Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of French and Italian, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-118).

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Studies of football hooliganism have developed in a number of academic disciplines, yet little of this literature directly relates to criminology. The fighting, disorderly conduct, and destructive behavior of those who attend football matches, especially in Europe has blossomed over the past thirty years and deserves criminological attention. Football hooliganism is criminal activity, but is unique because of its context specific nature, occurring almost entirely inside the grounds or in proximity to the stadiums where the matches are played. This project explores the need for criminological explanations of football hooligans and their behavior based on literature which indicates that subcultural theories may be valuable in understanding why this behavioral pattern has become a preserve for young, white, working-class males. This study employs Albert Cohen's (1955) theory of subcultural delinquency to predict the hooligan activities of young, white, working-class males. West and Farrington's longitudinal study, the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development provides a wealth of data on numerous topics, including hooliganism, and is used to explore the link between hooliganism and criminological theory. The running hypothesis, grounded in Cohen's theory of subcultural delinquency, is that the less middle-class the youths are in their values the more likely they will be to engage in football hooliganism. Cohen initially identified a locus of nine middle-class values: ambition, individual responsibility, achievement and performance, delayed gratification, rationality and planning, etiquette and the cultivation of social skills, self-control, wholesome leisure, and respect for property. These middle-class values have been modified into a shorter set of values; constructive leisure, acceptable conduct, self-reliance, and success, that are more mutually exclusive and easier to test empirically. Scales were constructed for each dimension of the modified version of Cohen's middle-class values using factor analysis with orthogonal rotation. Each scale then underwent reliability analysis using Chronbach's alpha. From there the scales for the middle-class values, the dependent variable of football hooliganism, and controls were tested using both bivariate and multivariate procedures. Results indicate that these modified middle-class values may be an important explanatory factor for football hooliganism. / Ph. D.

In this study we have examined how Swedish tabloid newspapers portray supporters in regard to the deadly assault at the Allsvenskan premiere in Helsingborg between Helsingborgs IF and Djurgårdens IF in 2014. We have analyzed published articles in the two biggest tabloid newspapers in Sweden – Aftonbladet and Expressen. Our main findings show that journalists tend to generalize and stigmatize all supporters when writing about hooligans. There is also confusion regarding different groups within the supporter community.

This research aims to provide an accurate and more conceptually advanced view of football violence as practiced by Cardiff City fans both past and present, than the accepted views of football already available at an academic level. Expanding on work carried out at dissertation level, the research will attempt to provide a new model of football violence, and this will be constructed through the use of a variety of research methods to better understand football hooliganism as a socio-cultural phenomenon existing within the general field of football. Football as a field of activity will be discussed, as will the fact that whilst being a field of socio-cultural activity, professional football also has developed as a distinct market. The work aims to show why certain Cardiff City F.C. fans are not content to just watch their team participate, but who through a small leap of imagination cast themselves in the role of direct participant representing the team in the contest that is football hooliganism. Also to be discussed is why certain fans (usually at a formative age) would see those with a hooligan identity at Cardiff City F.C. as best representing their interests within the field, and who then go on to adopt a hooligan identity. The interests of Cardiff City fans within the field are explored, as are the specific set of social relations that have emerged. The emergence of the casuals as a socio-cultural category is examined as is media representations of them and in a reflexive manner the role of the police within the field is also examined. Finally the research aims to show how a group such as the Soul Crew, has by a combination of continued presence and growth within the field, gone on to become one of the dominant forces within the activity.

This dissertation employs network analysis in the study of crime. This methodological approach is the common factor in the three studies included in the dissertation. The overall objective is to see what the network analytical approach has to offer to the study of different aspects of crime. The data employed in the analyses comprise offences registered by the Stockholm police that have also been tied to a suspect. In the study of supporter violence, this data is supplemented with information on offences for which persons have been convicted. The first study focuses on supporters whom the police regard as particularly prone to violence. The criminal networks of these supporters are studied for the years 1994-1997. The supporters are also compared with their known co-offenders. The study shows that a large proportion of the crimes committed by the supporter group are violent offences. For the most part, the supporters’ are involved in loose-knit criminal networks and in general their co-offenders are more criminally active than they are themselves. Certain of the supporters appear to constitute links between the supporter group and more serious criminals active in the Stockholm area. The second study examines the ethnic composition of networks of youths suspected of violent offences during 1995, as well as the persons against whom these young people commit their offences. The study shows that the registered violent crime committed by youths in Stockholm is characterised by ethnic heterogeneity. The conclusion is that whom these youths commit crimes with and against respectively is primarily decided by factors other than the youths’ ethnic background. The third study focuses on gender factors relating to networks of youths suspected of violent offences during the course of 1995. The study compares the structure of the registered violent offending of girls and boys respectively. The study is based on the theoretical assumption that acts of violence may constitute an opportunity to construct gender. The study shows that apart from previously established differences in the levels of violent activity presented by girls and boys respectively, the structure of their violent offending is strikingly similar. A further conclusion is that the violent crime of girls and boys is characterised by sexual homogeneity. This is seen as indicating that gender construction by means of violent crime primarily takes place between boys and other boys and between girls and other girls. The assertion of superiority that violence involves is thus most often directed at persons of the same sex, girls primarily attempt to assert superiority over other girls, and boys over other boys. The dissertation also contends that as a method, network analysis has made several important contributions to the study of the research questions. In all three pieces of research, network analysis has made possible important insights into the phenomena under study, which would not have been identified had alternative methodological approaches been employed. / <p>Alternativ titel: Tre perspektiv på brottsliga nätverk: Supporterbråk, etnicitet och genus</p>

The Swedish football supporter culture is seemingly embossed with violence, crime and hate. The purpose of this study is to examine how football violence is comprehended and experienced by matchgoing supporters. The study consists of material gathered from participating observations at four football games and a documentary called “Jag är Huligan” (I’m a Hooligan), and interviews with matchgoing supporters with first hand experience of violence and includes police, security guard and active supporters. The study finds that Media is perceived as problematic with biased reports and insufficient details. Group identity is found to be mostly positive, assists in creating acceptance for rule-violations. The violence is perceived as non problematic for civilians and easily avoided. Inclusion into the violent spheres is targeted at young men and provides affirmation, police action seem to have a direct impact on recruitment. Finally it is concluded that improved dialogue and cooperation is key to improving and or changing supporter culture.

The aim of the research is to evaluate crowd violence as it pertains to sports and its spectators. In particular, the research examines sports riots. "A sports riot is defined as violence-vandalism, throwing/shooting missiles, rushing the field or court, committing arson, and/or fighting- committed by five or more individuals in a crowd of one hundred people associated with a formally organized sporting event" (Lewis, 2007). On a micro level, the most prevalent form of spectator violence is the act of Hooliganism in relation to football (soccer). The research on this aggression has been primarily inherent in Europe and South and Central America in concert with soccer matches. One of the goals of the research is to see if this unique type violence has the potential to occur in North America when comparing it to Europe and more specifically the United Kingdom. Currently, the average Major League Soccer (MLS) teams are capturing slightly higher attendance numbers than the NBA and the NHL. In the 2010-11 season, the average MLS attendance was 17,869, compared to 17,319 and 17,126 respectively (ESPN.com, 2011). With the expansion and globalization of the sport when traveling groups from Europe and South/Central America play United States teams (municipalities or the National team) in a "friendly" (exhibition match) or a World Cup qualifiers stateside, it is understood that supporter firms (hooligan gangs) will travel to support their team. Are hooligans simply looking for a violent result under the guise of being football supporters? "It's a lot more widespread than the general public realize. They might hear of one or two big incidences a year. But this thing happens week in week out at different grounds around England" (Hooligans: No one likes us, 2002). Collective behavior is the most apparent theoretic way to view these outbursts. This research however will examine this social phenomenon through symbolic interaction perspective as well.; The hooligan culture is embedded with symbols of social disorder and rebellion. Racism, xenophobia homophobia and even patriotism are the tent poles of this social phenomenon. Additionally, from firm (gang) to firm (gang), socially constructed deviance such as rival history, improper police conduct, the media and alcohol are overarching factors. The final facet of the research examines how to curb the violence. Since Hooliganism is surprisingly tactical in and of itself, how authorities can potentially identify trouble makers and anticipate violence will be assessed. Since the English have customarily been deemed by the international community as some of the worst cohort participants, the tactics that authorities abroad have utilized (successful and otherwise) will be evaluated. Recommendations to prevent and combat this problem will be made in the hopes that a proactive approach can be developed domestically.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka huliganism som ett socialt fenomen, där det ingått att undersöka vilken mening det kollektiva våldet inom huliganismen fyller för individerna, på vilket sätt huligankulturen är organiserad, samt vad som karaktäriserar den typiske huliganen. Studiens empiri bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med två aktiva huliganer och två före detta huliganer. Förutom intervjuer har även inspiration från Swedbergs (2016) definition av teoretisering använts som metod i denna studie. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs framförallt av Ahrne och Brunssons (2011) teori om partiell organisering och Littman och Palucks (2015) teoretiska förståelse för varför individer väljer att bruka våld på uppdrag av en grupp. Som ett teoretiskt verktyg i analysen har även Simmels (se Korllos, 1994) teori om sociala typer använts. Resultatet visade att våldet fyller en känsla av gemenskap, men kan även användas som ett sätt bevisa sig inför andra huliganer. Inom huliganismen kunde de organisatoriska elementen medlemskap, hierarki, regler och sanktioner hittas. I resultatet framkom även att den typiske huliganen är lojal mot andra huliganer, han kan socialisera sig med andra medlemmar av gruppen, han har en vilja att slåss, och våldet medför att han ljuger för personer utanför huligankulturen.

I takt med expanderingen av evenemangsturism växer även kraven på säkerhetshanteringen i samband med evenemangen. Hot som huliganism är vanligt förekommande vid vissa evenemang och behöver handskas med för att undvika eventuella påverkningar på besöksnäringen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur aktörer arbetar kring säkerhet inför och under evenemang för att säkerställa individens hälsa i omständigheter där huliganism är närvarande och ofredar besöksnäringen. Fortsättningsvis vill vi även komma fram till vilken grad huliganismen påverkar besöksnäringen och i sådana fall, på vilket sätt. För att kunna svara på syftet och våra frågeställningar, har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ undersökning som hjälpt oss att påvisa denna företeelse. Frågorna berör mycket om huliganism och om liknande våldsbrott får individer att välja bort vissa evenemang som en följd av huliganismen. För att kunna komplettera det resterande av syftet har vi även valt att använda oss av en kvalitativ undersökning. Poängen med den kvalitativa undersökningen var att den skulle ge oss en bredare uppfattning om ämnesområdet, samtidigt som den skulle besvara vår andra frågeställning angående evenemangssäkerhet. Insamlingen av samtliga undersökningar, speciellt den kvantitativa, visar på att hot som huliganism har en negativ effekt på evenemangsturismen. Hanteringen håller på att effektiviseras genom nya metoder som förhoppningsvis kan motverka den rädsla som numera finns utpräglad hos besökare. / In pace with the expansion of events tourism, requirements for security management in connection with the events are also increasing. Threat of hooliganism is common at certain events and needs to be dealt with to avoid possible impacts on the tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the actors working on security before and during events ensure the health of the individual in circumstances where hooliganism is present and harasses the hospitality industry. Henceforth we want to arrive at the degree of hooliganism affect the tourist industry and in such cases, in which way. In order to respond to the aim and our issues, we have used a quantitative survey that helped us to demonstrate this phenomenon. The questions concern much about hooliganism and similar violent crimes get individuals to opt out of certain events as a result of hooliganism. In order to complete the remainder of the purpose, we have chosen to use a qualitative survey. The point of the qualitative survey was that it would give us a broader understanding of the subject, while it would answer our second question regarding security events. The collection of all of the studies, especially the quantitative, shows that threats like hooliganism have a negative effect on events tourism. The management is being streamlined through new methods that can hopefully counteract the fear that seems to have arisen within certain visitors.