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In 2011, Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) was thrust into the Western media spotlight through the murder of LGBTIQ activist, David Kato Kasule, and the now-infamous “Kill the Gays Bill.” During the last six years, SMUG and its members have continued to fight oppressive Ugandan governmental systems and conservative leaders that have been instigated by U.S. evangelical fundamentalists, most notably Scott Lively. And while SMUG and its members have fallen out of the Western media spotlight since 2012, SMUG continues its social justice activism with and for LGBTIQ Ugandans on the ground, while also building transnational coalitions with other LGBTIQ organizations both within and beyond the borders of Uganda. In this dissertation, I examine the ways in which SMUG utilizes its website (sexualminoritiesuganda.com) as a site for transnational and translocal coalition-building for the sake of social justice activism. To understand the ways in which SMUG is engaging in LGBTIQ activism with nuance, I build a conceptual framework for my analysis through five constructs of critical intercultural communication: critical cosmopolitanism, transnational activism, the global-local dialectic, power, and identity. Critical cosmopolitanism, as conceptualized in Communication Studies by Miriam Sobré-Denton and Nilanjana Bardhan (2013), “is a world- and Other-oriented practice of engaging in deliberate, dialogic, critical, non-coercive and ethical communication. Through the play of context-specific dialectics, cosmopolitan communication works with and through cultural differences and historical and emerging power inequalities to achieve ongoing understanding, intercultural growth, mutuality, collaboration and social and global justice goals through critical self-transformation” (p. 50, emphasis in original). Through this definition, I also work with critical cosmopolitanism as conceptualized by Walter Mignolo (2000, 2010, 2012) and Gerard Delanty (2006, 2009). For Mignolo (2000), critical cosmopolitanism “comprises projects located in the exteriority and issuing forth from the colonial difference” (p. 724) as “an argument for globalization from below” (p. 745) that works to dislodge West-centric modes of thinking. Delanty (2006) extends this definition, as critical cosmopolitanism “seeks to discern or make sense of social transformation by identifying new or emergent social realities” (p. 25). In this, critical cosmopolitanism is a project that asks us to consider the ways in which “diversality,” or “diversity as a universal project” (Mignolo, 2000, p. 743), can dislodge Western modernity, colonialism, imperialism, and globalization from above. To understand the ways in which SMUG is engaging in a critical cosmopolitan vision through its website, I examine for clues of transnational activism as a way of performing and engaging in critical cosmopolitanism through Bardhan (2011), Burgmann (2013), and Gledhill (2010). To complicate our understanding of transnational activism, I turn to the global-local dialectic, as conceptualized by Stuart Hall (1997). The global-local dialectic helps me to observe the ways in which SMUG is dislodging all-encompassing narratives that center globalization as a top-down-only mechanism that ceases all local particularities of culture from existing. Kraidy (1999, 2005) also helps me to investigate the ways in which the global and the local are always already present and in a dialectical tension in our postmodern and postcolonial world. To understand more about how these tensions function, I investigate the construct of power through sociologist Jonathan Hearn’s (2012), Theorizing Power. In it, he seeks to shift theorizing of power away from questions regarding what “we mean by power” to questions of “what do we have to bear in mind when studying power?” (p. 4). Through theorizing five oppositions associated with power—“(1) physical versus social power, (2) power ‘to’ versus power ‘over’, (3) asymmetrical versus balanced power, (4) power as structures versus agents, and (5) actual versus potential power” (p. 4)—Hearn helps me to complicate the ways in which power is observed and discussed in relation to SMUG, LGBTIQ Ugandans, Ugandan leadership, U.S. evangelism, and Western political involvement. Finally, I offer a conceptual framework for identity in critical intercultural communication research, including questions on how we theorize difference differently through John T. Warren’s (2008), “Performing Difference,” as well as offering a framework to understand cosmopolitan identity as constructed by Sobré-Denton and Bardhan (2013) and a framing for African queer sexualities through the works of Ugandan feminist scholars, Sylvia Tamale (2003) and Stella Nyanzi (2013). To address my research questions, I engaged in an ideological criticism (Foss, 2003, Hart & Daughton, 2005, Wander, 1983) of SMUG’s website to more fully understand the ideologies driving SMUG’s rhetorical choices. I chose to use ideological criticism as a methodological framework as it allowed me, the critic, to construct a critical framework with which to analyze a text. Ideological criticism also offered me the opportunity to bring critical rhetorical methods into conversation with critical intercultural communication constructs. Through this conceptual and methodological framework, I analyzed 110 screen shots of their website and all 54 articles included as content on their page over the course of 13 months. Through this process, I argue that SMUG is showing signs of a critical cosmopolitan vision in their website through their participation in peripheral partnerships and activism that speaks back to oppressive systems in ways that highlight globalization-from-below, as conceptualized by Walter Mignolo (2000, 2010, 2012). I also trouble the ways in which SMUG represents LGBTIQ Ugandans on the ground as I call for more intersectional representation that speaks more broadly to LGBTIQ Ugandan experiences in the everyday than SMUG is currently offering visitors. This dissertation research also highlights the difficulties of reading critical cosmopolitanism in one online mediated space, and that centering people and the relationships among people is critical when engaging in critical cosmopolitan research. I end this project with a call to critical intercultural communication scholars to offer more nuance around the representations of LGBTIQ people around the world that takes us beyond sensationalized subjects while also not erasing the devastating impacts of LGBTIQ hatred locally and globally.

nÃo hà / A relaÃÃo entre o privado e o pÃblico, potencialmente acontece nos processos comunicacionais (FLUSSER; 2007) da pÃs-modernidade (KELLNER; 2001) e contemporaneidade (AGAMBEM; 2009). Os sujeitos sociais, nestes processos, estÃo inseridos em discursos (FOUCAULT; 1970) institucionalizantes e codificantes (BOURDIEU; 1990). A fim de deliberar questÃes Ãntimas como forma de posicionamento, o sujeito relata a si (BUTLER; 2015) tentando compreender o universo moral que orbita. O Corpo (PIRES; 2005) aqui à trabalhado como fluxo dialÃgico (FLUSSER; 2014) entre teoria acadÃmica, vida e performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). A performance à o campo de conhecimento amplo de experiÃncias entre vida e arte (COHEN; 2011). A imersÃo do pesquisador como performer, aconteceu a partir de pesquisa artÃstica em autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006), body art e performance art (COHEN; 2011). Desencadeando processos autobiogrÃficos, midiÃticos (KELLNER; 2001) e corporificantes. A premissa inicial do trabalho à compreender as relaÃÃes entre sexo/gÃnero/sexualidade e seus discursos codificantes/contextuais (LAQUEUR; 2001) no universo LGBTQI+, sua midiatizaÃÃo institucional e virtual livre na Internet (CASTELLS; 2001). Ginger atravÃs de experiÃncias com corpos drag (COELHO;2012) investiu pesquisa acadÃmica e performÃtica em gÃnero queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger, entre performatividades (BUTLER; 1990), performances artÃsticas e imagens performativas (SANTOS; 2011), existiu esteticamente (FOUCAULT; 1984) como imagem poÃtica de si mesma. Este trabalho tem proposta ensaÃstica (FLUSSER; 2007) como metodologia de anÃlise. / A relaÃÃo entre o privado e o pÃblico, potencialmente acontece nos processos comunicacionais (FLUSSER; 2007) da pÃs-modernidade (KELLNER; 2001) e contemporaneidade (AGAMBEM; 2009). Os sujeitos sociais, nestes processos, estÃo inseridos em discursos (FOUCAULT; 1970) institucionalizantes e codificantes (BOURDIEU; 1990). A fim de deliberar questÃes Ãntimas como forma de posicionamento, o sujeito relata a si (BUTLER; 2015) tentando compreender o universo moral que orbita. O Corpo (PIRES; 2005) aqui à trabalhado como fluxo dialÃgico (FLUSSER; 2014) entre teoria acadÃmica, vida e performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). A performance à o campo de conhecimento amplo de experiÃncias entre vida e arte (COHEN; 2011). A imersÃo do pesquisador como performer, aconteceu a partir de pesquisa artÃstica em autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006), body art e performance art (COHEN; 2011). Desencadeando processos autobiogrÃficos, midiÃticos (KELLNER; 2001) e corporificantes. A premissa inicial do trabalho à compreender as relaÃÃes entre sexo/gÃnero/sexualidade e seus discursos codificantes/contextuais (LAQUEUR; 2001) no universo LGBTQI+, sua midiatizaÃÃo institucional e virtual livre na Internet (CASTELLS; 2001). Ginger atravÃs de experiÃncias com corpos drag (COELHO;2012) investiu pesquisa acadÃmica e performÃtica em gÃnero queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger, entre performatividades (BUTLER; 1990), performances artÃsticas e imagens performativas (SANTOS; 2011), existiu esteticamente (FOUCAULT; 1984) como imagem poÃtica de si mesma. Este trabalho tem proposta ensaÃstica (FLUSSER; 2007) como metodologia de anÃlise. / The relationship between the private and the public, potentially happens in the communicational processes (FLUSSER; 2007) of post-modernity (KELLNER; 2001) and contemporany (AGAMBEM; 2009). The social subjects, in these processes, are inserted in speeches (FOUCAULT; 1970) institutional and encoding (BOURDIEU; 1990). In order to decide issues as intimate form of positioning, the subject says to himself (BUTLER; 2015) Trying to understand the moral universe that orbits. The Body (PIRES, 2005) here is worked as a dialogical flow (FLUSSER; 2014) between academic theory, life and performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). The performance isthe field of broad knowledge of experience between life and art (COHEN; 2011). The immersion of the researcher as a performer, happened from artistic research in autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006) body art and performance art (COHEN; 2011). Unleashing autobiographical processes, media (KELLNER; 2001) and corporificantes. The initial premise of the work is to understand the relationship between sex/gender/sexuality and his speeches encoding/context (LAQUEUR, 2001) in the universe LGBTIQ+, its institutional mediatization and free virtual on the Internet (CASTELLS, 2001). Ginger through experiences with drag body (COELHO; 2012) invested academic research and performer in gender queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger between performatividades (BUTLER, 1990), artistic performances and images arts (SANTOS 2011) there has been aesthetically (FOUCAULT, 1984) as a poetic image of herself. This work has proposed test text (FLUSSER, 2007) as a method of analysis. / The relationship between the private and the public, potentially happens in the communicational processes (FLUSSER; 2007) of post-modernity (KELLNER; 2001) and contemporany (AGAMBEM; 2009). The social subjects, in these processes, are inserted in speeches (FOUCAULT; 1970) institutional and encoding (BOURDIEU; 1990). In order to decide issues as intimate form of positioning, the subject says to himself (BUTLER; 2015) Trying to understand the moral universe that orbits. The Body (PIRES, 2005) here is worked as a dialogical flow (FLUSSER; 2014) between academic theory, life and performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). The performance isthe field of broad knowledge of experience between life and art (COHEN; 2011). The immersion of the researcher as a performer, happened from artistic research in autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006) body art and performance art (COHEN; 2011). Unleashing autobiographical processes, media (KELLNER; 2001) and corporificantes. The initial premise of the work is to understand the relationship between sex/gender/sexuality and his speeches encoding/context (LAQUEUR, 2001) in the universe LGBTIQ+, its institutional mediatization and free virtual on the Internet (CASTELLS, 2001). Ginger through experiences with drag body (COELHO; 2012) invested academic research and performer in gender queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger between performatividades (BUTLER, 1990), artistic performances and images arts (SANTOS 2011) there has been aesthetically (FOUCAULT, 1984) as a poetic image of herself. This work has proposed test text (FLUSSER, 2007) as a method of analysis.

The human rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) population is repeatedly violated in countries around the world. Discrimination, violence, and state-led persecution towards the LGBTIQ population takes a negative toll on development and will ultimately affect the outcome of SDG 10, reduced inequalities. In an African context, the needs of the LGBTIQ population often go unnoticed when not formally addressed and a lack of inclusion along with a discriminatory legal framework puts the LGBTIQ population at an increased risk of being left behind in the quest to achieve Agenda 2030.  Tanzania holds some of the highest punishments in the world for same-sex acts, with up to life imprisonment. This study is focused on challenges faced by the Tanzanian LGBTIQ group, perceived social inclusion, the current development of LGBTIQ rights, factors that affect this development, and how LGBTIQ rights can be improved. Through an abductive case study, this thesis draws on eighteen semi-structured interviews as its primary sources. It also employs current literature as secondary sources. To analyse the data Queer theory and a rights-based approach are employed to uncover structures that affect LGBTIQ inclusion. Findings suggest that LGBTIQ individuals are under immense societal pressure to conform to heteronormative gender roles to avoid discrimination. Further, LGBTIQ rights are found to be affected by political, cultural, religious, and generational factors. Findings also suggest that local context is important to consider in the process of making norms more favorable for LGBTIQ equality and inclusion. This thesis also highlights areas of improvement for LGBTIQ inclusion and equality in form of eradicating discriminatory laws, in line with SDG 10. As well as capacitating institutions to queer practices with a synergy of a bottom-up and top-down approach.

Esta tesis doctoral analiza la representación de la sexualidad disidente en las obras del alemán Ralf König y el español Eduardo Mendicutti. Utilizaré el término “sexualidades disidentes” para referirme a sexualidades y modelos de género no normativos, pensando la disidencia sexual en un sentido queer. La sección teórica que brindo a continuación fundamenta el trabajo realizado con la sexualidad y el género en esta tesis. Por tratarse de un tema con escasa tradición en nuestro país, la sección teórica traza una genealogía sistemática del estudio de las sexualidades disidentes en su vertiente cultural. Para el análisis de textos culturales realizado en las secciones restantes es necesaria la construcción de un acervo teórico que sustente, fundamente y dé a conocer las categorías con las que se realiza el mismo. La sección teórica se articula en función de un trabajo interdisciplinario que aborda las sexualidades disidentes en el marco alemán y el marco español, así como las especificidades propias de la historieta queer, la literatura en su cruce con las sexualidades disidentes y categorías de lo que ha sido denominado comparatística queer. A su vez, se presenta el trabajo con las sexualidades disidentes de forma genealógica, focalizando en los procesos sociohistóricos y los cambios políticos de las categorías de género y sexualidad. Por esa razón la fundamentación teórica comienza en el siglo XIX con algunas referencias mínimas al romanticismo alemán y la invención de la categoría de “homosexualidad” para trazar (de forma mínima) el recorrido de la sexualidad disidente hasta nuestros días. En particular, me interesa focalizar en el “momento queer”, ya que muchas de las herramientas de análisis de esta tesis provienen del pensamiento queer. En definitiva, trazar un escueto mapa genealógico de la sexualidad disidente permite comprender la ficcionalización de lo misma en la representación cultural y cómo los textos culturales (en este caso las obras de Ralf König y Eduardo Mendicutti) son ejemplos paradigmáticos de los recorridos sociopolíticos de las sexualidades disidentes desde principios de los años ochenta hasta los últimos años del siglo XXI. Respecto a la estructura de esta tesis, en primer lugar se ofrece una introducción teórica que traza un recorrido genealógico escueto sobre cuestiones vinculadas a las sexualidades disidentes en función del corpus analizado y desarrolla mínimamente algunos conceptos clave. En segundo lugar, prosigo con el trabajo analítico sobre el corpus de Ralf König en función de las categorías teóricas vinculadas al género y la sexualidad que se desarrollan brevemente en la introducción. En tercer lugar, se aborda el corpus de Eduardo Mendicutti con la misma perspectiva. En ambos casos se focaliza también en los contextos sociopolíticos vinculados a las políticas sexuales y el devenir del colectivo LGBTIQ en los respectivos espacios geopolíticos. Por último, se ofrecen las conclusiones, con consideraciones acerca del corpus trabajado y reflexiones sobre el uso teórico de las categorías propias de la sexualidad disidente.

隨著網路資訊技術的進步，同時也建構了人與人之間知識傳遞與情感維繫的各種不同社會網路形式與空間，透過瞭解人際之間的社會網路運作，不僅關係個人是否能成功實現目標，亦可協助組織解決問題與意識傳遞及運行。加上近年來「性別主流化」(Gender mainstreaming)政策影響，從過往兩性到現今多元性別的轉變，希望建立尊重多元性別的態度及平等相處的互動。本研究試圖將多元性別族群意識傳遞與社會網路分析技術做結合，以社會網路分析方法，來描述網路上多元性別族群意識傳遞之社會活動的特徵與其意義，對多元性別族群網路使用者的網上集體行為進行剖析，以社會網路分析方法呈現，從人與人的互動分析中，探討多元性別族群意識如何傳遞。並延續看見尊重多元性別做努力，不僅瞭解性別的多樣差異，更重要的是結合資訊管理方式，營造一個資訊管理融合社會多元性別族群友善的環境與資源連結。 / With the advancement of Internet and information technology, various online social platforms have been constructed for interpersonal affiliation and knowledge dissemination. Understanding how the interpersonal social network works helps not only a person fulfill goals but an organization resolve problems and spread its ideas. In recent years, under the influences of the gender mainstreaming policy, the idea of two genders has shifted to the idea of various genders with the hope to encourage a tolerant attitude toward LGBTIQ community and promote equal interaction among all people. The study intends to combine the dissemination of LGBTIQ community awareness and social network analysis. The intention is to depict online dissemination of LBGT community awareness and to dissect the collective behaviors of LGBTIQ community with social network analysis. The analysis of interpersonal interaction is employed to see how the LGBTIQ community awareness has been disseminated. The result not only helps understand differences among genders but also gives insights to know that the most important is to combine LGBTIQ community awareness with information management with the purpose to create a friendlier environment for LBGTIQ community combined with information management.

Drawing on rigorous foreign, both Western and non-Western, literature, this thesis introduces sexuality and its connected spatial conceptualizations to Czech geography. In the beginning of the theoretical part, I discuss the framework under which geography studies sexuality. Then, I discuss the crucial terminology while pointing out at some changes in it. After understanding some of the major terminological issues, I delve into a description of the multiple and diverse development of sexuality related geographies. Focusing on queer geography, I delineate the queer standpoint and concentrate on understanding the spatial construction of sexuality in space while unveiling the heteronormativity of space. Using the queer approach, I implicitly deconstruct the binary of public and private space by pointing out at its spuriousness regarding the sexuality. I present a queer bar as a typical queer space while revealing the sexual closetedness of LGBTIQ people. Then I introduce the school environment as, for the time being, a typical heteronormative space and institution. In the end of the theoretical part, I discuss the queer practices of destabilizing heteronormativity both at school and in public space. In the empirical part of the thesis, I discuss the methodology of my internet based chain-referral...

The purpose of the study was to explore the complex ways in which chemsex and internalised homophobia may be linked. The study sought to: Elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia; determine the challenges experienced by gay men and how psychoactive drugs influence their sexual relationships with other men; and also explore a possible relationship between chemsex and internalised homophobia. The study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges that are faced by gay people and the reasons why some gay men participate in chemsex. A total of eleven participants were identified from an LGBTIQ+ friendly drug rehabilitation centre and a gay bath house in Cape Town. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study by conducting semi structured interviews with each participant. The theoretical framework used to elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia among the LGBTIQ+ community was underpinned by the minority stress model. This model was used to explain the concepts of homophobia and internalised homophobia. The methodological framework used was qualitative research, which focuses on the stories of individuals and is concerned with the social construction of the individual’s life, and specifically Thematic Analysis which assisted in identifying patterns or themes in people’s accounts. The findings were that even though there is a relationship between internalise homophobia and chemsex, there are many other factors and influences that play a role, such as the individuals' backgrounds, their experiences in coming out as gay, and other life circumstances. In conclusion, the study suggests that there is much more that can be done to break down the stigma and prejudice facing the LGBTIQ+ community, which is a first step towards addressing the chemsex phenomenon and related psychological consequences. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

<p>Drag Cuisines is an interdisciplinary study of the cultural, social, and historical interconnectedness of veganism, queerness, and animality. To interrogate these links requires mixed methods such as the collection of oral histories with self-identified queer vegans, analysis of animal themes in queer film and literature, social media analysis, and analysis of food cultures and restaurant rhetorics. Following work by prominent American Studies scholars, this project posits that the practice of veganism embodies queer performativity in how queerness and animality are ontologically linked.</p>

Le présent mémoire s’intéresse au développement du mouvement social Lesbien, Gai, Bisexuel, Trans, Intersex et Queer (LGBTIQ) depuis la chute de la dictature de Ferdinand Marcos en 1986 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À partir de 1990, le mouvement est caractérisé par un développement rapide. Il était parmi les premiers en Asie du Sud-est à organiser une marche de la fierté et à créer un parti politique LGBTIQ. Toutefois, malgré le dynamisme inhérent à ce mouvement, les communautés LGBTIQ sont toujours discriminées sur le marché du travail, à l’université ou encore dans le système de santé. De plus, elles sont toujours les victimes de violence et de meurtre commis sur la base de leur orientation sexuelle ou de leur genre. Actuellement, le mouvement LGBTIQ n’a toujours pas été en mesure d’obtenir des gains politiques afin de mieux protéger les droits et la sécurité de ces communautés. Même si ce problème pourrait être attribué au conservatisme de l’élite politique ou encore à l’influence du Catholicisme et de l’homophobie dans la société philippine, l’argumentation de ce mémoire propose plutôt que la fragmentation et le manque de cohérence au sein du mouvement ont compliqué la formulation et l’adoption de politiques pouvant régler ces enjeux. Mon analyse du mouvement pendant les 30 dernières années identifie quatre conflits internes majeurs expliquant ce problème 1. la définition de l’identité collective 2. le cadrage utilisé afin de conceptualiser cet enjeu 3. les différentes idéologies structurant l’action des militant.es et 4. les divergences par rapport aux modes d’organisation et aux stratégies employées. Ainsi, ce mémoire tourne l’attention vers ces conflits internes plutôt que vers les facteurs exogènes. Mon argumentation est basée sur 17 entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées à Manille avec des militant.es du mouvement, de mai à octobre 2015. Dans les deux premiers chapitres de ce mémoire, j’analyse la littérature portant sur la théorie des mouvements sociaux en général pour ensuite aborder la littérature traitant précisément sur les Philippines et l’Asie du Sud-est. Cette revue servira de base théorique afin de comprendre les quatre facteurs identifiés ainsi que leur rôle dans la fragmentation du mouvement. Dans le quatrième chapitre, j’analyse la fragmentation du mouvement selon les échelles d’action des militant.es, leurs cibles ainsi que leur trajectoire de mobilisation. Dans le cinquième chapitre, j’explique cette fragmentation à l’aide des quatre facteurs identifiés dans la littérature. / This Master’s thesis investigates the development of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Intersex and Queer (LGBTIQ) movement in the Philippines from the fall of Ferdinand Marcos’ dictatorship in 1986 to the present moment. Since then, the LGBTIQ movement has developed rapidly. It was among the first in Southeast Asia to organise a Pride March and to constitute an LGBTIQ political party. However, despite this dynamism, LGBTIQ communities are still discriminated in the workspace, schools, and the healthcare system. Moreover, they are still the victims of homophobic crimes. To the present day, the movement has not been able to secure political protection for the rights and the safety of these communities. Although the current situation can be attributed to a certain extent to conservatism in the ruling class or the strong influence of Catholicism and homophobia, this thesis argues that the fragmentation and the lack of coherence of the movement iii has itself complicated the formulation and implementation of concrete policies. My analysis of the movement’s development throughout the last 30 years will highlight four fundamental conflicts resolving around 1. the definition of one collective identity, 2. the framing used to conceptualize these issues, 3. the different ideologies underlying the social activists’ actions, and 4. the divergence in organisational modes and strategies. As such, this thesis shifts attention from external factors to internal conflicts within the LGBTIQ movement of the Philippines. My arguments are based on 17 interviews with social activists, conducted between May and October 2015 in Manila. In the first two chapters of this thesis, I review current scholarship on social movements in general and about the Philippines and South East Asia in particular. This review will provide the theoretical foundation necessary to identify and understand the four identified social factors and their role on the fragmentation of the movement. In chapter four, I analyse the fragmentation of the movement based on the social activists’ scales of action, their targets of mobilization, and their mobilization trajectories. In chapter five, I analyze this fragmentation through the identified factors in the literature.