Esta tese teve como objetivos identificar indícios de uma abordagem holística nas práticas gerenciais das empresas, contribuir para a construção de um modelo com características holísticas para orientar o delineamento de práticas gerenciais, e classificar as empresas pesquisadas quanto ao estágio de institucionalização da utilização de elementos da abordagem holística em suas práticas. O holismo, já conhecido na Antiguidade, teve um significado moderno dado pelo pensador e estadista sul-africano J. C. Smuts, através da obra Holism and Evolution, de 1926. Para ele, holismo é um fator que orienta a evolução de todo o Universo, com a formação de estruturas que só podem ser devidamente tratadas como totalidades, numa sequência que começa com a matéria e a vida, passando pela personalidade humana, até chegar às organizações supra-individuais e aos sistemas de valores humanos. Epistemologicamente, o holismo é contraposto ao reducionismo, quer seja nas Ciências Naturais (atomismo), quanto nas Ciências Sociais (individualismo). Após Smuts, vários autores trataram do holismo, com diferentes propósitos, entre eles Quine (1951), Weil (1991), Esfeld (2001) e Descombes (2014). Em relação à Administração, Savory (1999), aborda o holismo com foco na questão ambiental. No Brasil, Almada et al (2004), Aligleri et al (2008), Cunha e Corrêa (2010), entre outros, com focos em atividades administrativas diversas, fizeram considerações que remetem à visão holística por parte da gestão, que consiste em enxergar totalidades, dentre as quais a própria empresa é uma delas, bem como as conexões que ligam estas totalidades. A pesquisa, qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, utilizou a abordagem interpretativista, pela qual o pesquisador busca compreender uma realidade, que possui aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. As 20 empresas pesquisadas foram retiradas de amostra aleatória entre as empresas pertencentes do Novo Mercado da BM&FBovespa, que possuem requisitos mais rígidos quanto às práticas de Governança Corporativa. Os dados foram retirados dos relatórios anuais de atuação e de outros documentos disponibilizados nos sites das empresas, sendo constituídos por informações gerais, mais as práticas gerenciais orientadas para a sustentabilidade e a responsabilidade social corporativa. A Teoria da Institucionalização forneceu critérios para classificar as empresas nos vários estágios de institucionalização do uso de elementos da abordagem holísticas em suas práticas. Para esta classificação, foi necessário construir um primeiro modelo, ou protótipo, para avaliação holística, visto não ser encontrado, nas teorias analisadas, modelo que pudesse ser utilizado. Este protótipo, o primeiro resultado da pesquisa, foi elaborado contrastando princípios holísticos, deduzidos da obra de Smuts, com a Teoria dos Sistemas, Teoria da Complexidade e Cibernética, mais a Teoria dos Stakeholders. Feitas as análises das práticas e as considerações finais para as empresas, observou-se uma alocação com grande homogeneidade pelos estágios citados, permitindo que se coloque como hipótese a ser testada em futuros estudos, que as empresas apresentam, no seu conjunto, uma trajetória de evolução no que concerne à visão holística de suas atividades e atuações na sociedade. Também foram observados mecanismos de evolução diferenciados e fatores limitantes para esta evolução. Finalmente, foi possível apresentar, através de deduções baseadas nos dados e nas teorias, também como hipótese a ser testada, que as empresas podem alcançar ganhos em diversas dimensões, ao utilizar uma abordagem holística nas suas práticas. Este estudo ajuda a cobrir uma lacuna importante das teorias administrativas modernas, qual seja, lidar com um mundo complexo, com ferramentais racionais, sem destruir o que caracteriza esta complexidade, a natureza holística da realidade. / This thesis aimed to identify evidence of a holistic approach in the managerial practices of companies, contribute to the construction of a model with holistic characteristics to guide the design of managerial practices, and classify companies in regards to the the institutionalization stage of the use of elements of holistic approach in their practices. Holism has ancient roots, but its modern meaning was defined by South African thinker and statesman J.C. Smuts, in his book Holism and Evolution, published in 1926. Smuts considers holism as a factor that guides the evolution of the entire universe, with the formation of structures that can only be properly treated as wholes , in a sequence which starts with matter and life, continues through human personality, and finally reaches supra-individual organizations and human value systems. In epistemological terms, holism opposes reductionism, be it in Natural Sciences (atomism), and in Social Sciences (individualism). After Smuts, several authors explored holism, such as Quine (1951), Weil (1991), Esfeld (2001) and Descombes (2014). In regards to Administration, Savory (1999) approaches holism with particular focus on environmental issues. In Brazil, Almada et al (2004), Aligleri et al (2008), Cunha e Corrêa (2010), among others, with focus in different administrative activities, have made allusions which explore holistic approaches in management, such as viewing the companies as totalities, as well as the connections between those totalities. This qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research utilized an interpretative approach, which helped the researcher understand a reality which contains objective as well as subjective aspects. Twenty companies were researched, chosen randomly among companies within the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&F Bovespa (São Paulo Stock Exchange), which has strict corporate rules. Data was collected in the companies\' annual reports and other documents available in the companies\' websites. Information collected was not restricted to general data about the companies, but also included managerial practices, sustainability and corporate and social responsibility. The Theory of Institutionalization provided criteria to classify companies, in various stages of institutionalization, in regards to the use of holistic approach in their practices. In order to obtain this classification, it was necessary to build a model, or prototype for holistic evaluation, as no such model had been found in previous studies. This prototype, the first result of the research, was built through comparisons between holistic principles, taken from the work of Smuts, with the Theory of Systems, the Theory of Cybernetics and Complexity, and the Theory of Stakeholders. After careful analysis of the companies\' practices, the research suggests that future studies should include an evaluation of the companies\' holistic approach of their activities and social endeavors. Also observed were different evolution mechanisms and factors that could limit this evolution. Finally, it was possible to present, based on deductions on data and theories, a hypothesis to be tested that companies can benefit by utilizing holistic approach in their practices. This study fills an important void in modern business theories, helping companies deal with a complex world using rational tools, which do not harm the complexity of the holistic nature of reality.

Dans le cadre de la transition énergétique, le gouvernement Français prévoit la constructionde huit parcs éoliens en mer (offshore) le long des côtes Manche-Atlantique parmi lesquels le futurparc éolien au large de Courseulles-sur-mer. A ce jour, il n’existe pas d’étude globale et intégrée deseffets de la construction et de l’exploitation de ces parcs sur l’écosystème. L’innovation principale decette thèse a donc été de poser les bases d’une approche écosystémique des Energies MarinesRenouvelables (EMR) à travers l’exemple du futur parc éolien de Courseulles-sur-mer. Pour ce faire,une combinaison d’outils de modélisation a été utilisée afin de : 1) caractériser le fonctionnement etla structure de l’écosystème du site d’implantation du parc ; 2) tester des scénarios d’évolutionpossible du fonctionnement trophique du système. Ainsi, un modèle de réseau trophique et troisscénarios ont été construits afin d’analyser les conséquences de l’effet récif et réserve générées par leparc sur l’écosystème. Les indices de l’analyse des réseaux écologiques ainsi que d’autres indices telsque le niveau trophique moyen ont été analysés afin de caractériser le fonctionnement du système.Toutefois, conscient que cet écosystème est menacé par de multiples pressions, il estnécessaire de comprendre comment ces activités humaines vont interagir entre elles et quelles sontleurs conséquences sur l’écosystème dans un contexte de changements globaux. Ainsi, une visionglobale des impacts cumulés a également été développée grâce à un autre type de modélisation appelé'modélisation qualitative’ ou en ‘digraphe orienté’. Les résultats ont mis en évidence des changementsdans la structure et le fonctionnement de l’écosystème après la mise en place du parc éolien. Lesrésultats de ces modèles pourraient être utilisés dans la définition de mesures de suivi aprèsl’installation du parc et dans l’évaluation de la nécessité de mettre en place des mesures decompensation. Enfin, les modèles qualitatifs pourraient également servir d’outils de communicationavec le public et ainsi permettre une meilleure appropriation des projets EMR. / As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of eightOffshore Wind Farms (OWF) along the English Channel and Atlantic coasts including the Courseulles-sur-mer OWF. Until now, there is no holistic study on the OWF construction and operation effects onan ecosystem taken as a whole. This thesis is the first study to lay the foundations for an ecosystemapproach of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) through the Courseulles-sur-mer OWF example. For thata combination of innovative modelling tools was applied to 1) characterise the ecosystem structureand functioning before the OWF construction; 2) simulate the impacts of this future OWF on theecosystem structure and functioning. A food-web model and three scenarios were constructed toinvestigate the “reef” and “reserve” effects induced by the OWF on the ecosystem. Ecological NetworkAnalysis indices, other ecosystem attributes and Mean Trophic Level were derived to investigate theecosystem health and state.However, being aware that this ecosystem is threatened by multiple perturbations, there is aneed to understand how human activities interact to influence ecosystem functioning in a long termclimate change context. Thus, a holistic view of cumulated impacts on the Courseulles-sur-mer’ecosystem through the use of an oriented signed digraph was also developed. Results highlighted acombination of significant changes in the food-web structure and ecosystem functioning. These resultscan play a vital role in both decision making by improving long term planning for the marineenvironment but also as tool for communication with the public and so contribute to a betteracceptability of MRE project.

Low back pain (LBP) is regarded as a major health and economic problem in western industrialised countries even at this time in the twenty-first century. Researchers estimate that it has increased to affect about 45% of the population in 2011. This increase creates a major burden on the health care services, social structures and the economy in terms of absenteeism from work. CNSLBP is still poorly understood. Main reasons for the poor understanding of CNSLBP discussed in this study are the limited understanding of the effect of the spine as kinetic chain which includes the head and pelvic girdle and with its attachments to the scapulae . The process of development of ISMS dysfunction are discussed as a combination of abnormal spinal loading, soft and neural tissue plasticity that result in biomechanical malalignment, adaptive and maladaptive movement patterns, pain processing integrated with psychosocial factors that influence the biomechanical, pain processing and psychological responses are discussed as possible mechanisms in the development of CNSLBP. The researcher developed a multidimensional manual therapy model to manage patients with CNSLBP based on metacognitive reflection on her clinical reasoning over a period of 40 years as the research methodology. The metacognitive reflection has been performed within the interpretive paradigm The model that resulted from the metacognitive reflection is dialectic in nature because it entails the understanding of the patient‘s problem from an interpretive as well as from an empirico-analytical perspective. The model is conceptualised in three stages: Firstly the conceptualisation of the integrated spinal movement system (ISMS), to indicate that the spine, head, shoulder and pelvic girdles function as a closed kinematic chain. Secondly the process of the development of ISMS dysfunction as a major concept in the clinical picture of patients with CNSLBP is based on functional anatomy of the ISMS and the researcher‘s clinical observation in clinical practice. The researcher indicates how the development of ISMS dysfunction and characteristic adaptive behaviour are integrated components of the patient‘s complex heterogenic clinical picture. The underlying process for the development of ISMS dysfunction as a possible mechanism for CNSLBP is described as plasticity of soft and neural tissues (including the brain) which result in chronicity over time. Thirdly a multidimensional manual therapy model to manage patients with CNSLBP‘s heterogenic condition is discussed. The model indicates how the mechanisms underlying the development of ISMS dysfunction is addressed in a multidimensional approach to patient management. Finally the multidimensional manual therapy model is discussed in relation to other relevant intervention approaches. The model finally serves as a point of departure for planning and conducting appropriate research in basic and clinical sciences. The multidimensional manual therapy model for the management of patients with CNSLBP has been developed in clinical practice and is presented as a practicetheory in the form of a model. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Physiotherapy / Unrestricted

In rural areas of least developed countries, the preparation of meals remains the predominant energy consuming activity. Cooking is mostly performed with firewood – using the ancient “technology” of the 3-stone fire. This practice results in numerous challenges that hinder the transformation envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals and it therefore contributes towards slowing the development of rural areas. Activities focussing on amending this status-quo can be termed insufficient in scope- and sustainability. The main deficiencies of most projects are that the prime focus of the mainstream of these endeavours has been on demand side management, mainly performed by disseminating cookstoves, and that there has been little innovation in respect to raising stove adoption rates. As the strict efficiency focus obviously only captures one side of the problem – merely focussing on treating symptoms rather than providing an effective solution, this thesis stresses the need for a paradigm shift towards more holistic interventions. This work very much focuses on the topic of stove adoption. This is a complex topic - very much linked to attaining behavioural change. Deliberations concluded that the identification of enabling factors for adoption, which can be termed a prerequisite for developing sustainable methods for stove projects, requires a mix of instruments. To suffice the required data demand the initial literature review was complemented by a thorough assessment of the kitchen environment and the cooking behaviour of stove owners. The fieldwork concentrated on 210 beneficiaries of an efficient cookstove project. The applied methods included interviews, observations and pictorial documentation. As a remedy to the challenges and current shortcomings identified during field work and literature review, the author herein develops a novel and more holistic implementation strategy for stove projects – the so- called 3-Step approach. This is based on the simultaneous implementation of availing cookstoves, building capacity in respect to kitchen management, as well as performing small-scale household level tree planting. The research, which further encompassed the piloting of the 3-Step approach, led to the overall conclusion that the proposed increase in project scope holds a multitude of opportunities for improving the livelihoods of the rural target groups. The main impact of this innovative strategy lies in a decrease of average transaction costs as well as in a considerable increase in project sustainability. As will be extensively elaborated, the former is achieved by a more effective utilisation of the extensive infrastructure of trained artisans. The latter refers to the expected income increase on household level, as well as to improvements in environmental- and human health. In combination these enable rural communities to better adapt to climate change.

Master's thesis of Pliner A.A. "Cognitive Science: an integrated approach" is devoted to the study of cognitive science as a set of scientific research in various fields of philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, united by a common research interest in the issue of knowledge. The emergence of interest in cognitive science could attributed to the middle of the XX century and related to the work of such thinkers as J. Miller, N. Chomsky, W. McCarthy and others. At the present stage of development, it is time to study the cognitive sciences as systems containing components operating in other systems and having different nature, and they connected with the original system in the complex functional dependence. The aim of investigation is the implementation of an integrated approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of cognitive sciences. The object of study - a cognitive science as a set. Subject of research – a specific complex relationship cognitive sciences and their implementation in a variety of applications. The work consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the history of the formation of the concept of cognitive science, the second chapter describes the basic methods of the cognitive sciences, the third chapter highlights the major features of complexing cognitive sciences, the fourth chapter builds complex cognitive science as an element of other polysystem. / Магистерская диссертация Плинер А.А. "Cognitive Science: комплексный подход" посвящена изучению когнитивных наук как комплекса научных исследований в различных областях философии, психологии, искусственного интеллекта, лингвистики, объединенных единым исследовательским интересом к вопросу познания. Возникновение интереса к когнитивным наукам можно отнести к середине XX в. и связать с работами таких мыслителей, как Дж. Миллер, Н. Хомский, У. Маккарти и других. На современном этапе развития пришло время изучения когнитивных наук как системы, содержащей элементы, функционирующие и в других системах, имеющих иную природу, и находящихся с первоначальной системой в сложной функциональной зависимости. Целью работы является осуществление комплексного подхода к анализу феномена когнитивных наук. Объект исследования – это когнитивные науки как комплекс. Предмет исследования – специфические комплексные взаимосвязи когнитивных наук и их реализация в различных сферах применения. Работа состоит из четырех глав. Первая глава посвящена истории формирования понятия когнитивных наук, вторая глава описывает основные методы когнитивных наук, третья глава выделяет основные комплексообразующие черты когнитивных наук, четвертая глава строит комплекс когнитивных наук как элемент других полисистем.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 (DMT2) är en folksjukdom som påverkas av ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. För att förhindra sjukdomsprogression och komplikationer krävs det av personer med DMT2 att utföra egenvårdsinsatser. Egenvårdsinsatser omfattar självmedicinering, regelbundna blodsockerkontroller, fysisk aktivitet och kostrestriktioner. Egenvårdsinsatserna hjälper till att reglera sjukdomen och reducera risken för kardiovaskulära sjukdomar samt tidig död. Personer med DMT2 upplevs av vårdpersonal som svårmotiverade till livsstilsförändringar vilket skapar frustration bland vårdpersonalen när inga framsteg identifieras vid hälsokontroller. Syftet: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva personers erfarenheter och upplevelser av egenvård vid diabetes typ 2. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie baserad på resultatet från tio kvalitativa studier och en mixad metod-studie. Studierna relevans- och kvalitetsgranskades utifrån mallar utarbetade av högskolan i Gävle. Resultatet framställdes med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod. Huvudresultat: Resultatet redovisas under två huvudteman; inre faktorer och yttre faktorer. De uppmärksammade inre faktorerna av betydelse för implementering av egenvårdsinsatser  var olika attityder, inställningar kring fysisk aktivitet och kostrestriktioner, nivå av sjukdomsinsikt, ekonomisk situation, fysiska funktionsnedsättningar och multisjuklighet. De yttre faktorerna av betydelse för egenvårdsföljsamheten ansågs vara stödet från familjen, brist på valmöjligheter i samband med  sociala event, samt nivån av delaktighet i samband med vårdkontakt. Slutsats: Personer med DMT2 upplever svårigheter med egenvårdföljsamhet och livsstilsförändringar som är beroende av individuella faktorer. Sjuksköterskor behöver därför identifiera brister hos personer med DMT2 utifrån en helhetssyn med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt, detta för att bättre anpassa omvårdnaden efter patientens behov. / Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a common disease influenced by unhealthy lifestyle habits. In order to prevent the disease progression and complications it requires people with DMT2 to perform self-care measures. Self-care measures includes self-medication, continuous glucose self-monitoring, physical activity and dietary restrictions. Self-care interventions help in controlling the diabetes disease and also reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and an early death. People with DMT2 are perceived by healthcare professionals as difficult to motivate in making lifestyle changes, this in turn creates frustration among healthcare professionals when no progress is identified during health checkups. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe people's experiences of self-care in regard to type 2 diabetes. Method: A descriptive literature study based on the results of ten qualitative studies and one mixed method study. The studies were reviewed for relevance and quality through templates developed by the University of Gävle. The results were presented using a thematic analysis method. Main results: The results are presented under two main themes: internal factors and external factors. The noted internal factors of importance for the implementation of self-care interventions were; different attitudes towards physical activity and dietary restrictions, level of disease insight, financial situation, physical disabilities and multimorbidity. The external factors of importance for adherence to self-care interventions were considered to be; family support, lack of choices in regard to diet management during social events, and the level of involvement during contact with health care professionals. Conclusion: People with DMT2 experienced difficulties with self-care adherence and lifestyle modifications dependent on individual factors. Therefore, nurses need to identify deficiencies in people with DMT2 from a holistic and person-centered approach in order to better adapt nursing care to the patient's needs.

No description available.

This study was undertaken to establish whether the legal phenomenon known as a contract exist in indigenous legal systems and in particular, among the Swazi. As the underlying aims and consequences of indigenous contracts differ not only between indigenous peoples but is also affected by the degree of westernisation that has taken place, a micro study has been done in semi-rural areas in the Kingdom of Swaziland to establish if the existing value systems are altered or replaced when western legal institutions are introduced. Data was obtained by way of interviewing a panel of experts and compared with available literature. Through the process of gathering information, the legal principles were described and the functioning of social processes noted. Different indigenous contracts and general principles were identified. It must, however, be noted that a contract is more than a device for establishing the economic and legal implications of a transaction. Most contractual disputes are resolved outside the courts through negotiated settlements to restore harmony in the community. Although the Swazi law of contract is showing clear signs of adapting to new developments, there is proof that established legal principles and Swazi values are being retained. This study will not only be useful as a source of information for both Swazi courts and administration, but could also serve as a basis for codification intended by the Swazi Government. For that purpose, a memorandum has been compiled for consideration by the Swazi authorities. The compatibility of Swazi law and custom with a Bill of Rights was also evaluated and suggestions were made for possible law reform in the Kingdom of Swaziland. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This study focuses on the therapeutic interventions by mental health practitioners when faced with rebellious youths. Rebelliousness refers to the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority or convention. It is manifested in, amongst others, withdrawal, deviance, delinquency, antisocial behaviour, and suicide. To date there are no interventions for rebellious youths per sé. Rebellious youths are often treated with traditional strategies which are often ineffective and show little promise for eliminating rebellious behaviour. Research has revealed that teen problem behaviours stem from "life-problems" such as psychosocial stressors. Therefore treating the adolescent for substance abuse, for example, is treating him/her for the wrong reasons. It is no surprise that many adolescents who have undergone intervention programmes for specific behaviour problems relapse soon after they are released from the programmes. The study focuses on integrating different strategies in order to combat rebelliousness in adolescence and beyond. This holistic approach argues that all treatments share certain curative processes. Therefore each treatment works best when it is combined with other aspects of treatment. For this reason, individual, family and group therapy were combined together with school strategies. The results of this study indicate that combining procedures that are designed to improve problematic behaviour in teenagers are viable forms of treatment. / Educational Studies / D.Ed.(Psychology of Education)

La Filière Bilingue (FiBi), une école publique dont le concept repose sur l’enseignement par immersion réciproque, se trouve à la frontière linguistique, à Biel/Bienne. L’enseignement y est dispensé à parts égales en (suisse-) allemand et en français (Modèle 50/50) par des enseignant-e-s locutrices/locuteurs natives/natifs. Cette école, qui offre une alternative aux écoles avec une seule langue de scolarisation, promeut l’intégration des élèves francophones et germanophones, mais aussi d’enfants allophones ne partageant pas les deux langues de scolarisation. Elle favorise ainsi «le développement du bilinguisme et de la bi-littératie, en plus du niveau requis des savoirs disciplinaires et des compétences interculturelles de tous les élèves» (Christian 1994: 1). La présence d’élèves francophones, germanophones et allophones dans la même classe permet à ces apprenant-e-s, plurilingues en devenir, l’acquisition des deux langues de scolarisation en communiquant avec des locutrices/locuteurs natives/natifs et en valorisant leurs cultures respectives.Cette thèse se propose de documenter le développement des deux langues de scolarisation (français et (suisse-)allemand). La première partie de ce travail présente le cadre théorique. Après avoir donné la définition de quelques notions clés comme «langue», «bilinguisme vs. SLA», «plurilinguisme», «immersion (réciproque)» et «translanguaging», nous adopterons une perspective qui montre comment les plurilingues en devenir utilisent leur deux langues de scolarisation afin de communiquer de façon efficace. En faisant référence à une idéologie hétéroglossique, cette perspective plus holistique permettra d'analyser l'apprentissage des langues en tenant compte de l’interdépendance fonctionnelle des deux langues. Ceci constituera la base à travers laquelle nous analyserons les pratiques langagières des apprenant-e-s et les résultats d’interviews semi-dirigées et axées sur la performance conduites dans les deux langues de scolarisation (dix interviews au total).Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous présenterons les données empiriques qui constituent notre corpus de référence et en proposerons une analyse. En ce qui concerne les données, notre choix s’est porté sur un corpus longitudinal qui a été récolté pendant quatre ans. Ce choix nous a paru le meilleur moyen pour décrire le processus dynamique de l’acquisition des deux langues (français et (suisse-) allemand). Quant à l’analyse des données, nous avons décidé de combiner deux approches complémentaires : l’analyse qualitative permettra de décrire de manière détaillée les stratégies du «translanguaging» (García, 2009) utilisées par les élèves, alors que l’analyse quantitative s’attachera à évaluer la capacité des apprenant-e-s «à utiliser la langue de façon communicative» (Bachman et Palmer, 2010) à différents moments de leur apprentissage.Dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous nous attacherons aux implications pédagogiques que ce type d’immersion suppose et que notre étude essaie de modéliser. En effet, il importe que les (futur-e-s) enseignant-e-s œuvrant dans ces écoles devraient bénéficient d’une formation adéquate se basant sur la professionnalisation de l’enseignement par immersion, autrement dit fondée sur la recherche et adaptée à la pratique. Le but sera de former des enseignant-e-s capables de soutenir le plus efficacement possible leurs élèves dans le processus de l’apprentissage intégré des savoirs discipinaires et linguistiques. Nous conclurons ce travail par une synthèse de l'étude et de ses principaux résultats et nous efforcerons de dégager des pistes intéressantes pour des projets de recherche ultérieurs. / The two-way immersion program Filière Bilingue (FiBi) is a choice-based educational alternative in a Swiss public school situated on the language border in Biel/Bienne. This two-way immersion program integrates French-speaking and German-speaking students and «strives to promote bilingualism and biliteracy in addition to grade-level academic achievement for all students» (Christian 1994: 1). The presence of approximately equal numbers of native speakers of both languages in the same class provides opportunities for students to communicate with native-speaker peers, creating linguistic and intercultural benefits for both groups. Moreover, each class is composed of one third of allophone students having neither French, nor (Swiss) German as an L1 (or L1s). The amount of instructional time is equal in the two languages of schooling at all grade levels (50/50 program model). The focus of this thesis is the emergent multilinguals’ development in their two languages of schooling (French and (Swiss) German). The first part is theory-driven and defines some basic notions such as «language», «bilingualism vs. SLA», «multilingualism», «(two-way) immersion» and «translanguaging», resulting in the proposition to approach the emergent multilinguals’ proficiency outcomes from the perspective of what speakers do with the two languages of schooling in order to communicate efficiently and effectively. Considering multiple language practices in functional interrelationship can be referred to as a heteroglossic language ideology. Adopting thus a more holistic view on multilingual development forms the basis for the analysis of the outcomes of semi-structured and performance-oriented interviews – conducted with the emergent multilinguals in their two languages of schooling at five points in time (ten interviews in total).In the second part, an empirical study with data from our corpus – collected over a period of four years - is presented. Two approaches are combined for the analysis of data: whereas the qualitative analysis shows some illustrative examples of the learners’ translanguaging strategies (García, 2009), the quantitative analysis focuses on the measurement of their ability «to use language communicatively» (Bachman and Palmer, 2010). In lieu of measuring a current level of achievement in the learners’ two languages of schooling, process measures provide a broader picture, including variations in performance from a longitudinal perspective and documenting the emergent multilinguals’ dynamic process of becoming proficient in their two languages of schooling. In part three, major findings and limitations of the study are presented, including pedagogical implications resulting from the outcomes of this study. We conclude that practicing and future teachers of immersion schools need an appropriate teacher education with focus on the professionalization of two-way immersion education. This research-based and practitioner-informed teacher training should aim to train teachers who are able to best support emergent multilinguals in their process to learn content by means of two languages of schooling.The conclusion presents a summary of our study and suggests further possible research projects. / Die Filière Bilingue (FiBi) ist eine öffentliche Schule. Deren Konzept basiert auf dem Prinzipder reziproken Immersion. Sie befindet sich an der Sprachgrenze in Biel/Bienne. Diese Schule – eineAlternative zu Schulen mit einer Schulsprache - fördert die Integration von deutschsprachigen undfranzösischsprachigen Lernenden und «fördert die Zweisprachigkeit sowie die Lese- undSchreibfähigkeit in beiden Zielsprachen und das Erreichen der Lernziele in allen Schulfächern vonallen Lernenden» (Christian 1994: 1). Ausserdem besteht ein Drittel jeder Klasse aus allophonenKindern, die weder Deutsch noch Französisch als Erstsprache(n) haben. Der Unterricht erfolgt je zurHälfte auf Französisch und Deutsch (50/50-Modell). Da die Klassen je hälftig aus deutsch- undfranzösischsprachigen Kindern zusammengesetzt werden, ermöglicht dies den Lernenden mitMuttersprachlern der «anderen» Schulsprache zu kommunizieren und interkulturelle Kompetenzen zuerwerben.Diese Arbeit dokumentiert die Entwicklung der Lernenden in ihren zwei Schulsprachen. Dererste Teil dieser Arbeit liefert einen theoretischen Rahmen und klärt Begriffe wie «Sprache»,«Zweisprachigkeit vs. SLA», «Mehrsprachigkeit», «(reziproke) Immersion» und «translanguaging»,gefolgt vom Vorschlag, eine Perspektive einzunehmen, die zeigt, wie die Lernenden dieSchulsprachen brauchen, um effizient zu kommunizieren. Die Betrachtung der multiplenSprachpraktiken in ihrer funktionellen wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit verweist auf eine HeteroglossieIdeologie.52 Eine solche ganzheitliche Betrachtung der mehrsprachigen Entwicklung der Lernendenbildet die theoretische Grundlage für die Auswertung der gesammelten Daten aus den halbstrukturiertenund auf Performanz ausgerichteten Leitfaden-Interviews (zehn Interviews insgesamt invier Jahren).Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit präsentiert eine empirische Langzeitstudie. Zwei Ansätzewurden bei der Analyse der gesammelten Daten kombiniert: während die qualitative AnalyseStrategien wie «translanguaging» (García, 2009a) von Lernenden zeigt, fokussiert die quantitativeAnalyse auf die Messung der Fähigkeit «Sprache auf kommunikative Weise zu verwenden» (Bachmanund Palmer, 2010). Anstatt das aktuelle Sprachniveau der Lernenden in den beiden Schulsprachen zumessen, wird ein breiteres Bild gezeigt, das Variationen in der Performanz der Lernenden einschliesstund den dynamischen Spracherwerbsprozess aufzeigt. So wird der effiziente und kreative Gebrauchder Sprache sowie mehrsprachige Diskurs-Praktiken wie «translanguaging» gezeigt. Diese multiplenSprachpraktiken zeigen das dynamische und interaktive Kommunikationssystem der mehrsprachigenLernenden und deren Spracherwerbsprozess in.Im dritten Teil werden die pädagogischen Schlussfolgerungen präsentiert. Eine angemesseneLehrerausbildung für diese Lehrpersonen fokussierend auf der Professionalisierung des Immersions-Unterrichts wäre wünschenswert, in welcher ein für die Praktiker/innen nützlicher Wissenstransfervon Forschungsresultaten stattfindet. So könnten die Lernenden bestmöglich beim Prozess, sichSchulstoff durch zwei Schulsprachen anzueignen, unterstützt werden. Der Schlussteil dieser Arbeitfasst die Studie und deren Ergebnisse zusammen und zeigt weitere Forschungsperspektiven auf.