Aus der riesigen Vielfalt organischer Materialien sind gerade die Phthalocyanine dafür bekannt geworden, auf verschiedenen kristallinen Substraten geordnete Strukturen auszubilden. Außerdem dienen diese Moleküle als Modellsysteme für grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Einstellung elektronischer und struktureller Eigenschaften durch gezielten Einbau eines Metallatoms in den zentralen Hohlraum. Die Strukturen der Adsorptionsschichten von verschiedenen Metallphthalocyaninen, funktionalisierten Phthalocyaninen und Naphthalocyaninen auf der Basaldebene des Graphits werden verglichen, um die Adsorptionsstruktur der einzelnen Moleküle innerhalb der Adsorptionsschicht zu verstehen. Das erlaubt uns die Untersuchung der Molekül-Molekül- und Molekül-Substrat-Wechselwirkungen in Abhängigkeit von Molekularadsorption des zentralen Metallatoms, der Geometrie, einzelner funktionellen Gruppen oder ähnlichem am Molekül. Der Vergleich der Adsorptionsstrukturen von Phthalocyaninen wie PdPc und PtPc, welche d8-Metalle enthalten, dient dem Verständnis für den Effekt des Metallatoms, speziell bei großen Ordnungszahlen. Während beide Moleküle ähnliche Arten von Adsorptionsstrukturen ausbilden weist die PtPc-Adsorptionsschicht eine außergewöhnlich hohe thermische Stabilität auf. Das wurde auf die stark Molekül-Molekül-Wechselwirkung zurückgeführt, die durch die Metallatome in der Adsorptionsschicht vermittelt wird. Der Effekt langer molekularer ‚Flügel’ wird durch den Vergleich der Adsorptionsstrukturen ebener Naphthalocyanine mit denen von ebenen Metallphthalocyaninen demonstriert. Naphthalocyanine bilden viel lockerer gepackte Adsorptionsschichten als Phthalocyanine, was von der stärkeren sterischen Abstoßung zwischen den Wasserstoffatomen in benachbarten molekularen ‚Flügeln’ herrührt. Cyano-funktionalisierte metallfreie Phthalocyanine zeigen als Adsorptionsschicht eine poröse Netzwerkstruktur. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch die Sondenspitze hervorgerufene Störungen dieser Struktur durch die elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Molekülen in der Adsorptionsschicht bald weider ausheilen. Schließlich ist durch den Vergleich von Adsorptionsstrukturen ebener Naphthalocyanine und nichtebener Zinn-Naphthalocyanine auch der Geometrieeffekt untersucht worden. Abweichend von allen anderen untersuchten ebenen Molekülen haben Zinn-Naphthalocyanine eine Adsorptionstruktur, die der des Graphits ähnlich ist (hexagonal). Deshalb überwiegt in diesem Fall die Wechselwirkung zwischen Molekül und Substrat, und die Adsorptionsstruktur folgt der Geometrie des Graphitsubstates. Darüberhinaus sind mit der Tunnelspektroskopie in Abhängigkeit vom Abstand zwischen der Spitze und der Probe die elektronischen Eigenschaften der Molekül-Substrat-Grenzfläche für Naphthalocyanin und Zinn-Naphthalocyanin untersucht worden.

This study aims to analyse textbooks used in the course Religious Education 1 in Swedish upper secondary schools. The textbooks were analysed by using qualitative content analysis. By using queer theory and the theory about “homo religiosus”, the study examined which norms concerning sex, gender, sexuality and relationships the textbooks convey.             The study shows that the textbooks convey norms about sex and gender by portraying the men’s perspective when educating about the different religions. The women perspective is being discussed in a specific part of the chapters and is therefore being portrayed as different. The analysis about norms concerning sexuality and relationships shows a similar pattern where the heterosexual twosomeness perspective is being portrayed as the general perspective, while the homosexual, bisexual and polygamist perspectives are being portrayed as abnormal.             When the results were compared to the curriculum it showed that although the textbooks follow the regulations in what the teaching about religion should include, the textbooks could be breaking the core values of the Swedish school. By portraying some groups as abnormal the textbooks does not promote understanding towards people and that may also be perceived as degrading.

No description available.

Although the interpretation of Anselm's Cur Deus Homo in the tradition of Albrecht Ritschl, Adolf von Harnack and Gustaf Aulen has led to a suspicion about its usefulness for a Peace Theology, a reading through the lens of more recent scholarship, which assumes its original Catholic, sacramental and sacrificial framework, reveals a beautiful understanding of the cross in this medieval classic that is perfectly compatible with a commitment to nonviolence. Three Mennonite scholars writing in pursuit of an Anabaptist Peace Theology, John Howard Yoder, John Driver and J. Denny Weaver display varying degrees of dissatisfaction with the explanation that Anselm provided in Cur Deus Homo, and none held out many prospects for its usefulness. Yoder highlighted the weaknesses, Driver essentially repeated them, and Weaver went a step further to charge that Cur Deus Homo depicted divinely sanctioned violence and ought to be rejected. They did not demonstrate much awareness of or reliance on the contributions of scholars who have focused on Anselm's theology and context. Reading Cur Deus Homo through the lens of more recent anselmian scholarship reveals that the honour and justice of God are one with the mercy and love of God. Humanity is restored not through punishment, but through the means of satisfaction and reward, while the whole explanation is seen in a sacrificial framework. Anselm's insistence upon human participation, and on satisfaction are very congenial to certain emphases of a Peace Theology, namely, discipleship and restorative justice. The real death understood metaphorically as a sacrifice does not violate the commitment to nonviolence, but strengthens it. A rejection of Anselm's metaphysic, ontology and sacrificial framework, a failure to distinguish between punishment and satisfaction, a failure to reflect from the perspective of the guilty, and a neglect of or ambivalence about the doctrines of the two natures and the trinity all lead to a distorted impression of Cur Deus Homo, concealing the contribution Cur Deus Homo might make to a Peace Theology.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005.

Univ., Diplomarb.--Linz, 2006.

abstract: Extremely thick cranial vaults have been noted as a diagnostic characteristic of Homo erectus since the first fossil of the species was identified, but potential mechanisms underlying this seemingly unique trait have not been rigorously investigated. Cranial vault thickness (CVT) is not a monolithic trait, and the responsiveness of its layers to environmental stimuli is unknown. Identifying factors that affect CVT would be exceedingly valuable in teasing apart potential contributors to thick vaults in the Pleistocene. Four hypotheses were tested using CT scans of skulls of more than 1100 human and non-human primates. Data on total frontal, parietal, and occipital bone thickness and bone composition were collected to test the hypotheses: H1. CVT is an allometric consequence of brain or body size. H2. Thick cranial vaults are a response to long, low cranial vault shape. H3. High masticatory stress causes localized thickening of cranial vaults. H4. Activity-mediated systemic hormone levels affect CVT. Traditional comparative methods were used to identify features that covary with CVT across primates to establish behavior patterns that might correlate with thick cranial vaults. Secondly, novel experimental manipulation of a model organism, Mus musculus, was used to evaluate the relative plasticity of CVT. Finally, measures of CVT in fossil hominins were described and discussed in light of the extant comparative and experimental results. This dissertation reveals previously unknown variation among extant primates and humans and illustrates that Homo erectus is not entirely unique among primates in its CVT. The research suggests that it is very difficult to make a mouse grow a thick head, although it can be genetically programmed to have one. The project also identifies a possible hominin synapomorphy: high diploë ratios compared to non-human primates. It also found that extant humans differ from non-human primates in overall pattern of which cranial vault bones are thickest. What this project was unable to do was definitively provide an explanation for why and how Homo erectus grew thick skulls. Caution is required when using CVT as a diagnostic trait for Homo erectus, as the results presented here underscore the complexity inherent in its evolution and development. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2012

Anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics and antipsychotics are drugs with similar chemical structures (nitrogenous heterocycles) and the Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are part of this group. Discovering by “luck”, his class of drugs, the BZDs, presents mostly anxiolytic and hypnotic actions, and is the class of drugs most consumed worldwide. In this dissertation, quantum molecular modeling techniques were used, seeking to understand the behavior of these drugs, since they have similar chemical structure. The method of calculation used was semiempirical PM6 (Sixth parameterization) and 26 compounds were analyzed. Changes in the values of the electrostatic charges of the atoms that contribute to the formation of the HOMO orbital were calculated, with the compounds in the ground state and without 1 electron (oxidation reaction), seeking indicate activity/oxidation sites and were also generated maps of molecular electrostatic potential, maps of the HOMO orbital and some electronic properties of benzodiazepines were also calculated. Knowing that benzodiazepines are metabolized in the liver, initially suffering oxidation reactions, it was possible with the calculations, analyze the substituent effect on its activity and show that this oxidation reaction occurs at the benzodiazepine ring. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ansiolíticos, sedativo-hipnóticos e antipsicóticos são fármacos que apresentam estruturas químicas semelhantes (heterociclos nitrogenados) e os Benzodiazepínicos (BZDs) participam deste grupo. Descoberta ao “acaso”, essa classe de fármacos, os BZDs, apresenta, em sua maioria, ação ansiolítica e hipnótica, sendo a classe de medicamentos mais consumida mundialmente. Nesta dissertação foram utilizadas técnicas de modelagem molecular quântica, buscando entender o comportamento desses fármacos, já que apresentam estrutura química semelhante. O método de cálculo utilizado foi o Semiempírico PM6 (Sexta Parametrização) e 26 compostos foram analisados. Variações nos valores das cargas eletrostáticas dos átomos que contribuem para a formação do orbital HOMO foram calculados, com os compostos no estado fundamental e retirando-se 1 elétron (reação de oxidação), buscando indicar sítios de atividade/oxidação, bem como também foram gerados os mapas de potencial eletrostático molecular, mapa do orbital HOMO e algumas propriedades eletrônicas dos BZDs também foram calculadas. Sabendo-se que as benzodiazepinas são metabolizadas no fígado, sofrendo inicialmente reações de oxidação, foi possível com os cálculos, analisar o efeito do substituinte na sua atividade e mostrar que esta reação de oxidação ocorre no anel benzodiazepínico.

Este trabalho se propõe a remontar a dissolução ocorrida no tempo em que a Economia Política buscava limitar seu campo de estudo, particularmente no que se refere a percepção sobre a conduta humana e a assunção de que os homens são intrinsecamente egoístas. Para tanto, é desenvolvida a visão do homem moralmente condicionado em Adam Smith e também as modificações subsequentes originadas nas diferentes concepções dos autores da escola clássica e da neoclássica. Sendo que estas mudanças enfatizam o egoísmo do agente econômico. Neste intento, é retraçado o caminho da consolidação do postulado do egoísmo, assim como os percalços, controvérsias e conflitos desta caracterização. São explorados os elementos que auxiliaram na transformação do homem smithiano em homo economicus, tais como a leitura descontextualizada de Smith, o individualismo, o utilitarismo, o individualismo metodológico, o positivismo e a própria necessidade de abstração teórica. Adicionalmente, é verificado que a confusão de conceitos presente nesta construção metodológica traz a referência de que a ciência econômica faz apologia ao egoísmo. Esta percepção é um subproduto do desenlace da economia com as questões morais. / This research is proposed to reassemble the dissolution occurred when the Political Economy sought to limit their field of study, particularly in the perception of humann behavior and the assumption that men are inherently selfish. To do that, it is developed the perception of Adam Smith about human behavior, and the subsequent changes resulting from different conceptions of classical and the neoclassical authors. These changes emphasize the selfishness of the economic agent. In this attempt, is showed the way of the consolidating of self-interest premise, the mishaps and controversies of this path. It explores the the elements that collaborated in the transformation of Smithian man in homo economicus, such as decontextualized reading of Smith, individualism, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, positivism and the very necessity of theoretical abstraction. Additionally, it is observed that the confusion of concepts present in this methodological construction suggests that economics salutes the egoism. This is a result of the distinction between moral and economic aspects.

Este trabalho se propõe a remontar a dissolução ocorrida no tempo em que a Economia Política buscava limitar seu campo de estudo, particularmente no que se refere a percepção sobre a conduta humana e a assunção de que os homens são intrinsecamente egoístas. Para tanto, é desenvolvida a visão do homem moralmente condicionado em Adam Smith e também as modificações subsequentes originadas nas diferentes concepções dos autores da escola clássica e da neoclássica. Sendo que estas mudanças enfatizam o egoísmo do agente econômico. Neste intento, é retraçado o caminho da consolidação do postulado do egoísmo, assim como os percalços, controvérsias e conflitos desta caracterização. São explorados os elementos que auxiliaram na transformação do homem smithiano em homo economicus, tais como a leitura descontextualizada de Smith, o individualismo, o utilitarismo, o individualismo metodológico, o positivismo e a própria necessidade de abstração teórica. Adicionalmente, é verificado que a confusão de conceitos presente nesta construção metodológica traz a referência de que a ciência econômica faz apologia ao egoísmo. Esta percepção é um subproduto do desenlace da economia com as questões morais. / This research is proposed to reassemble the dissolution occurred when the Political Economy sought to limit their field of study, particularly in the perception of humann behavior and the assumption that men are inherently selfish. To do that, it is developed the perception of Adam Smith about human behavior, and the subsequent changes resulting from different conceptions of classical and the neoclassical authors. These changes emphasize the selfishness of the economic agent. In this attempt, is showed the way of the consolidating of self-interest premise, the mishaps and controversies of this path. It explores the the elements that collaborated in the transformation of Smithian man in homo economicus, such as decontextualized reading of Smith, individualism, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, positivism and the very necessity of theoretical abstraction. Additionally, it is observed that the confusion of concepts present in this methodological construction suggests that economics salutes the egoism. This is a result of the distinction between moral and economic aspects.