We present an efficient quantum algorithm for the Hidden Subgroup Problem (HSP) on the semidirect product of the cyclic groups and , where is any odd prime number, and are positives integers and the homomorphism which defines the group is given by the root such that . As a consequence we can solve efficiently de HSP on the semidirect product of the groups by , where has a special prime factorization. / Neste trabalho apresentamos um algoritmo quântico eficiente para o Problema do Subgrupos Oculto (PSO) no produto semidireto dos grupos cíclicos e , onde é qualquer número primo ímpar, e são inteiros positivos e o homomorfismo que define o grupo é dado por uma raiz para a qual . Como conseqüência, podemos resolver eficientemente o PSO também no produto semidireto dos grupos por , onde o inteiro possui uma especial fatoração prima.

Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuartiger Hyperstern-Polymere (HSP) und deren Funktion als Reaktivbinder in Epoxy- bzw. PUR-Harzen. Hyperstern-Polymere sind Hybride aus hochverzweigten (hvz) und linearen Polymeren. Sie können über ihre reaktiven OH-Gruppen als multifunktionelle hochverzweigte Quervernetzer kovalent in ein kationisch härtendes Epoxyharz einbinden und thermische sowie thermomechanische Eigenschaften verbessern.:Theoretischer Teil Einleitung und Aufgabenstellung Grundlagen 1 Polymeraufbau 1.1. Radikalische Polymerisationen 1.1.1. Kontrolliert radikalische Polymerisation 1.1.2. NMRP 1.1.3. ATRP 1.1.4. RAFT 1.2. Anionische Polymerisation 1.3. Kationische Polymerisation 1.3.1. CROP von Oxazolinen 1.4. Koordinative Polymerisationen 2 Verzweigte Polymerarchitekturen 2.1. Dendritische Polymere 2.1.1. Dendrimere 2.1.2. Hochverzweigte Polymere 2.1.2.1 SCVP 2.1.3. Dendrigrafts 2.1.4. Dendronisierte Polymere 2.2. Spezielle Polymerarchitekturen 2.2.1. Hyperstern-Polymere (HSP) 3 Lacke 3.1. Lösungsmittelhaltige Lacke 3.1.1. Chemisch härtende Lacke 3.1.2. Physikalisch trocknende Lacke 3.2. Wässrige Lacke 3.3. Lösungsmittelfreie Lacke 3.3.1. Strahlenhärtende Lacke 3.3.2. Pulverlacke 3.4. Aliphatische Epoxylacke 3.4.1. UV-Härtung 3.4.2. Thermische Härtung 3.4.3. Thermische Härtung klassischer 2K-Polyepoxid-Lacke 3.5. 2K-PUR-Lacke 3.6. Aktuelle Herausforderungen 3.7. Wissenschaftliche Konzepte zur Schlagzähmodifizierung von Lacken Diskussion und Ergebnisse 4 Synthese hochverzweigter Makroinitiatoren 4.1. Polyester-Makroinitiatoren PE-MI1 und PE-MI2 4.1.1. Polyester-Kern (PE-OH) 4.1.2. Makroinitiatoren für die Oxazolinpolymerisation (PE-MI1) 4.1.3. Makroinitiatoren für die ATRP von Methacrylaten (PE-MI2) 4.2. Poly(vinylbenzylchlorid)-Makroinitiator (PVBC) 5 Hypersterne mit POxa-Armen 5.1. Lineare Polyoxazolin-Modellverbindungen (POxa) 5.1.1. Test der Initiatorfunktionen 5.1.2. Einfluss der Mikrowelle 5.1.3. Terminierung (Capping) 5.1.4. Polymerisation OH-tragender Oxazoline 5.1.5. Adamantan-funktionalisierte Polyoxazoline 5.2. Hypersterne aus Polyester-Kern sowie Polyoxazolin-Armen: PE-g-POxa 5.2.1. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Terminierung 5.2.2. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Wiederholeinheiten 5.3. Hypersterne aus Polyvinylbenzylchlorid-Kern sowie Polyoxazolin-Armen: PVBC-g-POxa 5.3.1. Modellinitiatoren 5.3.2. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Wiederholeinheiten 5.4. Ausblick: Arm first-Strategie 6 Hypersterne mit Polymethacrylat-Armen 6.1. Hypersterne aus Polyvinylbenzylchlorid-Kern sowie Polymethacrylat-Armen: PVBC-g-PHEMA 6.2. Hypersterne aus Polyester-Kern sowie Polymethacrylat-Armen: PE-g-(PMMA-b-HEMA) 7 Hypersterne als Quervernetzer-Additive in Lacken 7.1. PVBC-g-POxa in Epoxyharz 7.1.1. Thermische Härtung 7.2. PE-g-P(MMA-b-HEMA) in Epoxyharz 7.2.1. UV-Härtung 7.2.2. Thermische Härtung 7.3. PE-g-P(MMA-b-HEMA) in 2K-PUR-Harz Zusammenfassung – Ausblick Experimenteller Teil 8 Geräte, Methoden und Chemikalien 9 Synthesen 9.1. Monomere, Capper, Niedermolekulare Substanzen 9.2. Lineare Polyoxazoline 9.2.1. Niedermolekulare CROP-Initiatoren 9.2.2. Lineares Poly(2-methyloxazolin) (PMeOxa) 9.2.3. Adamantan-funktionalisierte Poly(2-methyloxazoline) 9.2.4. Lineare Poly(2-ethyloxazoline) 9.2.5. NMR-Modellverbindungen für PVBC-Kern 9.3. Hochverzweigte Polymere und Makroinitiatoren 9.4. Hyperstern-Polymere mit POxa-Armen 9.5. Hyperstern-Polymere mit PAlkMA-Armen 9.6. Lackproben Abkürzungsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Publikationsliste

This degree project presents a study case in Eskilstuna-Sweden, regarding the effect of the photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage system (BESS) on a power distribution transformer, and how they could change the transformer lifespan. For that, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and two MATLAB models were used to simulate the system. One model simulates the PV generation profile, with the option of including battery in the system, and the other one simulates the transformer loss of life (LOL) based on the thermal characteristics. Simulations were using hourly time steps over a year with provided load profile based on utility data and typical meteorological year weather data from SMHI and STRÅNG. In this study, three different scenarios have been put into consideration to study the change of LOL. The first scenario applies various levels of PV penetrations without energy storage, while, the other scenarios include energy storage under different operating strategies, self-consumption, and peak shaving. Similarly, different battery capacities have been applied for the purpose of studying the LOL change. Thus, under different PV penetrations and battery capacities, results included the variation of LOL, grid power, battery energy status, and battery power. Moreover, results concluded that the PV system has the maximum impact on LOL variation, as it could decrease it by 33.4 %, and this percentage could increase by applying different battery capacities to the system. Finally, LOL corresponding to the battery under peak shaving strategy varies according to the battery discharge target. As different peak shaving targets were used to control the battery discharge, and hence, study the impact on the transformer and estimate its LOL.

Background: IgA vasculitis/Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (IgAV/HSP) is a systemic small vessel vasculitis of unknown pathogenesis predominantly affecting children. While skin, GI tract, joints, and kidneys are frequently affected and considered, central nervous system (CNS) involvement of this disease is underestimated. Methods: We provide a case report and systematically review the literature on IgAV, collecting data on the spectrum of neurological manifestations. Results: We report on a 7-year-old girl with IgAV who presented with diplopia and afebrile focal seizures, which preceded the onset of purpura. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), showing typical focal bilateral parietal swelling and cortical and subcortical high signal intensities on T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images predominantly without diffusion restriction. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and blood tests excluded systemic inflammation or vasculitis. Interestingly, hypertension was not a hallmark of the developing disease in the initial phase of PRES manifestation. Renal disease and other secondary causes for PRES were also excluded. Supportive- and steroid treatment resulted in restitution ad integrum. Reviewing the literature, we identified 28 other cases of IgAV with CNS involvement. Severe CNS involvement includes seizures, cerebral edema, or hemorrhage, as well as PRES. Thirteen patients fulfilled all diagnostic criteria of PRES. The mean age was 11.2 years (median 8.0, range 5-42 years), with no reported bias toward gender or ethnic background. Treatment regimens varied from watchful waiting to oral and intravenously steroids up to plasmapheresis. Three cases showed permanent CNS impairment. Conclusion: Collectively, our data demonstrate that (I) severe CNS involvement such as PRES is an underappreciated feature of IgAV, (II) CNS symptoms may precede other features of IgAV, (III) PRES can occur in IgAV, and differentiation from CNS vasculitis is challenging, (IV) pathogenesis of PRES in the context of IgAV remains elusive, which hampers treatment decisions. We, therefore, conclude that clinical awareness and the collection of structured data are necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological connection of IgAV and PRES.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Carlos-Magno1.pdf: 616333 bytes, checksum: 65e51c95902afd18d11a1d7366653fc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico / We present an efficient quantum algorithm for the Hidden Subgroup Problem (HSP) on the semidirect product of the cyclic groups and , where is any odd prime number, and are positives integers and the homomorphism which defines the group is given by the root such that . As a consequence we can solve efficiently de HSP on the semidirect product of the groups by , where has a special prime factorization. / Neste trabalho apresentamos um algoritmo quântico eficiente para o Problema do Subgrupos Oculto (PSO) no produto semidireto dos grupos cíclicos e , onde é qualquer número primo ímpar, e são inteiros positivos e o homomorfismo que define o grupo é dado por uma raiz para a qual . Como conseqüência, podemos resolver eficientemente o PSO também no produto semidireto dos grupos por , onde o inteiro possui uma especial fatoração prima.

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Understanding the cellular response thermal stress is important for improving thermoablative treatments of cancer. Cells generally respond to thermal stress by expressing heat shock proteins, or undergoing cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Most of our detailed knowledge regarding these cellular phenomena has been gathered in vitro in two dimensional (2D) environments. Yet, little is known about how prostate cancer cells respond to thermal stress in a more physiologically relevant three dimensional (3D) environment. Several approaches were used to investigate this question, all of which focused on controlled heating of cells in both two dimensional (2D) and 3D culture. Tools and assays were developed to investigate cellular response to thermal stress in 2D and 3D environments. A computer-controlled heating apparatus was constructed to heat cell cultures to precise temperatures and durations. Three dimensional growth environments were produced using Matrigel, a commercially available extracellular matrix (ecm) mixture. Transcriptional expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was measured using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene under the control of an HSP promoter. Apoptosis, necrosis and HSP70 transcription was measured using flow cytometry analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and microscopy revealed that transmembrane targets may be involved in the mechanism of the effect which 3D culture has on the cellular response to heat shock. The results herein demonstrate that the 3D growth environment, may be protective to the cell in that the percentage of cells that undergo apoptosis or necrosis when exposed to heat shock are reduced. Furthermore, HSP70 expression is enhanced in 3D culture at a specific thermal dose and integrins and heat shock proteins may be part of the mechanism by which the ecm exerts its protective effect against thermal stress. / text

HSP22 et HSP70 sont des protéines d'origine humaine appartenant à la famille des Heat Shock<br />Proteins. Cette thèse décrit des travaux visant à déterminer l'implication de ces deux protéines humaines de<br />choc thermique HSP70 et HSP22, dans les voies de réparation de l'ADN après stress. Ces protéines<br />possèdent, comme leur nom le sous-entend, la capacité d'être surexprimées par la cellule après choc<br />thermique mais aussi après une grande variété d'autres stress et dans de nombreuses maladies (Tavaria M et<br />al, 1996). Pour mieux connaître ces protéines, une étude structurale a été initiée. Les structures<br />tridimensionnelles de ces protéines ne sont pas connues ou seulement partiellement (Osipiuk J et al, 1999).<br />Les essais de cristallisation des protéines furent arrêtés après l'obtention de clones. Des prédictions de<br />structures secondaires et tertiaires (obtenues à l'aide de la bioinformatique) concernant HSP70-1 (partie Cterminale)<br />et HSP22 furent alors réalisées, montrant une organisation en feuillets β pour le domaine de liaison<br />au substrat de HSP70-1 et pour le domaine α-cristallin de HSP22. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de<br />l'étude des HSP dans les voies de la réparation de l'ADN ont montré que les HSP70 inductibles par le stress<br />(HSP72 et HSP70-1) sont impliquées dans ces voies cellulaires après différents stress (rayonnement X et UV,<br />champ magnétique, péroxyde d'hydrogène, cis-platine). HSP72 et HSP70-1 sont phosphorylées par les<br />kinases apparentées à la famille des Phosphatydil-Inositol-3-kinases ATM, ATR et DNA-PK (Sarkaria JN et<br />al, 1998) après radiations ionisantes et réalisent à ce moment un déplacement en deux phases entre le<br />cytoplasme et le noyau ; elles sont impliquées dans les stades précoces de la réparation. La même démarche<br />de recherche a été adoptée pour HSP22. HSP22 apparaît comme étant impliquée dans les voies de la<br />réparation de l'ADN aussi et plus particulièrement dans les voies de la réparation des cassures double brin<br />après irradiation par rayonnement X (Paull TT et Gellert M, 1998 ; Lobrich M et Jeggo PA, 2005). HSP22<br />forme des foci dans les cellules âgées suggérant un rôle pour HSP22 dans le vieillissement cellulaire chez<br />l'humain comme chez la mouche drosophile (Morrow G et al 2004). Une nouvelle méthode d'imagerie<br />Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI ; Chapman D et al, 1997), visant à l'acquisition d'une information<br />histologique, développée au synchrotron ESRF, a été testée d'un point de vue radiobiologique sur des cultures<br />primaires de fibroblastes et de chondrocytes. L'irradiation par cette méthode n'a pas présenté de différence en<br />comparaison avec une irradiation par une source conventionnelle de cellules humaines issues de culture<br />primaire, avec la même dose de rayonnement X (Rothkamm K et Lobrich M, 2003). Dans les cellules<br />glioblastomales de rat, la réponse HSP70 est augmentée dans les conditions de la thérapie « synchrotron PATPlat<br />» (c'est-à-dire en cas de photoactivation du platine à l'aide du rayonnement synchrotron (Corde S et al,<br />2003 ; Biston MC et al, 2004)).