogène et qu’il est donc théoriquement convenable pour étudier son effet sur l’expression d’un gène rapporteur. Mes résultats ont démontré que dans des cellules HeLa, il n’y pas de différence significative entre les propriétés répressives d’Ikaros et ses mutants sumo-déficients. Ces différences par rapport aux résultats obtenues avec la lignée de cellule T suggèrent une grande importance de contexte du système utilisé et que certains effets peuvent être observés uniquement dans des cellules T. Pour mieux comprendre le rôle de la sumoylation dans le fonctionnement d’Ikaros, j’ai analysé les transcriptomes des lignées cellulaires T qui surexpriment IK1-ER ou ses mutants. L’analyse des puces d’ADN a démontré un phénotype de dérégulation d’expression des gènes cibles d’Ikaros, différent entre la protéine WT et les mutants, ainsi qu’entre les mutants mêmes. Ce résultat suggère un rôle de la sumoylation d’Ikaros beaucoup plus complexe que l’interruption mécanique de son interaction avec le complexe NURD. Mes résultats ont aussi démontré que les autres membres de la famille d’Ikaros (Helios, Aiolos et Eos) sont également sumoylés, un événement qui pourrait être important pour la régulation de leurs fonctions. / The main topic of my PhD studies was to investigate the role of sumoylation in the function of Ikaros transcription factor, that regulates the lymphocyte differentiation and function. Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification that can change the properties and regulate the function of a given protein. Up to now, one study addressed the question of how sumoylationmodulates Ikaros function. It shows that Ikaros is sumoylated in total primary thymocytes, and that this dynamic event modulates Ikaros' repressive function. It also describes two consensus sumoylation sites on Ikaros (K58 and K240), the sumoylation of which leads to loss of Ikaros repressive function in ectopic reporter gene assays. The final conclusion of the study is that sumoylation does not alter the nuclear localization of Ikaros but acts as a mechanism disrupting its participation in both histone deacetylase (HDAC) dependent and independent repression. My work shows the presence of additional sumoylation site on Ikaros and demonstrates that sumoylation does not significantly alter its interaction with the nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase (NURD) complex in T-cell lines. The functional analysis of sumo-deficientmutants indicates a complex role of this modification in regulating Ikaros' transcriptional properties. The identification of this new sumoylation site contributes to a better understanding of Ikaros' dual repressive - activating function and suggests the existence of conditional Ikaros' interacting partners. Moreover, the different Ikaros splicing isoforms would have differentsumoylation profiles, which would complete the knowledge of their functional diversity.

Orientadores: Fabiola Traina, Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MachadoNeto_JoaoAgostinho_M.pdf: 23849071 bytes, checksum: df78354ffdd25c98c274422937e03f93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A ocorrência da leucemia aguda resulta de uma combinação de mutações e alterações em funções protéicas que conferem a capacidade de proliferação, defeito na diferenciação e apoptose celular. Síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são desordens hematopoéticas resultantes de alterações na célula pluripotente, caracterizadas por hematopoese ineficaz e alta taxa de evolução para leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA). Células leucêmicas expressam uma variedade de receptores de fatores de crescimento e citocinas, como o receptor do Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R). A via de sinalização do IGF-1 inicia-se através da ativação de seu receptor e subsequente ativação de seus substratos, como os substratos do receptor de insulina (IRS). Algumas evidências indicam a participação das proteínas IRS em doenças hematológicas: (1) IRS1 foi descrito como constitutivamente fosforilado e associado ao BCR-ABL em células K562; (2) a expressão de IRS1 foi relacionada com pior prognóstico em leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) BCR-ABL positiva; (3) IRS2 associa-se ao receptor de eritropoetina; (4) a expressão de IRS2 foi modulada durante estímulos com eritropoetina e IGF-1 e em processos de diferenciação em células hematopoéticas normais e leucêmicas. Neste estudo, foi observada a presença da expressão gênica e protéica de IRS1 e IRS2 em células hematopoéticas normais, mielodisplásicas e leucêmicas, entretanto, o padrão de expressão das duas proteínas foi diferente. Em linhagens celulares de leucemia aguda, IRS1 foi expresso em linhagens de leucemia aguda mieloide (P39, K562, NB4, KG-1, e HL60) e linfoide (MOLT4, Jurkat, Raji e Daudi), enquanto que IRS2 foi expresso preferencialmente em linhagens mieloides. Em células hematopoéticas primárias, não houve diferença na expressão de IRS1 entre células hematopoéticas de pacientes com SMD e LMA e controles normais, e a expressão gênica de IRS1 apresentou-se aumentada em amostras de medula óssea de pacientes com LLA em relação aos controles normais. A expressão de IRS2 foi menor nas amostras de medula óssea de pacientes com SMD, LMA e LLA em relação aos controles normais, e a expressão de IRS2 foi menor em pacientes com SMD de alto risco se comparados com SMD baixo risco, de acordo com a classificação FAB, WHO e com número de citopenias. A participação de IRS2 na diferenciação eritróide de células hematopoéticas normais e mielodisplásicas foi evidenciada através da avaliação da expressão de IRS2 durante a diferenciação eritroide de células progenitoras de medula óssea de doadores normais e de pacientes com SMD. O estudo evidenciou o aumento da expressão de IRS2 durante a diferenciação eritroide, sendo que nas células mielodisplásicas, IRS2 apresentou um menor aumento se comparado às células hematopoéticas normais. Em células BCR-ABL positivas, a inibição da expressão de IRS1 (realizada através do uso de shRNA mediado por lentivírus específico para IRS1) resultou em inibição da proliferação celular e crescimento clonal, acúmulo de células na fase G0/G1 e redução de células na fase S do ciclo celular. A inibição de IRS1 resultou na inibição da fosforilação das proteínas Akt, P70S6K e ERK. Entretanto, a inibição de IRS1 não modulou a apoptose e as proteínas BCL2, BAX e BAD, assim como não modulou a fosforilação de BCR-ABL e CRKL e não apresentou sinergismo quando associado ao inibidor de tirosina quinase do BCR-ABL (imatinib). Estes dados indicam que IRS1 participa dos processos celulares de proliferação celular e clonogenicidade em células BCR-ABL positivas, através da modulação de Akt, P70S6K e ERK. Os achados aqui descritos sugerem que IRS1 é expresso em células hematopoéticas normais, mielodisplásicas e leucêmicas, destacando-se sua elevada expressão em células de LLA e sua participação na via de sinalização BCR-ABL. Estes dados indicam que IRS1 pode ser um alvo terapêutico em LLA e leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC), especialmente nas leucemias BCR-ABL positivas e resistentes a inibidores da atividade tirosina quinase do BCR-ABL. Adicionalmente, IRS2 é expresso em células hematopoéticas, destacando-se a sua expressão reduzida em células mielodisplásicas e leucêmicas quando comparadas às células hematopoéticas normais. A reduzida expressão de IRS2 em células hematopoéticas de pacientes com SMD de alto risco quando comparados aos de baixo risco e o reduzido aumento da expressão de IRS2 na diferenciação eritroide de progenitores de pacientes com SMD sugerem que a expressão de IRS2 participa da fisiopatologia das SMD e pode ser um marcador prognóstico nesta doença / Abstract: Acute leukemia results from a combination of mutations and changes in protein functions that confer the ability of proliferation, and defect in differentiation and apoptosis. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic disorders caused by alterations in pluripotent cells, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a high rate of progression towards acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia cells express a variety of receptors for growth factors and cytokines, such as Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R). The signaling pathway is initiated by activating its receptor and subsequent activation of its substrates such as insulin receptor substrate (IRS). There is evidence that suggests an involvement of IRS proteins in hematopoeitic disease: (1) IRS1 was described as constitutively phosphorylated and associated with BCR-ABL in K562 cells, (2) the IRS1 expression was associated with a poorer prognosis in BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), (3) IRS2 bind to erythropoietin receptors, (4) IRS2 expression was modulated during stimulation with erythropoietin and IGF-1 during cell differentiation in normal and leukemia hematopoietic cells. In this study, we observed the presence of the gene and protein of IRS1 and IRS2 in normal hematopoietic, leukemia, and myelodysplastic cells, however, the expression pattern of these proteins was different. In acute leukemia cell lines, IRS1 was expressed in myeloid leukemia cells (P39, K562, NB4, KG-1 e HL60) and lymphoid leukemia cells (MOLT4, Junkat, Raji e Daudi), whereas IRS2 expression was more evident in myeloid cell lines. In primary hematopoietic cells, no difference was observed in IRS1 expression between normal, MDS and AML cells, and the IRS1 expression was increased in bone marrow samples from ALL patients compared to normal controls. IRS2 expression was lower in bone marrow samples from patients with MDS, AML and ALL compared to normal controls, and the IRS2 expression was lower in high risk compared with low risk MDS patients, according to FAB and WHO classification, and number of cytopenias. The participation of IRS2 in erythroid differentiation of normal and myelodysplastic hematopoietic cells was evidenced by evaluating IRS2 expression during erythroid differentiation of progenitor cells from the bone marrow of normal donors and patients with MDS. The study demonstrated an increase in IRS2 expression during erythroid differentiation, whereas in myelodysplastic cells, IRS2 showed a smaller increase compared to normal hematopoietic cells. In BCR-ABL positive cells, IRS1 inhibition (by lentivirus-mediated shrunk specific for IRS1) resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and clonal growth, accumulation of the cells in G0/G1 phase and reduction of cells in S phase of cell cycle. The IRS1 silencing resulted in inhibition of Akt, P70S6K and ERK phosphorylation. However, IRS1 inhibition did not modulate apoptosis; and the proteins BCL2, BAX and BAD, did not modulate the phosphorylation of BCR-ABL and CRKL, nor did they show synergism when combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL (Imatinib). These data indicate that IRS1 participates in the proliferation and clonogenic of BCRABL positive cells by modulation of Akt, P70S6K and ERK. The findings reported herein suggest that IRS1 is expressed in normal hematopoietic, leukemia and myelodysplastic cells, highlighting its high expression in ALL cells and involvement in the BCR-ABL pathway. These data indicate that IRS1 may be a therapeutic target in ALL and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), especially in BCR-ABL positive leukemias resistant to inhibitors of tyrosine kinase activity of BCRABL. In addition, IRS2 is expressed in hematopoietic cells, highlighting its reduced expression in myelodysplastic and leukemia cells compared to normal hematopoietic cells. The reduced IRS2 expression in high risk when compared to low risk MDS and the lower increase in IRS2 expression during the erythroid differentiation of progenitor cells from MDS patients suggest that the expression of IRS2 participates in the pathophysiology of MDS and may be a prognostic marker in this disease / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Orientador: Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_AdrianadaSilvaSantos_D.pdf: 10849571 bytes, checksum: 5933b39c78d15eee6a1a067f3e9cd55b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A identificação e caracterização estrutural e funcional de genes diferencialmente expressos entre tecidos tumorais e normais constituem etapas fundamentais para permitir a compreensão do processo neoplásico e o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias antitumorais. Ankyrin Repeat Single KH Domain containing 1 (ANKHD1) foi inicialmente identificada em células de adenocarcinoma de próstata humano (LNCaP), no ano de 2003. Entretanto, seu padrão de expressão e sua função ainda não haviam sido caracterizados. A ANKHD1 é uma proteína ortóloga à Multiple Ankyrin repeat and single KH domain (Mask) da Drosophila melanogaster. Mask foi identificada através de um rastreamento genético utilizado para detectar novas proteínas associadas à proteína tirosina fosfatase Corkscrew (CSW), homóloga à Src Homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine Phosphatase-2 (SHP2) humana. SHP2 é uma fosfatase de tirosina citoplasmática codificada pelo gene PTPN11 e exerce papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da hematopoese normal e leucêmica. Os objetivos gerais do presente estudo foram caracterizar o padrão de expressão gênica de ANKHD1 em células hematopoéticas normais e leucêmicas e verificar sua função nos processos celulares. Neste estudo foi demonstrado que o gene ANKHD1localiza-se no cromossomo 5, possui vários transcritos variantes possivelmente gerados por mecanismos de clivagem alternativa e codifica proteínas com domínios de repetições de anquirina. A região promotora desse gene possui vários elementos regulatórios importantes como sítios de ligação ao fator de transcrição GATA-1 e sequências ricas em dinucleotídeos CG, as ilhas CpG. A expressão do gene ANKHD1 e de algumas de suas variantes em tecidos normais e em linhagens de células neoplásicas foi detectada em intensidades variáveis. Em modelos de diferenciação e proliferação celular foi demonstrado o aumento da expressão desse gene ao longo desses processos. No entanto durante o processo de apoptose observou-se diminuição na expressão de ANKHD1 e transcritos variantes. Em células de pacientes diagnosticados com Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD) foi constatada baixa expressão de ANKHD1. Durante a diferenciação eritróide de células CD34+ obtidas de medula óssea desses pacientes não foi observado o aumento da expressão do gene ANKHD1 e do fator de transcrição GATA-1 como era esperado. As células mononucleares de pacientes com SMD tratadas com decitabina, um agente desmetilante, apresentaram aumento na expressão do gene ANKHD1 em comparação às células não tratadas. O mesmo foi observado em células CD34+ tratadas durante a diferenciação eritróide. No entanto em células de pacientes com Leucemia Mielóide Aguda (LMA) e com Mieloma Múltiplo (MM), caracterizadas pela proliferação e resistência aos mecanismos de apoptose, foi demonstrada a alta expressão do gene ANKHD1 e de seus transcritos variantes. A associação da ANKHD1 com SHP2 foi identificada através de Western Blotting, em células da linhagem de MM denominada RPMI 8226. Foi observada a diminuição da expressão do gene ANKHD1 nessas células quando induzidas ao processo de apoptose por dexametasona. Em conclusão o presente estudo identificou ANKHD1 e alguns de seus transcritos variantes como um novo gene com perfis de expressão variados em células hematopoéticas normais e neoplásicas, demonstrou seu envolvimento em processos celulares básicos à manutenção da homeostase e a sua associação com SHP2 em Mieloma Múltiplo. ANKHD1 pode estar envolvida com o fenótipo anormal da célula neoplásica através de uma possível função na via da apoptose. Os achados aqui descritos sugerem que ANKHD1 pode ser uma molécula alvo para a terapia de neoplasias, e permitirão direcionar novos estudos com o objetivo de melhor elucidar as funções específicas de ANKHD1 em diferentes células hematopoéticas normais e neoplásicas. / Abstract: The identification and the structural and functional characterization of genes differentially expressed between tumors and normal tissues are fundamental steps towards the understanding of the neoplastic process and the development of new anti-cancer strategies. The Ankyrin Repeat Single KH Domain containing 1 (ANKHD1) was first described in humans in a prostate carcinoma cell line LNCaP, in 2003; however, the expression pattern and function of ANKHD1 have not yet been described. ANKHD1 is an orthologous protein of the Drosophila melanogaster, MASK (Multiple Ankyrin repeat and single KH domain), where it was first identified using a genetic screen designed to discover proteins that interact with the protein tyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew (CSW), which is a homolog to the SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) in humans. SHP2 is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase, coded by the PTPN11 gene and plays an important role in the development of normal hematopoiese and leukemogenesis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the gene expression pattern of ANKHD1 in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells and to determine their function in cellular process.This study has demonstrated that the ANKHD1 gene is located on chromosome 5, this gene has several possible variant transcripts generated by splicing alternative mechanisms and encodes proteins with domains of ankyrin repeats. The promoter region of this gene has several regulatory elements such as the transcription factor GATA-1 binding sites and rich sequences in dinucleotide CG, CpG islands.The expression of the ANKHD1 gene and some of the gene's variants in normal tissues and neoplastic cell lines was detected in different intensities. The increase in the expression of this gene was demonstrated using cellular differentiation and proliferation models. However, during the process of apoptosis, a decrease in the expression of ANKHD1 transcripts variants was observed. In the cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a low expression of ANKHD1 was observed. During erythroid differentiation of CD34+ cells obtained from the bone marrow of these patients, no increase in the expression of ANKHD1 gene and transcription factor GATA-1 was observed, as expected. The mononuclear cells of MDS patients were treated with decitabine, a demethylation agent, and showed an increase in the ANKHD1 gene expression compared to untreated cells. The same was observed in CD34+ cells treated during erythroid differentiation. However in cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients, characterized by proliferation and resistance mechanisms of apoptosis, the high expression of gene transcripts ANKHD1 and its variants was demonstrated. The association of SHP2 with ANKHD1 was identified by Western Blot in RPMI 8226 MM cell line. A decrease in the ANKHD1 gene expression in these cells when the process of apoptosis was induced by dexamethasone was observed. In conclusion, this study identified ANKHD1 and some of gene's transcripts variants as a new gene with a variable expression profile in normal and neoplastic hematopoietic cells. The study has also demonstrated the involvement of the ANKHD1 in basic cellular processes, which maintain homeostasis and the association of ANKHD1 with SHP2 in multiple myeloma. ANKHD1 may be involved with the abnormal phenotype of tumor cells through a possible role in the apoptosis pathway. The findings herein described suggest that ANKHD1 could be a molecular target for neoplasic disease therapy and could guide further studies towards a better elucidation of the specific functions of ANKHD1 in normal and neoplasic hematopoietic cells. / Doutorado / Medicina Experimental / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

Orientador: Mary Luci de Souza Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Constantino_AndersonThiago_M.pdf: 315170 bytes, checksum: 7e3457066496dcfe611cc5e368b31aeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As propriedades imunomoduladoras do extrato seco da raiz de Angelica sinensis Diels (EAS) foram avaliadas em camundongos Balb-c machos utilizandose o modelo de infecção por Listeria monocytogenes. Administrou-se profilaticamente doses de 10, 25, 50 e 100mg/Kg de EAS durante 10 dias. As doses de 10, 25 e 50mg/Kg protegeram os camundongos contra uma dose letal de Listeria monocytogenes observando-se uma taxa de sobrevida de 10%, 20% e 30%, respectivamente. Essas doses também impediram a mielossupressão e a esplenomegalia frente a uma dose subletal de Listeria monocytogenes aumentando de forma significativa o número de progenitores de macrófagos e granulócitos (CFU-GM) na medula óssea. A investigação da atividade dos fatores estimuladores de colônia (CSF) demonstrou aumento na atividade estimuladora de colônia no soro (CSA) de animais pré-tratados com EAS. Curiosamente, não se observou efeitos com a dose 100 mg/kg, em comparação com controles infectados não tratados, sugerindo estimulação dose-dependente da mielopoiese e CSA, onde a dose biológica ativa ótima foi a de 50 mg / kg. Esta dose foi utilizada nos experimentos para investigar os níveis de INF-y e TNF-a. Observou-se aumento nos níveis de INF-y e TNF-a em culturas de macrófagos esplênicos de animais tratados com EAS, sugerindo aumento na atividade microbicida de macrófagos. Estes resultados sugerem que EAS modula a atividade imune de forma indireta e provavelmente inibe a atividade supressora da LM por induzir um aumento na reserva de progenitores mielóide da medula óssea em conseqüência de uma liberação ativa de citocinas (CFS, INF-y e TNF-a). / Abstract: The immunomodulatory properties of dry extract of the roots of Angelica sinensis Diels (ASE) were evaluated in Male BALB/c mice using the model of infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Prophylactic administration of ASE (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) stimulated marrow myelopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner and reduced spleen colony formation to control values. Evaluation of the colonystimulating factors (CSF) showed an increase in the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum of animals pre-treated with ASE. Interestingly, no effects were observed with the 100 mg/Kg dose, compared with infected non-treated controls, suggesting a stimulation of myelopoiesis and CSA occurred in a dose-dependent manner, with a peak being reached with dose of 50 mg/kg. This dose was used to investigate levels of INF-y and TNF-a. There was an increase in the levels of INF-y and TNF-a in culture of splenic macrophages from animals treated with ASE, and this result points to increased microbicide activity of macrophages. All together, the results suggest that the ASE indirectly modulates the immune activity and probably disengages LM-induced suppression of these responses by inducing a higher reserve of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow in consequence of biologically active cytokine release (CFS, INF-y and TNF-a). / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia