A inicios del mes de marzo, en el año 2020, el gobierno peruano decretó el estado de emergencia sanitaria debido a la pandemia del COVID-19. Entre las medidas de prevención indicadas, se obligó que las empresas deberían adaptarse y enviar a sus colaboradores a trabajar desde casa; en otras palabras, hacer uso del Home Office, para evitar el contagio masivo por el virus. Este estudio explora la digitalización como un facilitador del manejo de equipos virtuales. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la percepción de los colaboradores de la empresa Belcorp respecto al Home Office y su aplicación durante la coyuntura de la pandemia del virus COVID-19. El presente trabajo basa su análisis en un paradigma interpretativo, pues estudia el punto de vista de los participantes. El enfoque de este proyecto es cualitativo, ya que busca entender un fenómeno, en este caso, la percepción de los colaboradores. En esta línea, la estrategia de recojo de información consiste en agrupar a individuos que hayan experimentado el mismo fenómeno. Para ello, el estudio plantea una serie de entrevistas que permitan entender la percepción de los colaboradores de la empresa Belcorp sobre el Home Office. / At the beginning of march, 2020, the Peruvian government decreed a state of sanitary emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the prevention measures, in order to prevent a massive outbreak, it was indicated that the companies must adapt and send their employees to work from home, in other words, to make use of the Home Office. This study explores the digitalization as a facilitator for managing virtual teams. The objective of this investigation is to identify the perception of the workers at the Belcorp Company regarding the Home Office and its application during the conjuncture of the pandemic of the virus COVID-19. The present work bases its analysis on an interpretative paradigm, since it studies the participant´s point of view. This project´s focus is qualitative, because it seeks to understand a phenomenon: the perception of the workers. Therefore, the information gathering strategy consists of grouping individuals that have experimented the same phenomenon. That´s why this study proposes a series of interviews that allows the understanding the perception of the workers at Belcorp Company about the Home Office. / Trabajo de investigación

This diploma thesis focuses on determining the internal and external factors (both economic and social) that affect the motivation of civil servants to conduct and perform their work activities in ministries of the Czech Republic.The research that forms the basis for it is primarily a follow-up to the quantitative research of prof.PhDr.Arnošt Veselý, Ph.D. The diploma thesis is multidisciplinary and not only deals with human resource management in terms of its functionality, efficiency, and effectiveness, but also in terms of its influence on, among other things, public policy, sociology, psychology and public economics. The theoretical part is based on the theory of motivation (Madsen), McGregor's theory of X and Y, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the theory of bureaucracy (Weber). The work is theoretically and methodologically anchored in the findings of alternative action theory (Weinberger, 1997), the ontology of ethical phenomenon (Hartmann, 2002) and the concept of public accountability (Veselý). The empirical part includes the results of qualitative research conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews with 17 ministerial officials across 8 ministries of the Czech Republic. During the interviews, research topics were presented in the form of questions, the answers to which were...

As Covid-19 spread throughout the world in the early months of 2020 many people’s lives changed drastically. The situation forced millions of workers and students to start performing their work remotely from home. Currently in Sweden statistics shows that every third person working does it from home at least once a week. When our work environments change, new conditions are created for how we can design our environments, which contributes to new design challenges. We believe that some homes are missing an intended space for office work, especially smaller apartments in larger cities. This means, among other things, that many people lack a place in their homes that offers a good sound environment. We believe that all people deserve to have a workplace that provides the best possible conditions for personal development, performance and well-being, even when working from home. This thesis work within the field of industrial design engineering was conducted in collaboration with the acoustical consultant firm Efterklang and Luleå University of Technology. The development process has followed the human centered design process of Design Thinking, an iterative design process consisting of the spaces of inspiration, ideation, and implementation. The aim of the project was to investigate how people experience sounds throughout their work day and based on this design a product with good acoustical properties for their home. The project also considered the varying conditions for different home offices as well as how people want to work in the near future. The objective was to create a better work environment by improving the workspace and its soundscape. The following mission statement was set up: “Increase people’s well-being and ability to perform by designing a better soundscape for the home office environment”. A literature review has been conducted together with both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The result has been used to answer the following research questions: (i) What do the users perceive as noise in the home environment and what impact does the soundscape have on our wellbeing? (ii) How can we through design, influence people’s feelings and experiences in their home office environment? (iii) What materials or techniques can be used to help increase the acoustical properties of a product and the soundscape of the home office environment? (iv) What user needs can we meet by designing an acoustics-enhancing product for the home office? Close to half of the project was spent in the space of inspiration, to get a deeper knowledge of the field of acoustics. Primarily the aspects of low-frequency noise and how it affects people was researched. It was however discovered in the interviews, observations, and questionnaire that a majority were consciously more affected by generic noise in their proximity. It was also discovered that when designing their workspace, sound, lighting, ergonomics, and privacy was the most important characteristics. Based on this knowledge, two personas were created which primarily helped to keep focus on the intended target group. The personas have also been used to motivate the final result. In the ideation phase, a total of six workshops were conducted. One of these workshops was performed together with six acoustic consultants and designers. This opportunity helped to evaluate our ideas and realize what is actually possible to achieve. The workshops have contributed to both diverging and converging the thesis work. The development of the concepts has throughout the project been done in an iterative process of workshops and user insights. Prototypes in the form of sketches, digital CAD models, and augmented reality [AR] have been used to convey our ideas to the users. The thesis work has resulted in a modular workstations that consists of acoustic elements in the form of absorbents and a floor standing screen. The product also includes a number of functions that can help the home worker to create an ergonomic workspace. It provides amongst other things a height adjustable desk and electric outlet for lighting. The workstation also has a number of shelves that the user can decorate or use for storage. / Många människor liv förändrades drastiskt under de första månaderna av 2020 då Covid-19 snabbt spreds över världen. Denna förändring tvingades miljontals med människor att snabbt ställa om till arbete på distans. Enligt statistik från statistiska centralbyrån arbetar ungefär en tredjedel av Sveriges befolkning hemifrån minst en dag i veckan. När våran arbetssituation förändras uppkommer nya krav på hur dessa miljöer utformas, vilket i sig bidrar till nya designutmaningar. Vi anser att många av dagens hem saknar en dedikerad arbetsplats. Framförallt när det kommer till mindre lägenheter i större städer. Detta bidrar i sin tur till att många kanske saknar en plats i hemmet med en god ljudmiljö att utföra sitt arbete i. Vi anser att alla människor har rätt till en arbetsplats som bidrar till personlig utveckling, prestation och välmående. Detta examensarbete inom området teknisk design har utförts i samarbete med akustik och ljuddesign-företaget Efterklang, samt Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Arbetet har följt en användarcentrerad designprocess kallad Design Thinking. Denna designprocess går iterativt igenom de tre områdena Inspiration, Ideation och Implementation. Målet med detta arbetet var att undersöka hur människor upplever ljud i deras vardag och utifrån detta designa en produkt som bidrar till en bättre ljudmiljö. Projektet beaktade också de olika förhållandena i användarna hemmiljö samt hur dessa kan tänka sig att arbeta i framtiden. Syftet med arbetet var att skapa en bättre arbetsmiljö genom att förbättra både arbetsplatsen och ljudmiljö runtom. Följande mission statement har ställts upp: “Increase people’s well-being and ability to perform by designing a better soundscape for the home office environment”. En litteraturstudie ligger tillsammans med kvantitativa och kvalitativa forskningsmetoder som grund för detta arbete. Resultatet av dessa har används för att svara på följande frågeställningar: (i) Vad upplever användarna som störande ljud i hemmiljö och hur påverkar detta deras välmående? (ii) Hur kan vi genom design påverka människors upplevelse av deras arbetsmiljö i hemmet? (iii) Vilka material och tekniker kan användas för att påverka en produkts akustiska egenskaper samt arbetsmiljön i hemmet? (iv) Vilka behov kan vi uppfylla genom att designa en produkt som förbättrar användarens ljudmiljö i hemmet? Eftersom detta projekt har krävt en förståelse för området akustik samt hur människor påverkas av störande ljud, har största delen av projektet spenderats i inspirations-fasen. Inledningsvis lades mycket fokus på lågfrekvent buller samt hur detta påverka människor. Dock uppmärksammades det i intervjuer, observationer samt enkät att en majoritet av användare störst mer av allmänt buller i deras närhet. Här uppmärksammades det också att när användaren utformar sin arbetsplats så rankas ljudmiljö, ljus, ergonomi samt avskildhet högt på listan av egenskaper. Utifrån denna kunskap har två personas skapats. Dessa har framförallt underlättat i att hålla kvar fokus på målgruppen. Det slutgiltiga resultatet motiveras också utifrån dessa. I ideation-fasen genomfördes total sex större workshops. Under en av dessa bjöds sex utomstående akustiker och ljusdesigners in för att delta. Under denna workshop utvärderades bland annat koncept vilket resulterade i en djupare förståelse för vad som är genomförbart. Samtliga workshops har bidragit till att både konvergera samt divergera tankar och idéer under detta examensarbete. Utvecklingen av idéer har skett i ett iterativt arbetssätt av workshops och feedback från användare. Prototyper i form av skisser, CAD-modeller samt AR har används för att förmedla idéer och koncept till användarna. Detta arbete har resulterat i en modulär arbetsstation innehållande akustiska element i form av absorbenter och en golvstående skärm. Möbeln innehåller flertalet funktioner vilka hjälper hemarbetaren att skapa en ergonomisk arbetsplats. Exempelvis erbjuder arbetsstationen möjlighet för höj- och sänkbart skrivbord samt ett eluttag för arbetsbelysning. Tillgängligt finns också hyllplan vilka användaren kan dekorera eller utnyttja som förvaringsyta.

Person-Organization Fit (POF) bezeichnet die Kompatibilität von Personen und Organisationen, wobei häufig Werte als Beurteilungsgrundlage dienen. Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass ein hoher POF zwischen Arbeitgebern und -nehmern nicht nur positive Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitszufriedenheit hat, auch sind für Arbeitsuchende solche Organisationen attraktiv, mit denen sie eine hohe Passung unterstellen. Die Arbeit widmet sich im Spiegel der Theorie des POF theoretisch und empirisch dem Einfluss von flexiblen Arbeitsformen (zur Ermöglichung von Zeit- und Ortsunabhängigkeit bei der Arbeit) auf die Wahrnehmung der Arbeitgeberattraktivität. Es wird untersucht, inwiefern POF als Erklärungsmechanismus für Arbeitgeberattraktivität dienen kann, in Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Ausprägungen flexibler Arbeitsformen – u.a. werden allgemein flexibilitätsbezogene Angebote sowie die spezifische flexible Arbeitsform Telearbeit betrachtet, ebenfalls werden Effekte der Nichtverfügbarkeit flexibler Arbeitsformen in den Blick genommen. Neben POF wird auch der Einfluss von AOS (Anticipated Organizational Support) für den Effekt auf Arbeitgeberattraktivität untersucht. Darüber hinaus analysiert diese Arbeit die Rolle der Persönlichkeitsdisposition Work Locus of Control im Zusammenhang mit dem Person-Organization Fit. Die Ergebnisse erweitern nicht nur den wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstand, auch liefern sie Impulse für die Praxis des Employer Branding.

Aim of this thesis is to introdukce the issues related to price calculations building. The theoretical part focuses on the different type sof calculations formula and related procedures. The practical part is focused on creating practical calculations using software. Problems is illustrated in Example.Everything is comleted by evaluating, comparing the individual type sof calculation methods and a description os possibleproblems witch the recommended tutorials on thein solution.

1 EINLEITUNG Der Einsatz von Enterprise 2.0-Lösungen steht noch am Anfang. So nutzen nur ca. 20 % der Unternehmen in den USA und Europa Social Software-Werkzeuge wie Blogs, Wikis oder Foren [7]. Nach [3] geht es bei Enterprise 2.0 darum, die Ideen und Konzepte des Web 2.0 und von Social Software zu verstehen und auf die Zusammenarbeit in Unternehmen zu übertragen. Viele Unternehmen haben Schwierigkeiten bei der Integration solcher Lösungen, wodurch die Zugänglichkeit und Handhabbarkeit der Informationen im Unternehmen leidet. In einem konkreten Anwendungsfall sollen Lösungen gefunden werden, um das Gewahrsein der Informationen bestehender Social Software-Systeme und die Zusammenarbeit in Entwicklungsabteilungen zu verbessern.

1 Abstract and keywords in the English language Comparison of Czech and Slovak legal regulation of leave Abstract The dissertation contains an overview of labor law legislation, especially the regulation of holidays, in the territory of historical Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia on the one hand and in the territory of today's Slovakia on the other hand. For a better understanding of the issue, an overview of the development of working conditions and labor protection in a given time context in both cultural areas is also provided. I believe that the presented comparison of legal regulations in both territories is an interesting excursion not only in terms of labor law itself, but also in the field of legal history. I believe that in the presented summary of the work it provides important and interesting expanding knowledge in the field of labor law and social security law. In my opinion, similar work was lacking in our market, and therefore it can be assumed that in this direction it will contribute to its enrichment if it is possible to realize its book edition, which is under negotiation. An overview of the material described above is given in twelve chapters since the beginning of the 14th century, when labor relations developed in the Czech lands, about which written reports already exist. In the case of...

關於展延後所增加之費用是否得以索賠，亦影響業主成本支出與承包商利潤，於是關於工期之「時間」與「金錢」兩者，成為工程契約雙方最關心的議題。故從遲延索賠之目的，即可分成工期索賠與費用索賠兩方面探討之。 工期之定義從指涉範圍之廣狹可分為三種層次，本文討論主要之範圍係指狹義的工程期限，即業主與個別承包商於營建工程契約中所約定承包商完成工程所需之時間，日曆天為國際工程慣例選用之工期計算方式。工期之始點，應以契約約定之開工(Commencement of Contract Time)日起算，而完工(Contract Completion)則為工期之終點，如何界定完工對於整體施工契約之重要性，在於判斷承包商是否遵守履約期限。事實上分析是工程是否遲延？可歸責於當事人哪一方？國內外工程實務界之看法，皆認為工程遲延係以用盡浮時而影響「要徑」為要件，故產生以要徑為基礎以判斷工程遲延之方法，此亦突顯要徑法所欲表彰之基本功能。本文認為承包商須先以網狀圖證明「主要徑」之工作受外來因素(即不可歸責於承攬人)之施工障礙影響，則定作人才應展延工期，亦才有後續展延期間增加費用索賠之問題。 阻擾(Disruption)事件之產生，承包商有時同樣會遭受延後整體工程進度而可能逾期完工，或支出比預定計畫更多額外費用，以趕上原本進度之損害。阻擾之定義，依據英國SCL議定書第1.19.1條規定，為對於承包商正常工作之打擾、阻礙及干擾，導致較低之工率。如阻擾為業主所引起，可能會給予承包商依據契約或依據違約條款請求賠償之權利。但應特別區分者，乃阻擾與遲延仍為不同概念，遲延為延後完工，而阻擾則著重於生產力下降( Productivity Loss)及對於進度之打擾、阻礙、干擾，因此發生阻擾事件，僅「可能」發生逾期完工但並非絕對延後工期。故阻擾損害方面，與遲延損害相同，承包商必須證明阻擾可歸責於業主，且因業主阻擾承包商施工，導致其工率降低受有損害，但阻擾不限於要徑工作之干擾，縱使對非要徑工作之干擾亦得請求賠償損害，所以無須審視是否具備逾期完工之事實。因此當僅有阻擾事件發生卻未影響完工日時，承包商不會主張工作工期展延，但必定向業主請求可歸責於業主之阻擾造成工作效率降低( Reduced Efficiency of Workforce)之損失。 於遲延事件中，僅有不可歸責並可補償承攬人之遲延(Excusable and Compensable Delays)，承包商一方面得請求展延工期，一方面得請求補償展延期間增加之費用。費用方面，因非可歸責於承包商之事由導致工程遲延，而業主指示承包商投入更多資源以提早完工，則屬於英美工程界所謂Acceleration(以下簡稱加速施工)之情況，此時業主亦應負擔補償承包商因加速施工產生之費用。於聯邦工程採購實務中，大部份涉及擬制加速施工之案例，皆為發生不可歸責且可補償承攬人遲延之情形，例如：實際為不可歸責於承攬人之遲延，定作人誤以為係可歸責於承攬人，而促使承攬人趕工以符合原定契約完工期限等情況。依據可歸責於哪一方之遲延來處理加速施工問題時，應掌握不可歸責於承攬人遲延之加速施工，原則上皆應支付額外費用，反之，若定作人就不可歸責於承攬人之遲延，已經准許展延足夠之工期，則不須支付加速施工之費用。至於得以展延多少時間，應以遲延分析技術判斷之，例如英國SCL議定書中介紹四種屬完工後處理展延工期問題之遲延分析技術，包括以下：1.The as-planned versus as-built method比較原規畫時程與竣工時程遲延分析法；2.The impacted as-planned method(What if analysis)原規劃時程影響後分析技術 ；3.The collapsed as-built method(But for as built analysis)重疊竣工時程分析技術； 4.The Protocol’s own TIA method(Retrospective TIA)英國SCL議定書之回復式時間影響分析法。 遲延事件造成工期展延，而工期展延通常亦產生額外之增加費用(Increased Cost)。惟業主准許展延工期之主張，不必然表示承包商即得請求展延期間相關費用。若遲延可歸責於承包商，則承包商顯然必須自行承擔遲延之相關費用；若為可歸責於業主之遲延事件，相關之補償即包含承包商於展延期間所動用與時間相關之資源(Time-related Resources)。惟工程實務上承包商於證明工期展延期間所增加之費用及所受損害時，常因為工期時間過久、各種紀錄成本與保管費用等錯綜複雜因素，對於損害數額無法達到嚴格證明之舉證程度，能夠確實提出每筆支出費用單據之紀錄者較少見，特別是當承包商請求「一式計價」之項目時更遭遇此種難題。如果無法證明費用的支出，則整個索賠都付諸流水，在很多案例中，承包商雖然成功證明遲延為可補償的，卻因提出不適當證明使最後獲得之補償較索賠預期額度減少許多，例如：實務對於工率降低(Efficiency Loss)損害之計算與證明，目前仍無統一見解，因工率難以數量化，縱使承包商以其工地記錄資料提出某工率降低係數，工程師亦針對監控報表提出另一個係數，而兩者皆無法說明哪一個數據之可信度較高，且縱使雙方合意以某一工率降低系數為標準，則雙方對於哪一部份為可歸責於己之責任劃分意見也不同，此亦牽涉舉證責任問題。 傳統訴訟需耗費大量金錢時間，或有部分以新興之非對抗式「替代性紛爭解決機制」( Alternative Dispute Resolution, 以下簡稱ADR)，例如仲裁 (Arbitration)， 調解(Mediation)，調停(Conciliation)， 調仲 (Med-Arb).，迷你審 (Mini Trial)等，以輔助傳統紛爭解決手段之不足。現行工程契約中，雙方通常事先約定將來發生工程爭議之解決方法，例如前開仲裁、調解等；而公共工程案件，若機關與廠商因履約爭議未能達成協議者，依據政府採購法第85條之1規定，亦強制不接受調解建議或方案之機關，若日後廠商提付仲裁，其不得拒絕之方式，來促成先行階段 ，即「調解」階段中調解成立之機會，加速爭議之解決。但在一些案例中，仲裁、調解等機制卻依然產生如同傳統訴訟般費用過高、時間較長之相同問題。於雙方無法協商而須透過第三人介入，卻在希望更節省糾紛處理時間，及更貼近雙方各退一步以共同努力解決難題之協商精神之要求下，使另一爭端處理模式：「爭議處理委員會」(Dispute Board)之角色日漸重要。