Les microtubules (MTs) sont importants pour des processus cellulaires majeurs comme la polarisation, le trafic membranaire, la division cellulaire ainsi que pour l'architecture intracellulaire. En retour, les organites influencent l'organisation et la dynamique des MTs. Mon projet de thèse vise à élucider les interactions fonctionnelles existantes entre les MTs et la sécrétion en adoptant une approche quantitative et systématique. En synchronisant le trafic de différents cargos grâce au système RUSH (Retention Using Selective Hooks) et à une dépolymérisation complète des MTs, nous avons montré que les MTs ne sont pas strictement nécessaires à la sécrétion des cargos. D'une manière générale nous avons observé que le trafic intracellulaire est ralenti mais toujours possible en présence d'un appareil de Golgi dispersé. Nous avons caractérisé deux populations d'éléments golgiens. Elles sont présentes peu après la dépolymérisation des MTs et sont différentes en terme de composition et de capacité de sécrétion. Nos résultats montrent qu'une maturation fonctionnelle des éléments golgiens est nécessaire pour le trafic post-golgien, basée sur l'acquisition de certains facteurs golgiens non identifiés à ce jour. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'exocytose au niveau de la membrane plasmique. Nous avons observé une sécrétion préférentielle des protéines à proximité des adhésions focales. Différentes techniques de biologie cellulaire nous ont permis de caractériser cet adressage préférentiel vers les sites d'adhésion de la cellule. Nous avons également corrélé les forces exercées par la cellule sur le substrat avec la direction du transport antérograde. / Microtubules (MTs) are important for major cellular processes like cell polarization, intracellular trafficking, cell division, intracellular architecture. Organelles influence back the MTs organization and dynamics. The goal of my project was to study the involvement of MTs in the intracellular trafficking. Thanks to the Retention Using Selective Hooks (RUSH) system to synchronize the trafficking of cargos and with an efficient way to depolymerize MTs, we showed that MTs were not strictly essential to secretion of cargos. More generally, we showed that intracellular trafficking is slowed down but still possible in the presence of a dispersed Golgi apparatus. Moreover, we characterized two populations of Golgi elements in cells without MTs that are different in terms of secretion ability and composition. Our results demonstrated that functional maturation of Golgi elements is needed to ensure post-Golgi trafficking and that MTs driven post-Golgi transport is not strictly required. Besides working on intracellular trafficking without MTs, we conducted a study on the exocytosis at the plasma membrane. By using an antibody coating on coverslips to immobilize secreted cargos, we visualized the first step of arrival at the plasma membrane. We observed a directed and polarized secretion close to focal adhesions that we characterized by different cell biology technics and microscopy (spinning disk, TIRF…). We highlighted a close relationship between forces exerted by the cell on its substrate and the directionality of the anterograde transport by using patterning and Traction Force Microscopy (TFM).

Within the master thesis a computational model of biaxial tension test of soft biological tissues was developed. The tested specimen can be attached using clamps or hooks. The number and the size of clamps and hooks have a significant impact on the distribution of stress and strain in the centre of the specimen, where deformation is measured. Using the developed computational model, a sensitivity analysis of number and size of clamps and hooks and a sensitivity analysis of placement of clamps was elaborated. The number and size of clamps and hooks were optimized in such a way that the material’s parameters obtained by the tension test correspond to the utmost to the actual parameters of the material. By analyzing the placement of clamps, the influence of selected deviations on the outcome of the tension test was determined. Finally, a plan of the next course of action has been proposed.

No description available.

Rodents exhibit diverse biology, mating systems and diverse sperm morphology. Different levels of sperm competition have therefore been found in this group. Generally, it is accepted that sperm competition in animals causes the prolongation of sperm tails. However, what other sperm morphological adaptations in rodents are affected by sperm competition? Species-specific sexual selection likely optimizes sperm morphology. Sperm physiology, morphology and competition may be influenced, ultimately, by environmental factors. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on sperm competition in murine rodents. The thesis contains three research articles (including one as a submitted manuscript). In addition, another published article, partialy related to the topic of this thesis, is represented in the Appendix. The sperm morphology in rodents plays an important role in sperm competition. Longer tails and apical hooks are usually found in the species with relatively larger testes and with higher percentage of multiple paternity (i.e. rate of promiscuity), that is in species with the higher risk of sperm competition. The goal of the first study was to investigate the relationships between relative testis weight and sperm traits (apical hook and tail lengths and variance in this traits). The apical hook length was positively...

Cette étude est un travail de recherche, d'inventaire, d'analyse (archéologique, épigraphique, métrologique, technique et artistique) et d'une nouvelle approche méthodologique sur des différents témoignages archéologiques et épigraphiques relatifs à la mesure du poids, capacité et temps en Algérie romaine. Cette étude est un nouveau thème qui mérite beaucoup d'attention et qui représente beaucoup d'intérêt pour l'archéologie algérienne en particulier et de l'Afrique romaine en générale et qui contribuera à l'enrichissement de la bibliographie spécialisée dans ce domaine. Notre objectif principale, c'est de réaliser un inventaire systématique des instruments de mesures (poids, balances, pesons, crochets et plateaux de balance, ponderarium, mensa ponderaria, cadrans solaires) en notant les spécificités de chaque élément ainsi que l'état de conservation et le lieu de son emplacement actuel. L'étude de l'ensemble de ces objets, malgré leur état de dégradation pour certains et la disparition d'autres, les résultats obtenus sont tout de même importants et prometteurs : ils contribuent à éclaircir l'histoire des cités romaines en Algérie dans les domaines de l'économie, du commerce, de la technique et de l'organisation de la vie publique; ils témoignent néanmoins l'intégration de ces instruments dans la société et attester d'une connaissance de la multiplicité typologique, et les différentes caractéristiques d'utilisation. La plupart sont inédits et non répertories, certain sont rares (les deux cadrans solaires du type plan vertical dièdre de Djemila et le ponderarium du marché de cosinius) et d'autre hors normes (les deux cadrans plan horizontaux monumentaux de Timgad et de Lambèse). Ils sont considérés comme une valeur ajoutée ajoutant du crédit à nos propos et éclairant d'une façon exhaustive notre étude et qui ouvrer des nouvelles perspectives. / This study is a research, inventory, analysis (archaeological, epigraphic, metrological, technical and artistic) and a new methodological approach on various archaeological and epigraphic testimonies relating to the measurement of weight, capacity and time In Roman Algeria. Tis study is a new topic which deserves much attention and which represents a lot of interest for Algerian archeology in particular and of Roman Africa in general and which will contribute to the enrichment of the specialized bibliography in this field. Our main objective is to carry out a systematic inventory of weighing instruments (weights, scales, weighers, hooks and balance trays, ponderarium, mensa ponderaria, sundials), noting the specificities of each element and the state of Conservation and location of its current location. The study of all these objects, despite their state of degradation for some and the disappearance of others, the results obtained are still important and promising: they contribute to clarify the history of the Roman cities in Algeria in the Economy, trade, technology and the organization of public life; They nevertheless testify to the integration of these instruments into society and attest to a knowledge of the typological multiplicity, and the different characteristics of use. Most of them are unpublished and not repertory, some are rare (the two sundials of the type vertical plane dihedron of Djemila and the ponderarium of the cosinius market) and other out of norms (the two monumental horizontal planes of Timgad and Lambèse). They are seen as an added value adding credit to our remarks and enlightening our study in a comprehensive way and opening up new perspectives.

Resumo: Characidium lagosantense Travassos, 1947 é redescrito e uma nova espécie do Alto rio Paraná é apresentada. Foram examinados 400 exemplares provenientes do centroeste (Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul) e sudeste do Brasil (Minas Gerais e São Paulo). Através de análise morfométrica e merística, padrão de colorido e caracteres osteológicos foi possível redescrever C. lagosantense e reconhecer uma nova espécie para o sistema do Alto rio Paraná. Ambas as espécies diferenciam-se de todas as demais espécies do gênero por apresentarem corpo alto (em média maior que 25% do CP) e comprimento padrão máximo raramente ultrapassando 25 mm. Aproximam-se de C. bahiense Almeida, 1971, descrita de lagoas temporárias em Arembepe - Bahia, e C. laterale (Boulenger, 1895), descrita do Baixo rio Paraná no Paraguai. Characidium lagosantense difere de Characidium sp. por apresentar linha lateral completa, comprimento da nadadeira peitoral maior que o comprimento da nadadeira pélvica e ausência de uma mancha irregular na forma de um borrão no pedúnculo caudal. A distribuição de C. lagosantense é ampliada para a drenagem do rio Paranã (bacia do Alto rio Tocantins - GO) e para a drenagem do rio Mogi-Guaçu (bacia do Alto rio Paraná - SP). / Abstract: Characidium lagosantense Travassos, 1947 is redescribed and a new species from the Alto rio Paraná is presentation. Four hundred specimens were examined from west central (Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul) and southeast of Brazil (Minas Gerais and São Paulo). Through morfometric and meristic analysis, color pattern and osteological characters it was possible to redescribe C. lagosantense and propose a new species from the Alto rio Paraná system. Both species differ from all other species in the genus by presenting deep body (usually deeper than 25% of CP) and maximum standard length rarely surpassing 25 mm. Both approach C. bahiense Almeida, 1971, described from a small lake in Arembepe - Bahia, and C. laterale (Boulenger, 1895), described from lower rio Paraná - Paraguai. Characidium lagosantense differs from Characidium sp. for presenting complete lateral line, pectoral fin larger than pelvic fin, and irregular blotch in the form of a blot in the caudal peduncle absent. The distribution of C. lagosantense now includes also the drainages of rio Paranã (Alto rio Tocantins basin - GO) and rio Mogí- Guaçu (Alto rio Paraná basin - SP). / Orientador: Francisco Langeani / Coorientador: Paulo Andreas Buckup / Banca: Luiz Roberto Malabarba / Banca: Flávio César Thadeo de Lima / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tropical regions are often associated with variations in rainfall and temperature. Scenarios like these influence the life cycles of populations in environments subject to fluctuations in abiotic factors, and are often associated with fish reproduction. The reproductive strategies adopted by the species are closely related to the composition of the environment and the evolutionary history of taxonomic groups, taking into account their adaptive capacities. Species with adults of small size and peculiar reproductive attributes exhibit characteristics of specific reproductive strategies. The development of secondary sexual characteristics complements the complexity of reproductive patterns displayed among the groups. Cheirodontinae are abundant in lentic ecosystems and river banks, with species mostly with small size, which includes Serrapinnus heterodon. The present study intended to evaluate the reproductive strategy and the expression of secondary sexual characters in S. heterodon. Specimens of S. heterodon (n=2916, 431 females and 432 males analyzed) were collected between April/2012 and March/2014 in Poxim river, São Cristóvão (SE). Reproductive individuals were found throughout the study period, with minimum sizes of 24.36mm (females) and 22.61mm (males). The reproductive strategy of the species was characterized as opportunistic. The relationship between reproductive rates and the months of the study period showed significant differences (Females: GSI - H=212.5; HSI - H=114, K: H=268.2, p<0.05; Males: GSI - H=124, HSI - H=81.46, K - H=223.9, p<0.05). Absolute fecundity was estimated at 496.18±64.77 oocytes and the relative fecundity at 0.23±0.04 oocytes per mg, and vitellogenic oocytes with 378.35±5.54 m diameter. Significant differences existed between the GSI and the rainfall when correlated to females, but non significant regarding males. An annual reproductive peak was observed during the months from April to November. The ventral curvature of the caudal peduncle and gill gland were observed only in adult males. Bony hooks were registered in adult males, as well as in adult females, but at a lower expression. Females in gonadal developing phase (GD) had hooks on the anal fin (iii+4) and pelvic fins (2+5). Females in spawning capable phase (SC) expressed hooks on the anal fin (iii+5) and pelvic fins (2+6). Males in GD exhibited hooks on the anal fin (iii+7) and pelvic fins (ii+7). In males in SC the hooks were found on the anal fin (ii+17) and pelvic fins (ii+7). The expression of hooks (Females: Anal fin - r=0.42; Pelvic fins - r=0.22, p<0.05; Males: Anal fin - r=0.64; Pelvic fins - r=0.51, p<0.05) and gill gland (W=5123, p<0.05) showed significant values when compared to the GSI. / Regiões tropicais são geralmente associadas a variações na pluviometria e temperatura. Cenários como este influenciam os ciclos de vida das populações em ambientes sujeitos às oscilações dos fatores abióticos, e são frequentemente associados à reprodução em peixes. As estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies estão intimamente ligadas à composição do ambiente e a história evolutiva dos grupos taxonômicos, levando em consideração suas capacidades adaptativas. Espécies com indivíduos adultos de porte reduzido e atributos reprodutivos peculiares exibem características de estratégias reprodutivas específicas. O desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários complementa a complexidade dos padrões reprodutivos exibidos dentre os grupos. Cheirodontinae são abundantes em ecossistemas lênticos e margens de rios, com espécies em sua maioria de pequeno porte, dos quais Serrapinnus heterodon faz parte. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estratégia reprodutiva e a expressão de caracteres sexuais secundários em S. heterodon. Espécimes de S. heterodon (n=863; 431 fêmeas e 432 machos analisados) foram coletados entre abril/2012 e março/2014 no rio Poxim, São Cristóvão (SE). Indivíduos reprodutivos foram encontrados ao longo de todo período de estudo, com tamanhos mínimos de 24,36mm (fêmeas) e 22,61mm (machos). A estratégia reprodutiva da espécie foi caracterizada como oportunística. A relação entre os índices reprodutivos e os meses mostraram diferenças significativas (Fêmeas: IGS - H=212,5; IHS - H=114; K: H=268,2; p<0,05; Machos: IGS - H=124; IHS - H=81,46; K - H=223,9; p<0,05). A fecundidade absoluta foi estimada em 496,18±64,77 ovócitos e a fecundidade relativa em 0,23±0,04 mg-1, e ovócitos vitelogênicos com 378,35±5,54 m de diâmetro. Existiram diferenças siginificativas entre o IGS e a pluviometria quando correlacionadas às fêmeas, porém não significativas em relação aos machos. Foi observado um pico reprodutivo anual durante os meses de abril a novembro. A curvatura ventral do pedúnculo caudal e a glândula branquial foram observadas apenas em machos adultos. Ganchos ósseos foram registrados em machos adultos, como também em fêmeas adultas, porém em menor expressão. Fêmeas em desenvolvimento gonadal (ED) apresentaram ganchos na nadadeira anal (iii+4) e nas nadadeiras pélvicas (2+5). Fêmeas aptas à reprodução (AR) expressaram ganchos na anal (iii+5) e nas pélvicas (2+6). Machos ED exibiram ganchos na nadadeira anal (iii+7) e nas pélvicas (ii+7). Nos machos AR os ganchos foram encontrados na anal (ii+17) e nas pélvicas (ii+7). A expressão de ganchos (Fêmeas: Nadadeira anal - r=0,42; Nadadeiras pélvicas - r=0,22; p<0,05; Machos: Nadadeira anal - r=0,64; Nadadeiras pélvicas - r=0,51; p<0,05) e glândula branquial (W=5123; p<0,05), apresentaram valores significativos quando comparados ao IGS.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tropical regions are often associated with variations in rainfall and temperature. Scenarios like these influence the life cycles of populations in environments subject to fluctuations in abiotic factors, and are often associated with fish reproduction. The reproductive strategies adopted by the species are closely related to the composition of the environment and the evolutionary history of taxonomic groups, taking into account their adaptive capacities. Species with adults of small size and peculiar reproductive attributes exhibit characteristics of specific reproductive strategies. The development of secondary sexual characteristics complements the complexity of reproductive patterns displayed among the groups. Cheirodontinae are abundant in lentic ecosystems and river banks, with species mostly with small size, which includes Serrapinnus heterodon. The present study intended to evaluate the reproductive strategy and the expression of secondary sexual characters in S. heterodon. Specimens of S. heterodon (n=2916, 431 females and 432 males analyzed) were collected between April/2012 and March/2014 in Poxim river, São Cristóvão (SE). Reproductive individuals were found throughout the study period, with minimum sizes of 24.36mm (females) and 22.61mm (males). The reproductive strategy of the species was characterized as opportunistic. The relationship between reproductive rates and the months of the study period showed significant differences (Females: GSI - H=212.5; HSI - H=114, K: H=268.2, p<0.05; Males: GSI - H=124, HSI - H=81.46, K - H=223.9, p<0.05). Absolute fecundity was estimated at 496.18±64.77 oocytes and the relative fecundity at 0.23±0.04 oocytes per mg, and vitellogenic oocytes with 378.35±5.54 m diameter. Significant differences existed between the GSI and the rainfall when correlated to females, but non significant regarding males. An annual reproductive peak was observed during the months from April to November. The ventral curvature of the caudal peduncle and gill gland were observed only in adult males. Bony hooks were registered in adult males, as well as in adult females, but at a lower expression. Females in gonadal developing phase (GD) had hooks on the anal fin (iii+4) and pelvic fins (2+5). Females in spawning capable phase (SC) expressed hooks on the anal fin (iii+5) and pelvic fins (2+6). Males in GD exhibited hooks on the anal fin (iii+7) and pelvic fins (ii+7). In males in SC the hooks were found on the anal fin (ii+17) and pelvic fins (ii+7). The expression of hooks (Females: Anal fin - r=0.42; Pelvic fins - r=0.22, p<0.05; Males: Anal fin - r=0.64; Pelvic fins - r=0.51, p<0.05) and gill gland (W=5123, p<0.05) showed significant values when compared to the GSI. / Regiões tropicais são geralmente associadas a variações na pluviometria e temperatura. Cenários como este influenciam os ciclos de vida das populações em ambientes sujeitos às oscilações dos fatores abióticos, e são frequentemente associados à reprodução em peixes. As estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies estão intimamente ligadas à composição do ambiente e a história evolutiva dos grupos taxonômicos, levando em consideração suas capacidades adaptativas. Espécies com indivíduos adultos de porte reduzido e atributos reprodutivos peculiares exibem características de estratégias reprodutivas específicas. O desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários complementa a complexidade dos padrões reprodutivos exibidos dentre os grupos. Cheirodontinae são abundantes em ecossistemas lênticos e margens de rios, com espécies em sua maioria de pequeno porte, dos quais Serrapinnus heterodon faz parte. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estratégia reprodutiva e a expressão de caracteres sexuais secundários em S. heterodon. Espécimes de S. heterodon (n=863; 431 fêmeas e 432 machos analisados) foram coletados entre abril/2012 e março/2014 no rio Poxim, São Cristóvão (SE). Indivíduos reprodutivos foram encontrados ao longo de todo período de estudo, com tamanhos mínimos de 24,36mm (fêmeas) e 22,61mm (machos). A estratégia reprodutiva da espécie foi caracterizada como oportunística. A relação entre os índices reprodutivos e os meses mostraram diferenças significativas (Fêmeas: IGS - H=212,5; IHS - H=114; K: H=268,2; p<0,05; Machos: IGS - H=124; IHS - H=81,46; K - H=223,9; p<0,05). A fecundidade absoluta foi estimada em 496,18±64,77 ovócitos e a fecundidade relativa em 0,23±0,04 mg-1, e ovócitos vitelogênicos com 378,35±5,54 m de diâmetro. Existiram diferenças siginificativas entre o IGS e a pluviometria quando correlacionadas às fêmeas, porém não significativas em relação aos machos. Foi observado um pico reprodutivo anual durante os meses de abril a novembro. A curvatura ventral do pedúnculo caudal e a glândula branquial foram observadas apenas em machos adultos. Ganchos ósseos foram registrados em machos adultos, como também em fêmeas adultas, porém em menor expressão. Fêmeas em desenvolvimento gonadal (ED) apresentaram ganchos na nadadeira anal (iii+4) e nas nadadeiras pélvicas (2+5). Fêmeas aptas à reprodução (AR) expressaram ganchos na anal (iii+5) e nas pélvicas (2+6). Machos ED exibiram ganchos na nadadeira anal (iii+7) e nas pélvicas (ii+7). Nos machos AR os ganchos foram encontrados na anal (ii+17) e nas pélvicas (ii+7). A expressão de ganchos (Fêmeas: Nadadeira anal - r=0,42; Nadadeiras pélvicas - r=0,22; p<0,05; Machos: Nadadeira anal - r=0,64; Nadadeiras pélvicas - r=0,51; p<0,05) e glândula branquial (W=5123; p<0,05), apresentaram valores significativos quando comparados ao IGS.

This study investigates the manner in which cinematic visual translation styles can be used to incorporate dominant and subversive historical versions in fictional narratives constructed within the conspiracy film genre. Fictional characters in a conspiracy film are often tasked with a mission to discover the alternative historical accounts, accounts which for all intents and purposes are regularly kept hidden from the public eye. These accounts are presented as a plausible and often unconventional narrative which challenges the dominant version of events. A visual translation style is a term used to describe the various methods in which a film can be shot and edited in order to create a specific aesthetic and communicate a specific idea. These styles can consist of camera movements, shot sizes or editing techniques, all of which aid in communicating a specific idea in a film. This study analyses the conventions of the conspiracy film, with regard to the manner in which the alternative and dominant versions of historical accounts are constructed. Furthermore, the study explores how these alternative and hegemonic historical events are presented and communicated through the use of visual translation styles. Theorists such as Jean Baudrillard and David Bordwell are referenced when discussing the meaning and application of terms such as “truth”, “narrative” and “history” and to problematise these notions in the context of this particular genre. Other key notions investigated include aporia, metalanguage and object-language and notions of genre theory. The conceptual and theoretical framework regarding visual translation styles is further complemented by writers such as Don Fairservice and Ken Dancyger. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Drama / unrestricted

The maintainability of the system deteriorates since wide use of class-based components. Theoretically, researchers have dedicated their work on addressing the common problems of Class Components as: Huge components, Duplicated logic and Complex patterns. Recently, replacing the Class Components by converting to Functions is expected as a solution to eradicate such problems.  In fact, we still lack the practical paradigm to guide the conversion projects. Furthermore, the adoption of the solution is based on the code quality improvements assessed on the newly generated functional codebase in a practical environment.   Based on their Web platform, Glodon company provided the codebase conversion from Class to Functions with support of React-Hooks techniques. Thereafter, in this research, a design science study was employed as the main methodology to build a set of guidelines to conduct the conversion project. By application of the guideline and observing the data output from the Glodon project, the researcher studied the feasibility and effectiveness of the conversion from Class to Functions in a practical environment.      Aslo, other methodologies were conducted to help collect the data and understand the research questions: an interview was used to identify the pain points of the class-based code; the code review and open discussion with the developers were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the code conversion. In the end, the examples and the consideration output in the project were analyzed and summarized for optimizing the conversion guideline which was evaluated by a survey and will contribute to other developers for their future conversion practice.