DNA methylation and histone modifications have emerged as key mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. The target of methylation-induced silencing 1 (TMS1) is a bipartite protein. Recent studies have indicated that methylation-associated silencing of TMS1 occurs in many cancers. However, whether and how TMS1 is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in cancers remains unknown. In this study we showed that methylation of the TMS1 promoter occurred in five of six hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. TMS1 expression was reduced in four HCC cell lines and correlated with methylation status. Furthermore, the TMS1 promoter was completely methylated and mRNA expression was undetectable. TMS1 expression could be restored by 5-aza-2′-deoxycitidine (5-Aza-dC) (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) or trichostatin A (TSA) (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) alone and the promoter methylation. was partially reversible. TSA was more efficient than 5-Aza-dC in inducing TMS1 expression, and the combination of 5-Aza-dC and TSA resulted in markedly synergistic reactivation of the gene and completely reversed promoter methylation. Interestingly, TMS1 promoter methylation-associated gene silencing was accompanied by histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) hypoacetylation and trimethylation. 5-Aza-dC and/or TSA also had some effect on conversion of methylated to acetylated H3K9 in restoring TMS1. This conversion was dynamic at the TMS1 promoter and a decrease in H3K9 trimethylation preceded an increase in H3K9 acetylation after 5-Aza-dC and/or TSA treatment. Our results thus suggest that epigenetic inactivation of TMS1 expression is regulated by promoter hypermethylation and H3K9 modifications in a coordinated way.

Partial hepatectomy (PH) is a treatment of choice for patients suffering from early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ablation of large proportion of the liver is rendered possible because of the ability of the liver to regenerate. Yet, a significant number of patients will experience recursion of the disease. Such relapses are unfortunately rather frequent and constitute a bad prognosis. The development of new strategies aiming at reducing the risk of recursion of HCC is thus a paramount element of the surgery-based treatment. Some previous studies have proposed that the regenerative process as well as the fate of the immune cells during the liver regeneration process is linked to this recurrence phenomenon.In this study, we investigated the impact of PH on HCC development in a pre-clinical murine model. We implanted Hepa1-6 hepatocarcinoma cells (a murine hepatocarcinoma cell line) directly in the liver of mice and compared a non-resected group with a group undergoing 40% PH one week following tumor implantation. Analysis were relying on bioluminescence imaging and flow cytometry. We demonstrated that liver regeneration increases tumoral proliferation. This proliferation was associated with a reduction in the number of liver resident macrophages, i.e. Kupffer cells (KC). KC anti-tumoral activity was also proved using conditional ablation model. We further studied the mechanisms leading to this disappearance and demonstrated that, under normal regeneration conditions, PH-induced KC number reduction was dependent on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3 and caspase-8 activation whereas interleukin (IL)-6 acted as a KC pro- survival signal. In mice with previous Hepa 1-6 encounter, the KC reduction changed toward a TNF-α-RIPK3-caspase-1 activation. This data suggest a switch from apoptosis to pyroptosis induction in KC following PH. Moreover, KC disappearance associated with caspase-1 activity induced the recruitment of monocyte derived cells that are beneficial for tumor growth while caspase-8 dependent reduction did not, underlying the importance of macrophages activated death-pathway in regulating the anti-tumoral immune response. Our results show the necessity for comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment approach following PH and propose new targets in order to reduce the relapse of the disease occurring after surgery. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The distinction between cavernous haemangiomas of the liver (which are the second most common hepatic mass lesions) from malignant lesions, is often difficult. An incorrect diagnosis of cavernous haemangioma, in a patient with malignancy, may adversely influence the outcome of subsequent treatment in these patients, due to delay in therapy. Although previous studies have suggested that ⁹⁹ᵐTc erythrocyte blood pool scintigraphy is both highly sensitive and specific for haemangiomas, a basic flaw in all previous studies has been the small number of control patients studied. Bayesian analysis clearly shows that specificity for a test is dependant on the pre-test probability of the lesion being present. Thus all the studies done to date, may reflect an inappropriately high specificity for ⁹⁹ᵐTc scintigraphy, in diagnosing cavernous haemangiomas, because they have mainly studied patients with haemangiomas and relatively few patients with other lesions. This study was thus undertaken to clarify the true accuracy of this technique, in distinguishing haemangiomas from other hepatic mass lesions, by studying a large number of patients with haemangiomas and other hepatic mass lesions.

La chimio-embolisation hépatique (CHE) est recommandée pour le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) non curable. L'utilisation de plateformes de release au cours des CHE permet la libération lente de la chimiothérapie dans les artères tumorales et l'exposition prolongée des cellules tumorales tout en minimisant les effets systémiques. L’émulsion lipiodolée est l'une des plateformes les plus couramment utilisées pour la CHE du CHC. Cependant, la libération de chimiothérapie se produit trop rapidement car les émulsions lipiodolées sont très instables Tout d'abord, nous avons démontré qu’une meilleure stabilité (utilisation d’un tensioactif synthétique comme émulsifiant) améliore les propriétés thérapeutiques de l'émulsion lipiodolée dans un modèle de lapin porteur de tumeurs VX2. Une revue de la littérature indique également que l'émulsion lipiodolée doit être de type eau dans l'huile (w/o) pour une meilleure sélectivité tumorale. Ensuite, nous avons analysé les paramètres techniques qui formulent des émulsions w/o avec la meilleure stabilité et sans émulsifiant supplémentaire. Nous avons constaté que l'incorporation progressive de la chimiothérapie dans le Lipiodol aboutit à un type d’émulsion w/o beaucoup plus prévisible et à une plus grande stabilité. Nous avons également constaté qu’un ratio volumique élevé Lipiodol / chimiothérapie est un paramètre important pour la stabilité de l’émulsion. Ensuite, nous avons développé un nouveau concept d'émulsion pour CHE qui utilise des nanoparticules d'acide polylactique-co-glycolique (PLGA) (Nps) pour stabiliser le Lipiodol et la chimiothérapie (Emulsion de Pickering). L'analyse in-vitro a démontré que l'émulsion de Pickering est la seule plateforme de release (versus émulsion lipiodolée ou billes chargées) qui permet une libération lente et complète de diverses chimiothérapies (doxorubicine, irinotécan, oxaliplatine) mais aussi d'anticorps (anti-CTLA4), ce qui fait de l'émulsion Pickering une plateforme de release universelle, non seulement pour la CHE mais aussi pour l'immunothérapie intra-artérielle. Enfin, la CHE avec de l'oxaliplatine a été réalisé dans un modèle de lapin porteurs de tumeurs VX2 pour comparer l'émulsion de Pickering et l'émulsion lipiodolée. Grâce à son release lent, l'émulsion de Pickering a considérablement diminué l'exposition systémique, mais également augmenté de manière significative le ratio tumeur / foie de l'exposition à l’oxaliplatine. / Liver Trans-Arterial Chemo-Embolization (TACE) is recommended for non-resectable, intermediate Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The use of drug delivery platforms during TACE allows slow release of chemotherapy into the tumors’ arterial supply and prolonged exposure of the tumor cells while minimizing systemic exposures. Lipiodol-emulsion is one of the most widely used drug delivery platforms for TACE of HCC. However, the release of chemotherapy occurs very rapidly because Lipiodol-emulsions have poor stability. First, we have demonstrated that high stability (using synthetic surfactant as emulsifier) improves the therapeutic properties of Lipiodol-emulsion in a VX2-tumor rabbit model. A literature review also indicates that Lipiodol-emulsion must be water-in-oil (w/o) for better tumor’ uptakes. Next, we analyzed technical parameters that formulate in-vitro w/o emulsions with better stability without any additional emulsifier. We found that progressive incorporation of chemotherapy in the Lipiodol results in much more predictable w/o type and higher stability and that higher ratio of Lipiodol/chemotherapy is also a critical parameter for stability. Then, we develop a new concept of emulsion for TACE that uses Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (Nps) to stabilize Lipiodol and chemotherapy (Pickering-emulsion). In-vitro analysis demonstrated that Pickering-emulsion is the only drug delivery system (versus Lipiodol-emulsion and drug eluding beads) that allows slow and complete release of various chemotherapies (doxorubicin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) but also of antibodies (anti-CTLA4), making Pickering-emulsion an universal carrier, not only for TACE but also for trans-arterial immunotherapy. Finally, TACE with oxaliplatin were performed in a VX2-tumor rabbit model to compare in-vivo Pickering-emulsion and Lipiodol-emulsion. Thanks to its slow drug release, Pickering-emulsion significantly decreased the systemic exposure but significantly increased the tumor/liver ratio oxaliplatin exposure.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20064号 / 工博第4252号 / 新制||工||1658(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 泰生, 教授 跡見 晴幸, 教授 梅田 眞郷 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20607号 / 医博第4256号 / 新制||医||1023(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 山田 泰広, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 長船 健二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma results in most cases from underlying chronic liver disease. The most common causes are the Hepatitis B virus and the Hepatitis C virus in-fections, the alcoholism and the aflatoxin. Mortality statistics of liver cell carcinoma in Peru is limited. Objectives. Update statistics on hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in Peru between the years 2005 and 2016. Methods. Observation-al, descriptive studyand secondary analysis of the Ministry of Health database. Records with the basic cause of death ICD 10: C22, the liver cell carcinoma were reviewed. Mortality was calculated according to the age, the sex and the department in which death was recorded; Also, standardized mortality by age was calculated. Results. 2,170 people were registered as deceased due to hepatocellular carcinoma. The 50.1% were male and the 67.5% older than 60 years. The standardized mortality rate in Peru decreased from 1.1 to 0.7 per 100,000 population from 2005 to 2016. The raw cup of mortality per 100,000 population shows that when comparing the first period (2005-2010) with the second (2011-2016), the tendency in Peru has decreased. The only region that presented a decrease in mortality was the Mountains (% change =-40.1). Conclusions. Standardized mortality by age had a slight decrease from 2005 to 2016; however, this difference does not show considerable variations. Mortality from this neoplasm seems to remain high and stable since the period from 1995 to 2000. / Revisión por pares

No description available.

Simple Summary Gene therapy is a novel approach to treat diseases by introducing corrective genetic information into target cells. Adeno-associated virus vectors are the most frequently applied gene delivery tools for in vivo gene therapy and are also studied as part of innovative anticancer strategies. Here, we report on the natural preference of AAV2 vectors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to nonmalignant liver cells in mice and human tissue. This preference in transduction is due to the improved intracellular processing of AAV2 vectors in HCC, resulting in significantly more vector genomes serving as templates for transcription in the cell nucleus. Based on this natural tropism for HCC, novel therapeutic strategies can be designed or existing therapeutic approaches can be strengthened as they currently result in only a minor improvement of the poor prognosis for most liver cancer patients. Abstract Although therapeutic options are gradually improving, the overall prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poor. Gene therapy-based strategies are developed to complement the therapeutic armamentarium, both in early and late-stage disease. For efficient delivery of transgenes with antitumor activity, vectors demonstrating preferred tumor tropism are required. Here, we report on the natural tropism of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 vectors for HCC. When applied intravenously in transgenic HCC mouse models, similar amounts of vectors were detected in the liver and liver tumor tissue. In contrast, transduction efficiency, as indicated by the level of transgene product, was moderate in the liver but was elevated up to 19-fold in mouse tumor tissue. Preferred transduction of HCC compared to hepatocytes was confirmed in precision-cut liver slices from human patient samples. Our mechanistic studies revealed that this preference is due to the improved intracellular processing of AAV2 vectors in HCC, resulting, for example, in nearly 4-fold more AAV vector episomes that serve as templates for gene transcription. Given this background, AAV2 vectors ought to be considered to strengthen current—or develop novel—strategies for treating HCC.

No description available.