Esta pesquisa busca compreender os modos de subjetivação de mulheres com práticas homoeróticas que apresentaram denúncias relacionadas à homofobia. Ela parte de uma intervenção realizada pela ONG Nuances - grupo pela livre expressão sexual conveniada ao Programa Brasil Sem Homofobia. Através de entrevistas baseadas na abordagem biográfica, busquei verificar a forma como elas constroem uma experiência de si, no cruzamento entre a sustentação da matriz heterossexista e a emergência de políticas governamentais de combate a discriminação. O material permitiu compreender que elas percebem a discriminação e o preconceito como resultado de uma extrapolação dos limites das convenções de gênero. Desta forma, elas acreditam que a homossexualidade masculina e mulheres que possuem estilos "mais masculinos" estão mais propensos/as a sofrer discriminações, por acreditarem que são mais visíveis. Assim, a perspectiva de uma maior "aceitação" das relações homoeróticas entre mulheres é percebida na articulação entre estilos mais próximos dos padrões de femininos, bem como por uma apropriação do homoerotismo feminino por parte do fetiche masculino. Outro achado foi à evocação de saberes psi nos conflitos familiares. Quanto às estratégias de enfrentamento, foram encontradas tanto formas de manter identidades discretas quanto modos mais combativos, baseados no que chamo de subjetivação militante. De modo geral, estas mulheres consideram os tempos atuais melhores, relacionando-os mais a atuação do movimento social do que aos aparelhos de proteção e políticas públicas estatais. Este fato pode ter algumas razões: a própria estratégia de enfrentamento formulada pelo Brasil Sem Homofobia (fomento a atores do movimento) e a timidez governamental em adotar estratégias de visibilidade de massa, provavelmente provocada pela oposição que o tema da diversidade sexual enfrenta frente a bancadas religiosas. / This research seeks to understand the modes of subjectivation of women with homoerotic practices that have filed complaints related to homophobia. This research had its starting point in an intervention conducted by the NGO Nuances - group for free sexual expression, convening the BRAZIL WITHOUT HOMOPHOBIA Program. Through interviews based on the biographical approach, I tried to see how these women construct a self-experience, at the junction between the prevailing heterosexist matrix and the emergence of government policies to combat discrimination. The material allowed to find that they understand discrimination and prejudice as a result of an extrapolation of the limits of gender conventions. Following this logic, they believe that male homosexuality and women who have more "masculine" styles are more likely to be discriminated against, on the basis that they are "more visible". The prospect of greater "acceptance" of homoerotic relationships between women is perceived by these women, and it is related to standard female performances, as well as an appropriation of female homoeroticism by the male fetish. Another finding was the evocation of psychological knowledge in family disputes. The coping strategies were found both in ways that maintain discrete identities as in more openly-combative styles, based on what I call "militant subjectivity". In general, these women consider the actual times better to homosexuals, relating this fact more to the work of social movement than to the apparatus of protection and state public policies. This fact may have some reasons: the coping strategy formulated by Brasil Sem Homofobia (encouraging the movement actors) and government timidity in adopting strategies of mass visibility, probably caused by the opposition that sexual diversity is facing by religious political parties.

Esta pesquisa busca compreender os modos de subjetivação de mulheres com práticas homoeróticas que apresentaram denúncias relacionadas à homofobia. Ela parte de uma intervenção realizada pela ONG Nuances - grupo pela livre expressão sexual conveniada ao Programa Brasil Sem Homofobia. Através de entrevistas baseadas na abordagem biográfica, busquei verificar a forma como elas constroem uma experiência de si, no cruzamento entre a sustentação da matriz heterossexista e a emergência de políticas governamentais de combate a discriminação. O material permitiu compreender que elas percebem a discriminação e o preconceito como resultado de uma extrapolação dos limites das convenções de gênero. Desta forma, elas acreditam que a homossexualidade masculina e mulheres que possuem estilos "mais masculinos" estão mais propensos/as a sofrer discriminações, por acreditarem que são mais visíveis. Assim, a perspectiva de uma maior "aceitação" das relações homoeróticas entre mulheres é percebida na articulação entre estilos mais próximos dos padrões de femininos, bem como por uma apropriação do homoerotismo feminino por parte do fetiche masculino. Outro achado foi à evocação de saberes psi nos conflitos familiares. Quanto às estratégias de enfrentamento, foram encontradas tanto formas de manter identidades discretas quanto modos mais combativos, baseados no que chamo de subjetivação militante. De modo geral, estas mulheres consideram os tempos atuais melhores, relacionando-os mais a atuação do movimento social do que aos aparelhos de proteção e políticas públicas estatais. Este fato pode ter algumas razões: a própria estratégia de enfrentamento formulada pelo Brasil Sem Homofobia (fomento a atores do movimento) e a timidez governamental em adotar estratégias de visibilidade de massa, provavelmente provocada pela oposição que o tema da diversidade sexual enfrenta frente a bancadas religiosas. / This research seeks to understand the modes of subjectivation of women with homoerotic practices that have filed complaints related to homophobia. This research had its starting point in an intervention conducted by the NGO Nuances - group for free sexual expression, convening the BRAZIL WITHOUT HOMOPHOBIA Program. Through interviews based on the biographical approach, I tried to see how these women construct a self-experience, at the junction between the prevailing heterosexist matrix and the emergence of government policies to combat discrimination. The material allowed to find that they understand discrimination and prejudice as a result of an extrapolation of the limits of gender conventions. Following this logic, they believe that male homosexuality and women who have more "masculine" styles are more likely to be discriminated against, on the basis that they are "more visible". The prospect of greater "acceptance" of homoerotic relationships between women is perceived by these women, and it is related to standard female performances, as well as an appropriation of female homoeroticism by the male fetish. Another finding was the evocation of psychological knowledge in family disputes. The coping strategies were found both in ways that maintain discrete identities as in more openly-combative styles, based on what I call "militant subjectivity". In general, these women consider the actual times better to homosexuals, relating this fact more to the work of social movement than to the apparatus of protection and state public policies. This fact may have some reasons: the coping strategy formulated by Brasil Sem Homofobia (encouraging the movement actors) and government timidity in adopting strategies of mass visibility, probably caused by the opposition that sexual diversity is facing by religious political parties.

Wine & Beer tells the story of childhood friends Brian and Vic who, after spending some time apart, deal with the tensions of sexual orientation after they attempt to renew their friendship. At the beginning it seems that Vic's sexuality will not be a problem, but after the two friends hang out in a local bar, Brian realizes his hometown is not as tolerant as he is. The couple is faced with family and social concerns, which goes from the argumentative to the violent. As the main characters try to mingle with the conservative town, they soon find themselves looked upon by a small town resistant to change. This 35-minute film explores homophobia and violence in small town USA.

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The purpose of the study was to explore the complex ways in which chemsex and internalised homophobia may be linked. The study sought to: Elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia; determine the challenges experienced by gay men and how psychoactive drugs influence their sexual relationships with other men; and also explore a possible relationship between chemsex and internalised homophobia. The study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges that are faced by gay people and the reasons why some gay men participate in chemsex. A total of eleven participants were identified from an LGBTIQ+ friendly drug rehabilitation centre and a gay bath house in Cape Town. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study by conducting semi structured interviews with each participant. The theoretical framework used to elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia among the LGBTIQ+ community was underpinned by the minority stress model. This model was used to explain the concepts of homophobia and internalised homophobia. The methodological framework used was qualitative research, which focuses on the stories of individuals and is concerned with the social construction of the individual’s life, and specifically Thematic Analysis which assisted in identifying patterns or themes in people’s accounts. The findings were that even though there is a relationship between internalise homophobia and chemsex, there are many other factors and influences that play a role, such as the individuals' backgrounds, their experiences in coming out as gay, and other life circumstances. In conclusion, the study suggests that there is much more that can be done to break down the stigma and prejudice facing the LGBTIQ+ community, which is a first step towards addressing the chemsex phenomenon and related psychological consequences. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Since the drafting of Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality bill in 2009, the condition for LGBT individuals has deteriorated. In response, Obama administration unveiled several punitive measures to pressure Ugandan government to drop the legislation, including the withdrawal of development aid. This article will essentially consider and assess the effect of US policy to link aid conditionality to a country’s record on LGBT rights. Is aid conditionality an effective instrument in yielding meaningful political and social changes? Under what conditions can transnational advocacy help transform international LGBT norms into domestic practices? What is the role of state in discourses about sexualities? The diffusion of LGBT rights requires not only external pressure from international actors to ensure compliance but also an understanding of domestic moral and political discourses that might challenge the validity of the norm itself.

Despite ongoing changes in the national sociopolitical landscape, negative attitudes toward non-heterosexuals continue to permeate throughout our society. Not only is sexual prejudice still prevalent, but experiencing it can have severe and far-reaching effects on LGBT individuals’ mental and physical health. Additionally, previous research has consistently found sexual prejudice to be a predictor of aggression directed toward sexual minorities. In fact, the recurrence and consistency of this finding has motivated researchers to suggest the development of intervention programming for the reduction of sexual prejudice. One major prospect for intervention involves interpersonal contact with sexual minorities. Evidence in favor of the contact hypothesis has been found with a wide variety of target minority groups, including sexual minorities. However, a review of the literature in this area reveals a significant measurement gap. Overall, most studies across all areas of contact research have neglected to follow the proper procedures necessary for the development and refinement of measures. This study sought to address this gap by validating a more robust psychometric measure of intergroup contact with sexual minorities developed by Daboin and Peterson (2012). Since this measure was previously constructed, this validation study relied on secondary data analyses. To achieve the purpose of this study, a series of analyses were conducted including exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and path analysis, as well as reliability and validity analyses. Results indicated that the CSMQ has an underlying structure of three factors: “Quantity of Casual Contact and Contact with Male Sexual Minorities,” “Quantity of Intimate Contact and Contact with Female Sexual Minorities,” and “Overall Perceived Quality of Contact with Sexual Minorities.” These three factors are significantly correlated with one another and negatively correlated with both negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Additionally, results showed that the revised CSMQ and its resulting subscales have excellent internal consistency, and provided supporting evidence for their convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity.

Discrimination based on sexual orientation takes place on a regular basis in schools today. A major form of discrimination among learners in secondary schools is homophobic victimisation. South Africa is a democratic society with laws that protect lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) learners, yet discrimination towards these learners still occurs. The objective of this research is to investigate teachers’ perceptions of homophobic victimisation among learners within independent secondary schools. The researcher adopted a phenomenological approach. The research design was qualitative and of an exploratory, descriptive and contextual nature. Information was gathered through questioning participants via an open-ended, structured questionnaire. Teschs’s eight step method of data analysis was used. An independent coder, together with the researcher, analysed the data. Three themes (and attendant categories) were identified, discussed and supported with literature. The first of these themes pertains to the institutional level and the school context, in particular. The categories identified under this theme pertained to teachers’ thoughts regarding a culture of acceptance of homosexuality and school policy regarding sexual orientation and homophobic victimisation. The second theme related to the individual level of the teachers and their perceptions regarding, firstly, homosexuality and, secondly, homosexually-oriented learners. The third and final theme identified was that of the individual level of the learners and the difficulties they experience. In particular, these difficulties pertain to social difficulties, acts of verbal, physical and emotional victimisation and the learners’ self-concept.

According to many scholars, schools are the last bastion of permitted homophobia (Beadle, 2009; Grew, 2008; as cited in Formby, 2013). Primarily using the theories of Foucault, Kristeva and Butler, the thesis uses critical theory as a means to both understand and critically analyse the construction of subjectivity within and throughout discourse in the hetero-/cis-normative institution, and how this related to the potential abjection of LGBT+ pupils. Whilst it is agreed in this thesis that LGBT+phobia is still widespread in both schools and wider society, it was found in this research that the impact of direct LGBT+phobic discrimination was less evident. Instead, the discursive spaces where LGBT+phobia had been silenced were filled with hetero-/cis-normative discourse. Concomitantly, the impact of LGBT+ invisibility, the silencing of positive discourse surrounding sexuality and the institutional rejection of performative LGBT+phobia without cultural or organisational change meant there remained a negative impact on LGBT+ young people, despite a reduction in visible LGBT+phobia (DePalma and Atkinson, 2006/2010). Through the use of short vignettes taken from a period of ethnographic research, I have used discursive reflexivity to offer an alternative discourse surrounding the LGBT+ pupil in the school. In a thesis preoccupied with language, the institutional denial of appropriate language, the lack of positive space for LGBT+ young people to construct their identity and the potential risk of abjection from the hetero-/cis-normative institution are all highlighted as points for discussion. Viewed through a critical theory lens, the exemplars used to illustrate these complex theories are chosen from 72 workshops undertaken in schools with Year Nine pupils over a the 2015 to 2016 academic year in the Merseyside region, and also from self-identified LGBT+ young people (also in Year Nine during the academic year 2015 to 2016), who were part of discussions in an LGBT+ Youth drop in based in Liverpool city centre. Intertwining academic analysis and philosophical reflection, the research finds that not only is the LGBT+ pupil abject in the school, but this abjection is threefold. It is enacted by the institution, the peer group and by the internalised LGBT+phobia of the abjected pupil. In the conclusion, it is reflected upon how the impact abjection from school continues to affect LGBT+ people into adulthood.