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InfecÃÃo por histoplama capsulatum em profissionais e estudantes de instituiÃÃes de saÃde de Fortaleza. / Infection by histoplama capsulatum in professionals and students of health institutions in Fortaleza.AnaÃza DiÃgenes Soares 20 August 2012 (has links)
A histoplasmose à uma micose sistÃmica causada pelo fungo Histoplasma capsulatum que acomete seres humanos e vÃrias espÃcies de animais. O fungo à encontrado na natureza, principalmente em locais ricos em fezes de aves e morcegos. Cerca de 90% dos indivÃduos que se infectam nÃo adoecem, ou se o fazem apresentam manifestaÃÃes clÃnicas inexpressivas. Apesar do Estado do Cearà vir apresentando uma das maiores casuÃsticas de histoplasmose em pacientes com aids no mundo, poucos estudos abordaram a epidemiologia, os fatores de risco e a frequÃncia deste fungo neste estado. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalÃncia da infecÃÃo por H. capsulatum em profissionais e estudantes de saÃde de trÃs instituiÃÃes de Fortaleza (dois hospitais e um centro de referÃncia ambulatorial) e identificar fatores associados à aquisiÃÃo do fungo. Foram examinados 248 profissionais e 31 estudantes, no perÃodo de 17 de junho de 2010 a 31 de marÃo de 2011, por meio da aplicaÃÃo do teste intradÃrmico com 0,1ml de soluÃÃo 1:1000 de histoplasmina e da realizaÃÃo de imunodifusÃo dupla para Histoplasma. A leitura foi realizada entre 48 e 72 horas, sendo considerada positiva a presenÃa de induraÃÃo ≥ 5 mm. A mÃdia de idade da populaÃÃo do estudo foi de 43,46 anos, a maioria dos participantes pertencia ao sexo feminino (74,19%), tinha renda familiar de um a trÃs salÃrios mÃnimos (36.9%), estudaram mais de 12 anos (45,9%) e residia em casa (69,9%). A prevalÃncia de histoplasmose infecÃÃo na amostra estudada foi de 20,78% e a positividade do exame de imunodifusÃo foi de 0,35%. PresenÃa de morcegos na residÃncia na atualidade (RP= 1,76; IC95%= 1,03â2,99), presenÃa de Ãrvore mangueira (Mangifera indica) na residÃncia na atualidade (RP= 1,72; IC95%= 1,02â2,89), ser estudante (RP= 2,07; IC95%= 1,07-4,03) foram fatores associados à positividade ao teste, enquanto ter idade acima 40 anos (RP= 0,43; IC95%= 0,25â0,72) e presenÃa de pombos no trabalho atual mostraram associaÃÃo negativa (RP= 0,61; IC95%= 0,37-0,99) a reatividade ao teste intradÃrmico. Na anÃlise por sexo, os homens apresentaram significÃncia estatÃstica para presenÃa de morcego na residÃncia na atualidade (RP= 2,91; IC95%= 1,34â6,33) e presenÃa de mangueira na residÃncia na atualidade (RP= 2,91; IC95%= 1,34â6,33), enquanto as mulheres para presenÃa de morcego na vizinhanÃa no passado (RP= 1,86; IC= 1,07â3,22) e associaÃÃo negativa para a faixa etÃria de 41 anos e mais (RP= 0,27; IC95%= 0,15â0,49). Encontrou-se uma associaÃÃo entre ser estudante e as seguintes variÃveis: presenÃa de morcegos na vizinhanÃa na atualidade (RP= 2,1; IC95%= 1,26â4,40) e no passado (RP= 2,4; IC95%= 1,18â4,85), visita a sÃtio na atualidade (RP= 3,84; IC95%= 2,03â7,22) e no passado (RP= 2,4; IC95%= 1,57â3,65). Pode-se concluir que a cidade de Fortaleza constitui-se Ãrea com expressiva prevalÃncia de infecÃÃo por Histoplasma e que condiÃÃes associadas à presenÃa de morcegos se associaram mais vezes à infecÃÃo pelo fungo. / Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum that affects humans and various animal species. The fungus is found in nature, especially in places rich in bird and bat droppings. About 90% of individuals who become infected do not get sick, or if they do have clinical manifestations meaningless. Despite the state of Cearà come with one of the largest series of histoplasmosis in patients with aids in the world, few studies have addressed the epidemiology, risk factors and frequency of this fungus in this state. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of infection by H. capsulatum health professionals and students from three institutions of Fortaleza (two hospitals and a referral center for outpatient) and identify factors associated with the acquisition of the fungus. Were examined 248 professionals and 31 students in the period from June 17, 2010 to March 31 2011, through the application of intradermal test with 0.1 ml of 1:1000 solution of histoplasmin and performing for Histoplasma immunodiffusion. Reading was held between 48 and 72 hours, and considered positive the presence of ≥ 5 mm induration. Mean age of the study population was 43.46 years, the majority of participants belonged to females (74.19%) had a family income of one to three minimum wages (36.9%) studied over 12 years (45.9%) and resided at home (69,9%). Prevalence of histoplasmosis infection in the sample was 20.78% and the positivity of the immunodiffusion test was 0.35%. Presence of bats in residence at today (RP = 1.76, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.99), presence of tree mango (Mangifera indica) in residence today (RP = 1.72, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.89) , being a student (RP = 2.07, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.03) were associated with positive testing, while having age above 40 years (RP = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.72) and the presence of pigeons in the present work showed a negative association (RP = 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.99) intradermal skin test reactivity. Analyzing gender, men showed statistical significance for the presence of bat the residence today (RP = 2.91, 95% CI 1.34 to 6.33), presence of mango tree in residence today (RP = 2.91, 95% CI 1.34 to 6.33) and women for the presence of bats in the neighborhood in the past (RP = 1.86, CI: 1.07 to 3.22) and negative association between age group of 41 years and over (RP = 0.27, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.49). Was found an association between being a student and the following variables: presence of bats in the neighborhood today (RP = 2.1, 95% CI 1.26 to 4.40) and in the past (RP= 2.4, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.85), visit the site today (RP = 3.84; 95% CI = 2.03 to 7.22) and in the past (RP = 2.4, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.65). It can be concluded that the city of Fortaleza is up area with high prevalence of Histoplasma infection and conditions associated with the presence of bats is more often associated with infection by the fungus.
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Saving Her Nemesis From HematemesisChilakala, Sandeep, Philip, Ranjit, Jaishankar, Gayatri, Macariola, Demetrio, Aiken, Todd 25 February 2010 (has links)
Abstract available in the Journal of Investigative Medicine.
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Exceptional Association of Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis Syndrome (HUVS) and Symptomatic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: A Case-Based Literature ReviewAlomari, Mohammad, Al Momani, Laith, Khazaaleh, Shrouq, Almomani, Shaden, Yaseen, Kinanah, Alhaddad, Bassam 01 June 2019 (has links)
Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome (HUVS) is a rare type III hypersensitivity disorder characterized by urticarial vasculitis and prolonged hypocomplementemia. Individuals with HUVS may also have joint involvement, pulmonary manifestations, ocular disease, kidney inflammation, or any other form of organ involvement. Hypocomplementemia, the presence of C1q antibody in the serum, and urticarial vasculitis are the keys to the diagnosis of HUVS. It has been reported to accompany certain infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, infectious mononucleosis, and coxsackie group A. However, it has never been reported to be linked to histoplasmosis in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of HUVS presenting concurrently with pulmonary histoplasmosis.
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Fibrosing Mediastinitis: Uncommon Life-threatening Complication of HistoplasmosisKhalid, Muhammad, Khan, Imran, Rahman, Zia, Alazzeh, Ahmad, Youssef, Dima 25 April 2018 (has links)
Histoplasmosis involving mediastinum is very rare which can present as a mediastinal mass or fibrosing mediastinitis. Fibrosing mediastinitis can be life-threatening if left untreated due to the involvement of the surrounding visceral and vascular structures. We present an interesting case of fibrosing mediastinitis due to histoplasmosis presented with palpitations, chest pain and dyspnea. The patient had mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy with calcification on chest imaging. The patient was diagnosed on lymph node biopsy and treated with antifungals.
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Prospecção de substâncias anti histoplasma capsulatum nas formas planctônica e biofilme e análise proteômicaMidoricava, Luana Rossi Oliveira [UNESP] 28 August 2015 (has links) (PDF)
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000854060.pdf: 3213706 bytes, checksum: 918cc12ee2165eed29dfc4857e28e7a9 (MD5) / Histoplasma capsulatum variedade capsulatum é um fungo dimórfico causador da Histoplasmose, uma doença fúngica sistêmica que constitui um importante problema de saúde mundial. A infecção ocorre através da inalação de propágulos infectantes provenientes do meio ambiente. A capacidade de formação de biofilme por esse fungo foi caracterizada recentemente, porém ainda pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação. Neste caso, estudos com abordagens proteômicas seriam de fundamental importância para o entendimento da diferença entre a forma planctônica e o biofilme. Os antifúngicos usados na terapia convencional contra biofilmes não são eficientes, além disso, doses elevadas para perfusão destes fármacos nesta forma seriam tóxicas para os pacientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a atividade anti-Histoplasma de 92 compostos derivados de chalcona e do ácido protocatecuico; caracterizar o biofilme do isolado clínico H. capsulatum 317 e pesquisar compostos anti-biofilme buscando um provável mecanismo de ação através da análise proteômica diferencial entre o biofilme tratado e não tratado. Os testes de susceptibilidade foram realizados conforme o documento M27-A3, proposto pelo CLSI (2008). Os biofilmes foram formados em caldo BHI suplementado e a atividade metabólica foi determinada através do ensaio de redução do XTT. Para a caracterização da formação do biofilme e da ação do composto, utilizou-se a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia confocal, enquanto que a massa do biofilme e a matriz extracelular foram quantificadas pelo cristal violeta e safranina. E como etapa final foi realizada a análise do perfil proteico dos biofilmes com e sem tratamento. Os melhores valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foram obtidos por seis derivados de chalconas (T50, C3, E2A, F2A, T18A e T46A) e... / Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a dimorphic fungi that causes Histoplasmosis, a systemical fungal disease that is a major health problem worldwide. Infection occurs by inhalation of infective propagules from the environment. The biofilm formation by this fungi was characterized recently, however little is known about the mechanisms involved in their formation. In this case, studies with proteomic approaches would be of fundamental importance for understanding the difference between the planktonic and biofilm forms. The antifungal agents used in conventional therapy are not effective against biofilms, in addition, high doses of these drugs can be toxic to patients. This study aimed to verify the anti-Histoplasma activity of 93 compounds derived from chalcones and protocatechuic acid; characterize the biofilm formation by the clinical isolate H. capsulatum 317 and discover new anti-biofilm compounds searching for a mechanism of action by differential proteomics analysis, comparing the treated and untreated biofilms. Susceptibility tests were performed according to the document M27- A3, proposed by the CLSI (2008). The biofilms were formed in BHI broth supplemented and metabolic activity was determined by the XTT reduction assay. For the characterization of biofilm formation and action of the compound, was used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, while the mass of the biofilm and the extracellular matrix were quantified by crystal violet and safranin. Lastly was performed the analysis of the protein profile of biofilms with and without treatment. The best minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) were obtained for six derivatives of chalcones (T50, C3, E2A, F2A, T18A and T46A) and nonyl protocatechuate (MIC = 3.9 mg/L). The clinical isolate H. capsulatum EH317 was able to form biofilms in vitro after 96 hours. After 96 hours, the biofilm ...
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Prospecção de substâncias anti histoplasma capsulatum nas formas planctônica e biofilme e análise proteômica /Midoricava, Luana Rossi Oliveira. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida / Banca: Maria Aparecida de Resende Stoianoff / Banca: Juliana Campos Junqueira / Resumo: Histoplasma capsulatum variedade capsulatum é um fungo dimórfico causador da Histoplasmose, uma doença fúngica sistêmica que constitui um importante problema de saúde mundial. A infecção ocorre através da inalação de propágulos infectantes provenientes do meio ambiente. A capacidade de formação de biofilme por esse fungo foi caracterizada recentemente, porém ainda pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação. Neste caso, estudos com abordagens proteômicas seriam de fundamental importância para o entendimento da diferença entre a forma planctônica e o biofilme. Os antifúngicos usados na terapia convencional contra biofilmes não são eficientes, além disso, doses elevadas para perfusão destes fármacos nesta forma seriam tóxicas para os pacientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a atividade anti-Histoplasma de 92 compostos derivados de chalcona e do ácido protocatecuico; caracterizar o biofilme do isolado clínico H. capsulatum 317 e pesquisar compostos anti-biofilme buscando um provável mecanismo de ação através da análise proteômica diferencial entre o biofilme tratado e não tratado. Os testes de susceptibilidade foram realizados conforme o documento M27-A3, proposto pelo CLSI (2008). Os biofilmes foram formados em caldo BHI suplementado e a atividade metabólica foi determinada através do ensaio de redução do XTT. Para a caracterização da formação do biofilme e da ação do composto, utilizou-se a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia confocal, enquanto que a massa do biofilme e a matriz extracelular foram quantificadas pelo cristal violeta e safranina. E como etapa final foi realizada a análise do perfil proteico dos biofilmes com e sem tratamento. Os melhores valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foram obtidos por seis derivados de chalconas (T50, C3, E2A, F2A, T18A e T46A) e... / Abstract: Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a dimorphic fungi that causes Histoplasmosis, a systemical fungal disease that is a major health problem worldwide. Infection occurs by inhalation of infective propagules from the environment. The biofilm formation by this fungi was characterized recently, however little is known about the mechanisms involved in their formation. In this case, studies with proteomic approaches would be of fundamental importance for understanding the difference between the planktonic and biofilm forms. The antifungal agents used in conventional therapy are not effective against biofilms, in addition, high doses of these drugs can be toxic to patients. This study aimed to verify the anti-Histoplasma activity of 93 compounds derived from chalcones and protocatechuic acid; characterize the biofilm formation by the clinical isolate H. capsulatum 317 and discover new anti-biofilm compounds searching for a mechanism of action by differential proteomics analysis, comparing the treated and untreated biofilms. Susceptibility tests were performed according to the document M27- A3, proposed by the CLSI (2008). The biofilms were formed in BHI broth supplemented and metabolic activity was determined by the XTT reduction assay. For the characterization of biofilm formation and action of the compound, was used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, while the mass of the biofilm and the extracellular matrix were quantified by crystal violet and safranin. Lastly was performed the analysis of the protein profile of biofilms with and without treatment. The best minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) were obtained for six derivatives of chalcones (T50, C3, E2A, F2A, T18A and T46A) and nonyl protocatechuate (MIC = 3.9 mg/L). The clinical isolate H. capsulatum EH317 was able to form biofilms in vitro after 96 hours. After 96 hours, the biofilm ... / Mestre
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A Case of Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis With Esophageal InvolvementFinniss, Mathew, Lewis, Paul, Myers, James, Ibrahim, Lamis, Patel, Paras 01 April 2020 (has links)
Histoplasmosis is a common infection endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys caused by the inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum spores from contaminated soil. Most infections are asymptomatic; however, patients with impaired cellular immunity (HIV infection, hematologic malignancy, solid organ transplant, hematopoietic stem cell transplant or TNF-⍺ inhibitor use) are at risk for disseminated disease. Disseminated histoplasmosis commonly affects the lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. Esophageal involvement is rare and usually due to extrinsic compression from affected mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes. Herein, we report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an AIDs patient involving the esophagus, without evidence of mediastinal involvement.
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Estudo da participação de 2-integrina nas atividades fagocítica e microbicida de macrófagos alveolares e peritoneais na histoplasmose / Study of Participation of 2-integrin in the Phagocytic and Microbicidal Activities of Alveolar and Peritoneal Macrophages in the HistoplasmosisSoares, Elyara Maria 10 August 2009 (has links)
O Histoplasma capsulatum (H.capsulatum) é um fungo dimórfico patogênico e responsável por graves lesões pulmonares, as quais se caracterizam pelo acúmulo de leucócitos ao redor do fungo, resultando na formação de granulomas. A infecção ocorre principalmente pela inalação de conídios ou pequenos fragmentos de micélio que alcançam os alvéolos, onde se transformam em leveduras, que é a forma patogênica do fungo. Na resposta imune do hospedeiro, as integrinas participam nos mecanismos fagocíticos, essenciais na resposta à histoplasmose. As 2integrinas contêm uma cadeia 2, também conhecida como CD18, comum a várias moléculas de adesão, e uma cadeia variável. Até o momento foram identificadas quatro cadeias distintas: L, a qual forma o dímero L2, também conhecido como LFA-1 (do inglês leukocyte function antigen-1) ou CD11aCD18; m, formando m2, chamado Mac-1 (do inglês macrophage differentiation antigen 1) ou CR3 (do inglês complement receptor 3) ou CD11bCD18; x, formando x2, CD11cCD18, gp150, 95 ou CR4 (do inglês complement receptor 4) e a cadeia d, formando d2, CD11dCD18. Neste trabalho, investigamos o papel da molécula CD18 em macrófagos alveolares (MAs) e macrófagos peritoneais (MPs) nas funções efetoras contra H. capsulatum e a relação do leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) nestas respostas. Inicialmente confirmamos que MAs e MPs provenientes dos animais CD18low, expressam baixa porcentagem de CD11bCD18 (CR3). Demonstramos que, como esperado, MAs e MPs de ambos os grupos fagocitam mais leveduras opsonizadas com complemento do que não opsonizadas. Surpreendentemente, MAs de animais CD18low fagocitam 136% mais leveduras opsonizadas do que MAs de C57BL/6. Também, MPs destes animais fagocitam aproximadamente 240% mais leveduras quando infectados com H. capsulatum e opsonizados, quando comparados aos MPs de C57BL/6. A adição de LTB4 aumenta a atividade fagocítica em 520% por MAs de animais C57BL/6 e 200% por MAs de CD18low, enquanto que a adição de LTB4 aumentou a fagocitose dos MPs de animais C57BL/6 em 600% vezes quando comparado aos MPs de CD18low. Este fenômeno foi inibido pela pré-incubação destas células com antagonista específico do receptor BLT1 apenas em animais C57BL/6. A adição de LTB4 na cultura de MPs reduziu a porcentagem de morte das leveduras apenas nos animais C57BL/6. Os animais CD18low produzem espontaneamente mais LTB4 e apresentaram um grande aumento na produção de óxido nítrico quando comparados aos animais C57BL/6. Pacientes acometidos pela Doença Granulomatosa Crônica (DGC) possuem deficiência congênita da molécula CD18. Células fagocíticas isoladas do sangue periférico de pacientes com DGC foram incubadas com leveduras opsonizadas e assim como macrófagos de animais deficientes de CD18, fagocitam mais leveduras opsonizadas (900%) ou não (300%), quando comparado com células de indivíduos sadios. Sugerimos que a molécula CD18 tem importante participação nos mecanismos efetores da imunidade inata, por mecanismo dependente de mediadores lipídicos, como o LTB4, no controle dos mecanismos de defesa contra H. capsulatum. / Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus and its infection is characterized by accumulation of leukocytes and granuloma formation. Infection occurs mainly by fungal inhalation that reaches the alveoli, which became yeast (the pathogenic form). in the immune response of host, integrins participate in phagocytic mechanisms, fundamental in the response against histoplasmosis.,8^2-integrin has a 02 chain known as CD18, usual to many adhesion molecules, and a variable a chain. Until the moment, it was identified four variable a chains: aL, that constitutes the dimer aL,82, also known as LFA-1 (leukocyte function antigen) or CD11aCD18; am forming the a^m,B^2 or Mac-1 (macrophage differentiation antigen 1) and CR3 (complement receptor 3) and CD11bCD18; ax, constituting the dimer Able CD11cCD18, gp150, 95 or CR4 (complement receptor 4) and ad chain, that constitutes a^d,8^2, CD11dCD18. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of CD18 in alveolar (AMs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) effecter functions against H. capsulatum and the relation of LTB^4 in those responses. We confirm that AMs and PMs of CD18\'°^W mice have low expression of ,32-integrin compared to wild type mice (WT). We demonstrate that, as expected, AMs and PMs from WT and CD18\'°^W, phagocytosed more complement (C)-opsonized yeasts than the unopsonized yeasts. Surprisingly, AMs from CD18\'°^Wmice phagocytosed 136% more (C)-opsonized yeasts than AMs obtained from WT. Also, PMs of CD18^b°^W mice phagocytosed 240% more (C)-opsonized yeasts than PMs of WT. The addition of LTB^4, increases the phagocytic activity by AMs of WT mice in 520% and by AMs from CD18\'°^W mice in 200%, while the addition of LTB^4 only increased the phagocytosis of C-opsonized H. capsulatum by PMs of C57BL/6 mice in 600%, when compaired with PMs from CD18\'°^W mice. This phenomenon was inhibited by pretreatment of these cells with an especific BLT1 receptor antagonist only in PMs from C57BU6 mice. The addition of LTB^4 in the culture of MPs reduced the percentage of death of yeasts in animals C57BL/6. CD18\'°^W mice, spontaneously produce more LTB^4 and showed a large increase in the production of nitric oxide when compared to C57BU6. Patients affected by Chronic Granulomatous Disease (DGC) have congenital deficiency of the CD18 molecule. Phagocytic cells isolated from peripheral blood of patients with DGC were incubated with C-opsonized yeasts and as well as macrophages from CD18\'°^W, phagocytosed more C-opsonized yeasts (900%) or not (300%) when compared with cells from healthy individuals.Therefore, we suggest that the CD18 molecule has important participation in the effector mechanisms of innate immunity, a mechanism dependent on lipid mediators such as LTB^4, to control these mechanisms in defense against H. capsulatum.
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AnÃlise espacial dos casos de histoplasmose disseminada associada a AIDS no municÃpio de Fortaleza / Spatial analysis of cases of disseminated histoplasmosis associated with AIDS in FortalezaFrancisco Gustavo Silveira Correia 31 August 2012 (has links)
A histoplasmose à considerada a micose endÃmica mais comum em seres humanos, com distribuiÃÃo cosmopolita e significativa incidÃncia no Brasil. Nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, Histoplasma capsulatum tem surgido como patÃgeno oportunista em indivÃduos com distÃrbios da imunidade celular, como aqueles em corticoterapia prolongada, transplantados, imunodeprimidos e principalmente que desenvolveram a sÃndrome da imunideficiÃncia adquirida (aids). A literatura dispÃe de poucos inquÃritos sorolÃgicos sobre a prevalÃncia dessa doenÃa no Brasil, dificultando o conhecimento sobre sua distribuiÃÃo. Nesse contexto, o Estado do Cearà tem-se destacado como Ãrea de elevada notificaÃÃo de casos de Histoplasmose Disseminada (HD) associada a aids no paÃs. A utilizaÃÃo de Sistemas de InformaÃÃes GeogrÃficas (SIG) na SaÃde PÃblica tem auxiliado na compreensÃo do processo saÃde-doenÃa em diversas situaÃÃes, como o planejamento e avaliaÃÃo de aÃÃes de saÃde, definiÃÃo de Ãreas de risco para incidÃncia de doenÃas ou anÃlise de dispersÃo espacial de epidemias. O presente estudo propÃe avaliar a distribuiÃÃo espacial dos casos de HD associada a aids no municÃpio de Fortaleza, CearÃ, ocorridos de 1999 a 2007.Dados sÃciodemogrÃficos e clÃnicos foram coletados em questionÃrio semiestruturado a partir de informaÃÃs contidas no registro do ServiÃo de Arquivo MÃdico e EstatÃstica do Hospital SÃo Josà de DoenÃas Infecciosas (SAME/HSJ), efetuando-se em seguida o georreferenciamento e anÃlise estatÃstica espacial dos casos com auxÃlio do software Terraview 4.0.0, utilizando-se os bairros e regionais (divisÃo polÃtico-administrativa da cidade) como unidades de agregaÃÃo. Foram identificados 238 casos de HD/aids, sendo excluÃdos 86 indivÃduos procedentes de outros municÃpios que nÃo Fortaleza. A razÃo entre os sexos masculino e feminino foi de 1,43, a mÃdia de idade foi de 40,3  12,8 anos, o nÃvel de escolaridade mais freqÃente ficou na faixa entre 4 e 7 anos de estudo (34,9%) e a maioria (53,02%) recebia no mÃximo trÃs salÃrios mÃnimos. Houve predomÃnio de desempregados (13,16%, p= 0.003), com a maioria (38,71%) correspondendo a mulheres. Setenta e cinco (64,7%) dos 116 bairros que compreendem o municÃpio de Fortaleza foram citados pelos pacientes como logradouro atual. A relaÃÃo da nuvem de pontos com mapas de indicadores sÃcioambientais demonstrou associaÃÃo com mÃdia e baixa cobertura de esgotamento sanitÃrio e mÃdio e baixo Ãndice de desenvolvimento humano. O Ãndice de domicÃlios particulares permanentes demonstrou que os casos se agruparam em Ãreas com alta densidade de casas. O presente trabalho à o primeiro estudo associando HD/aids e SIG no municÃpio de Fortaleza, permitindo localizar geograficamente o perfil de morbimortalidade por HD/aids na cidade, indicando Ãreas onde investigaÃÃes e intervenÃÃes sobre essas doenÃas devam acontecer. / Histoplasmosis is considered the most common endemic mycosis in humans, with acosmopolitan distribution and significant impact in Brazil. In recent decades, Histoplasma capsulatum has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen in individuals with impaired cellular immunity such as patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy, transplant recipients, and immune compromised patients who developed acquire dimunideficiÃncia syndrome (AIDS). The published literature has few serological surveys on the prevalence of this disease in Brazil and little is known about its distribution; in this context, the State of Cearà has been identified as an area of high prevalence of cases of disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) associated with AIDS in this country. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Public Health has aimed to understand the health-disease process in many situations, such as planning and evaluation of health actions, definition of risk areas for disease incidence or analysis of spatial dispersion epidemics. The goal of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of DH associated with AIDS cases from 1999 to 2007 in Fortaleza, CearÃ. The spatial analysis of DH / AIDS cases was based on medical records information obtained from the Medical and Statistics File System of the SÃo Josà Hospital of Infectious Diseases (SAME / HSJ) . Demographic and clinical data were collected in semi-structured questionnaires to characterize the population studied, and in sequence the geo referencing and spatial statistical analysis of cases was performed through the software Terra view 4.0.0, utilizing the districts as the aggregation units. We identified 238 cases of HD / AIDS; 86 individuals were from other municipalities and excluded. The males/females ratio was 1.43, the mean age was 40.3  12.8 years, the education level was more frequent in the range of 4 to 7 years of study (34.9% ) and most (53.02%) received up to 3 minimum wages. There was a predominance of unemployed (13.16%, p = 0.003) and the majority of them (38.71%) was women. Seventy-five (64.7%) of the 116 districts that comprise the city of Fortaleza were cited as home address by the patients. The analysis of Kernel maps with the social-environmental indicators showed an association with a medium and low sanitation coverage and medium and low Human Developing Index. The cases were clustered in areas with high density of houses. This is the first study associating DH / AIDS and GIS in Fortaleza, allowing the geographic localization of morbidity and mortality profile of DH / AIDS in this city, indicating areas where specific investigations and interventions should be carried out.
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Estudo da participação de 2-integrina nas atividades fagocítica e microbicida de macrófagos alveolares e peritoneais na histoplasmose / Study of Participation of 2-integrin in the Phagocytic and Microbicidal Activities of Alveolar and Peritoneal Macrophages in the HistoplasmosisElyara Maria Soares 10 August 2009 (has links)
O Histoplasma capsulatum (H.capsulatum) é um fungo dimórfico patogênico e responsável por graves lesões pulmonares, as quais se caracterizam pelo acúmulo de leucócitos ao redor do fungo, resultando na formação de granulomas. A infecção ocorre principalmente pela inalação de conídios ou pequenos fragmentos de micélio que alcançam os alvéolos, onde se transformam em leveduras, que é a forma patogênica do fungo. Na resposta imune do hospedeiro, as integrinas participam nos mecanismos fagocíticos, essenciais na resposta à histoplasmose. As 2integrinas contêm uma cadeia 2, também conhecida como CD18, comum a várias moléculas de adesão, e uma cadeia variável. Até o momento foram identificadas quatro cadeias distintas: L, a qual forma o dímero L2, também conhecido como LFA-1 (do inglês leukocyte function antigen-1) ou CD11aCD18; m, formando m2, chamado Mac-1 (do inglês macrophage differentiation antigen 1) ou CR3 (do inglês complement receptor 3) ou CD11bCD18; x, formando x2, CD11cCD18, gp150, 95 ou CR4 (do inglês complement receptor 4) e a cadeia d, formando d2, CD11dCD18. Neste trabalho, investigamos o papel da molécula CD18 em macrófagos alveolares (MAs) e macrófagos peritoneais (MPs) nas funções efetoras contra H. capsulatum e a relação do leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) nestas respostas. Inicialmente confirmamos que MAs e MPs provenientes dos animais CD18low, expressam baixa porcentagem de CD11bCD18 (CR3). Demonstramos que, como esperado, MAs e MPs de ambos os grupos fagocitam mais leveduras opsonizadas com complemento do que não opsonizadas. Surpreendentemente, MAs de animais CD18low fagocitam 136% mais leveduras opsonizadas do que MAs de C57BL/6. Também, MPs destes animais fagocitam aproximadamente 240% mais leveduras quando infectados com H. capsulatum e opsonizados, quando comparados aos MPs de C57BL/6. A adição de LTB4 aumenta a atividade fagocítica em 520% por MAs de animais C57BL/6 e 200% por MAs de CD18low, enquanto que a adição de LTB4 aumentou a fagocitose dos MPs de animais C57BL/6 em 600% vezes quando comparado aos MPs de CD18low. Este fenômeno foi inibido pela pré-incubação destas células com antagonista específico do receptor BLT1 apenas em animais C57BL/6. A adição de LTB4 na cultura de MPs reduziu a porcentagem de morte das leveduras apenas nos animais C57BL/6. Os animais CD18low produzem espontaneamente mais LTB4 e apresentaram um grande aumento na produção de óxido nítrico quando comparados aos animais C57BL/6. Pacientes acometidos pela Doença Granulomatosa Crônica (DGC) possuem deficiência congênita da molécula CD18. Células fagocíticas isoladas do sangue periférico de pacientes com DGC foram incubadas com leveduras opsonizadas e assim como macrófagos de animais deficientes de CD18, fagocitam mais leveduras opsonizadas (900%) ou não (300%), quando comparado com células de indivíduos sadios. Sugerimos que a molécula CD18 tem importante participação nos mecanismos efetores da imunidade inata, por mecanismo dependente de mediadores lipídicos, como o LTB4, no controle dos mecanismos de defesa contra H. capsulatum. / Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus and its infection is characterized by accumulation of leukocytes and granuloma formation. Infection occurs mainly by fungal inhalation that reaches the alveoli, which became yeast (the pathogenic form). in the immune response of host, integrins participate in phagocytic mechanisms, fundamental in the response against histoplasmosis.,8^2-integrin has a 02 chain known as CD18, usual to many adhesion molecules, and a variable a chain. Until the moment, it was identified four variable a chains: aL, that constitutes the dimer aL,82, also known as LFA-1 (leukocyte function antigen) or CD11aCD18; am forming the a^m,B^2 or Mac-1 (macrophage differentiation antigen 1) and CR3 (complement receptor 3) and CD11bCD18; ax, constituting the dimer Able CD11cCD18, gp150, 95 or CR4 (complement receptor 4) and ad chain, that constitutes a^d,8^2, CD11dCD18. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of CD18 in alveolar (AMs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) effecter functions against H. capsulatum and the relation of LTB^4 in those responses. We confirm that AMs and PMs of CD18\'°^W mice have low expression of ,32-integrin compared to wild type mice (WT). We demonstrate that, as expected, AMs and PMs from WT and CD18\'°^W, phagocytosed more complement (C)-opsonized yeasts than the unopsonized yeasts. Surprisingly, AMs from CD18\'°^Wmice phagocytosed 136% more (C)-opsonized yeasts than AMs obtained from WT. Also, PMs of CD18^b°^W mice phagocytosed 240% more (C)-opsonized yeasts than PMs of WT. The addition of LTB^4, increases the phagocytic activity by AMs of WT mice in 520% and by AMs from CD18\'°^W mice in 200%, while the addition of LTB^4 only increased the phagocytosis of C-opsonized H. capsulatum by PMs of C57BL/6 mice in 600%, when compaired with PMs from CD18\'°^W mice. This phenomenon was inhibited by pretreatment of these cells with an especific BLT1 receptor antagonist only in PMs from C57BU6 mice. The addition of LTB^4 in the culture of MPs reduced the percentage of death of yeasts in animals C57BL/6. CD18\'°^W mice, spontaneously produce more LTB^4 and showed a large increase in the production of nitric oxide when compared to C57BU6. Patients affected by Chronic Granulomatous Disease (DGC) have congenital deficiency of the CD18 molecule. Phagocytic cells isolated from peripheral blood of patients with DGC were incubated with C-opsonized yeasts and as well as macrophages from CD18\'°^W, phagocytosed more C-opsonized yeasts (900%) or not (300%) when compared with cells from healthy individuals.Therefore, we suggest that the CD18 molecule has important participation in the effector mechanisms of innate immunity, a mechanism dependent on lipid mediators such as LTB^4, to control these mechanisms in defense against H. capsulatum.
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