O fluxo escolar brasileiro representa um problema crônico para o caso do Ensino Médio do país. A literatura mostra que o retorno do investimento escolar é atrativo no país, tanto por apresentar uma taxa média alta, como pelo fato de que o adicional de salário devido aos níveis educacionais mais altos são maiores do que nos estágios iniciais da educação, i.e., o retorno educacional brasileiro aparenta ser crescente e convexo, diferente do que se apresenta na literatura internacional. A explicação usual para a evasão se dá através das restrições orçamentárias e de crédito enfrentadas pelas famílias que, sendo restritas no acesso ao crédito, poderia fazer com que o jovem saísse da escola precocemente, mesmo que o aluno esperasse um salário futuro maior. Somado a este retorno atrativo da educação, o país expandiu abruptamente os gastos educacionais. Porém, apesar da expansão, a escolaridade e as medidas de fluxo no país não reagiram proporcionalmente, despertando, assim, a atenção da literatura para explicação desse puzzle. A despeito destes fatos, a literatura internacional avançou no sentido de mostrar dois fatos que auxiliam na investigação dessa questão: em primeiro lugar, o retorno da educação pode variar entre indivíduos, ainda que a média seja alta. Por exemplo, indivíduos com maior aptidão podem ser os que se beneficiam mais de uma escolaridade maior, explicando o motivo de alguns abandonarem a escola. Em segundo lugar, a literatura avançou em mostrar que um fator importante na previsão de resultados escolares são habilidades não-cognitivas, como as habilidades socioemocionais. Portanto, este presente trabalho buscou explorar uma coleta de dados realizada em Sertãozinho - SP, em 2008, 2012 e 2017, em que estão disponíveis dados socioemocionais dos estudantes, além de dados demográficos e cognitivos, de estudantes que estavam no segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental em 2008, e em 2017 idealmente estariam no Ensino Médio, possibilitando investigar se existe uma associação entre características socioemocionais e o fluxo escolar. Os resultados indicam que tais fatores têm poder preditivo relevante na explicação do fluxo escolar brasileiro, medidos pela probabilidade de os indivíduos permanecerem estudando e pela probabilidade de se atingir o Ensino Médio em 2017, sendo que a Conscienciosidade e a Amabilidade do estudante aumentam a chance do aluno persistir estudando, enquanto que a Extroversão reduz essa probabilidade, em linha com algumas evidências da literatura. Os resultados trazem como contribuição uma evidência empírica inicial acerca da associação entre habilidades não-cognitivas e o fluxo escolar brasileiro. / The Brazilian school flow represents a chronic problem for the country\'s high school case. The literature shows that the return on school investment is attractive in the country, both for having a high average rate, and for the fact that the additional salary due to higher education levels is higher than in the early stages of education, ie, The Brazilian educational return appears to be growing and convex, different from what is presented in the international literature. The usual explanation for avoidance is through budget and credit constraints faced by families who, being restricted in access to credit, could cause the young person to leave school early, even if the student expects a larger future salary. Added to this attractive return of education, the country abruptly expanded educational spending. However, despite the expansion, the schooling and flow measures in the country did not react proportionally, thus awakening the attention of the literature to explain this textit puzzle. In spite of these facts, the international literature has advanced to show two facts that help in the investigation of this question: firstly, the return of education can vary among individuals, even if the average is high. For example, individuals with higher aptitude may be those who benefit most from higher schooling, explaining why some drop out of school. Second, the literature has advanced in showing that an important factor in predicting school outcomes are non-cognitive skills, such as social-emotional skills. Therefore, this study aimed to explore a data collection held in Sertãozinho - SP, in 2008, 2012 and 2017, in which are available socioemotional data of the students, as well as demographic and cognitive data, of students who were in the second year of Elementary Education in 2008, and by 2017 would ideally be in High School, making it possible to investigate if there is an association between socioemotional characteristics and the school flow. The results indicate that such factors have a relevant predictive power in the explanation of the Brazilian school flow, measured by the probability of individuals remaining studying and by the probability of reaching high school in 2017, and the student\'s Conscientiousness and Kindness increase the chance of while the Extroversion reduces this probability, in line with some evidence in the literature. The results contribute as an initial empirical evidence about the association between non-cognitive abilities and the Brazilian school flow.

A relação entre capital humano e desigualdade depende do quão desigual é a distribuição de atributos produtivos entre os trabalhadores e da forma como o mercado remunera estas diferenças. No Brasil, os retornos à escolaridade e a desigualdade educacional são elevados, de modo que a educação desempenha um importante papel na explicação de sua elevada iniqüidade de renda. Desde 1980, os trabalhadores brasileiros estão cada vez mais educados. Este artigo procura entender quais os impactos destas transformações sobre a dispersão salarial no Brasil entre 1981 e 2006. Conclui-se que os retornos à educação apresentam um impacto positivo sobre a desigualdade de salários. Já o aumento da escolaridade, que atuou no sentido de elevar a desigualdade de rendimentos nos anos 1980, não vem apresentando impactos significativos sobre a dispersão salarial a partir de então. Simulações mostram que as melhorias educacionais devem colaborar para a redução da desigualdade de salários a partir de 2012. / The relationship between human capital and inequality depends on how unequal is the workers\' productive features distribution and how the market rewards these features. In Brazil, returns on education and educational inequity are both high, in order that education plays an important role in explaining the high levels of income inequality. Since 1980, Brazilian workers have become more educated. This paper proposes to comprehend the impacts of these transformations on Brazil\'s wage inequality from 1981 to 2006. It is possible to conclude that returns on education have a positive impact on wage inequity. As for the raise of educational level, which acted to raise inequality in the 80\'s, has not been having significant impacts on this disparity since then. Simulations show that rising in the schooling level may help wage inequality to lower by 2012.

Orientador: Maria Ester Soares Dal Poz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T09:42:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_LeonardoAndrade_D.pdf: 2305454 bytes, checksum: 1e93d9727c225cef42402e8a5886c1ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas vários estudos têm enfatizado a importância do capital humano para o desenvolvimento das economias. Entretanto, muitos destes estudos não têm incorporado a idéia de que os diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento importam para que se tenha uma visão acurada do papel do capital humano em tal desenvolvimento. Neste sentido, distintos graus de proximidade com a fronteira condicionam os resultados da política econômica, de forma que os aspectos globais afetam o desempenho de cada economia. Para isto, esta investigação analisou os impactos da política de educação na taxa de progresso tecnológico e no crescimento dos países, conforme o grau de proximidade com a fronteira. As economias mais atrasadas demandam por recursos mais estruturais em relação aos investimentos estratégicos em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (C,T&I). Nesta mesma direção, outros estudos, como Vandenbussche, Aghion e Meghir (2006) e Aghion, Boustan, Hoxby, e Vandenbussche (2009), chegaram a conclusões similares, sinalizando a atualidade do tema. Para esta finalidade, construiu-se um modelo de crescimento schumpeteriano incorporando à produtividade, duas fontes de melhorias adotadas pelas firmas: os componentes de imitação e inovação. O estoque de mão de obra qualificada é alocado nas atividades intensivas de P&D inovadora das firmas. Já o estoque de mão de obra não-qualificada é alocado nos departamentos de implementação de técnicas gerenciais e planejamento já existentes, ou seja, estratégias adaptadas da fronteira. Cada empresário monopolista busca maximizar sua utilidade que é definida pelo consumo esperado menos os custos de contratação da força de trabalho qualificada e não-qualificada. Nas condições de otimização, são construídas duas funções de demanda por cada fator. A demanda do empresário monopolista em cada setor de insumos intermediários é dividida na contratação de mão de obra qualificada e não-qualificada. A função de demanda por fator não-qualificado depende positivamente da distância tecnológica em relação à fronteira. Ou seja, para as economias mais afastadas o trade-off entre C,T&I e os investimentos na criação de oportunidades tecnológicas, vai se tornando mais expressivo à medida em que a distância for aumentando. Para os setores mais avançados, a demanda por mão de obra qualificada pode oferecer um rápido crescimento em relação aos setores mais atrasados. Para mensurar o estoque de qualificação e não-qualificação, foram utilizados os anos de escolaridade para cada nível de ensino: fator não-qualificado - anos de escolaridade média do ensino primário e secundário e; fator qualificado - anos de escolaridade média do ensino superior ou terciário. Este banco de dados é fornecido por Barro e Lee (2000) e é construído considerando uma defasagem de cinco anos entre 1960-2000. No modelo empírico construiu-se uma regressão do ln(PTF), ln(PIB/trabalhador) e das taxas de crescimento do PIB/trabalhador com função dos anos de escolaridade defasados (t-1) e da interação da escolaridade com o coeficiente de distância tecnológica defasado (t-1). As regressões foram estimadas com dados em painel adotando vários métodos computacionais de estimação. As primeiras estimativas revelaram que os anos de escolaridade da educação primária e secundária contribuem para a acumulação do PIB por trabalhador e da PTF nas economias mais afastadas da fronteira tecnológica. Já os anos de escolaridade do ensino superior têm um efeito aumentador do PIB por trabalhador e da PTF nas economias mais próximas da fronteira. Os resultados da tese permitem, então, concluir que o subdesenvolvimento - pelo menos no que se refere à sua face da formação de recursos humanos - apresenta um caráter perverso: aqueles que não estão próximos à fronteira necessitam de esforços ainda maiores para dela se aproximarem / Abstract: In recent years several studies have emphasized the importance of human capital for economic development. However, many of these studies have not incorporated the different stages of development to which the economies are found. In this sense, different degrees of proximity to the technological frontier induce the results of economic policy, so that the global aspects affecting the performance of economies. For this, our research examined the impacts of education policy on the rate of technological progress and the economic growth of countries according to the degree of proximity to the frontier. The most backward economies are demanding more on structural investments in relation to strategic investments in ST&I. In the same direction, other studies such as Vandenbussche, Aghion and Megh (2006) and Aghion, Boustan, Hoxby, and Vandenbussche (2009), reached similar conclusions, indicating the relevance of this research. For this, we constructed a Schumpeterian growth model incorporating on productivity, two sources of improvements adopted by firms: the components of imitation and innovation. The stock of skilled labor is allocated in the innovation activities by firms. Unlike, the stock of labor is unskilled allocated to departments for implementation of management standards and planning, ie, imitation strategies by firms. Each monopolist entrepreneur seeks to maximize its utility function that is defined by expected consumption less costs of hiring skilled labor force and unskilled. Under conditions of maximization are built two demand functions for each factor. The demand of the monopolist entrepreneur in each sector of intermediate inputs is divided in hiring skilled labor and unskilled. The demand function for factor unskilled depends positively on the distance to frontier , ie, to the backward economies, the trade-off between ST & I and investments on technological opportunities (basic infrastructure), becomes the more significant as the distance increases. For the most advanced sectors, the demand for skilled labor can offer a enhanced-growth in relation to the most backward sectors. To measure the stock of skilled and unskilled, were used average years of schooling within each education level: unskilled labor - average years of schooling in primary and secondary level; skilled labor - the average years of schooling in higher education or tertiary level. This database is provided by Barro and Lee (2000) and is built considering the five years between 1960-2000. The estimated model consisted of the regression of ln(TFP), ln(GDP per worker) and the growth rates of GDP per worker with the years of schooling lagged (t-1) and the interaction between schooling and the coefficient of technological gap lagged (t-1). The regressions were estimated with panel data using various computational methods of estimation. Early estimates show that years of schooling of the primary and secondary education contribute to the accumulation of GDP per worker and TFP when the economy is further away from the technological frontier. The estimated parameters showed statistical significance and expected signs with the hypothesis of the investigation. Since the schooling years of higher education (tertiary) have an increased effect of GDP per worker and TFP when the economy approaches the frontier / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

International developments in the area of governance over the past few years have seen an increase in the powers and responsibilities of local authorities. These responsibilities have to a greater extent assumed a developmental dimension. In order for local government to fulfil its constitutional mandate, it has to ensure that services are effectively provided in its area of jurisdiction. They also have to ensure that they do this in as cost-effective a way as possible in order to reach as many beneficiaries as possible, i.e. there is a proportional relationship between the resources of a local authority and its ability to carry out its developmental responsibility. Local government has to manage this huge responsibility with a clear understanding that, increasingly, it is seen as constituting a distinct sphere of government rather than an extension of provincial and national governments. A further implication that local authorities have to grapple with is the problem of insufficient capacity to fulfil their developmental roles. Local authorities have also been assigned a pivotal role in the implementation of the development agenda outlined in the RDP. Local authorities are essential to realising the transformation of the socio-economic landscape of the country. To this end they must ensure the effective delivery of services to communities within their areas of jurisdiction. It is at this level that government is closest to the people; it is this sphere of government which affects their daily lives more directly than any other; and it is only in this sphere of government in South Africa where individual representatives are elected directly from defined geographic constituencies. The new constitutional dispensation offers very little diversion from the international trend referred to above. Councillors and officials within local authorities must find amongst themselves common ground to enable them to serve the long-term interest of communities. Capacity needs to be built in order for local authorities to be able to accomplish their developmental obligation. Councillors and officials need to find a way to develop a shared vision among all stakeholders within their area of jurisdiction. They need to facilitate the forging of relationships with communities, businesses, other spheres of government and the structures of civil society. An achievement of a common vision will enhance effective service delivery and sustainable development in the local authority’s area of jurisdiction. Stakeholder involvement is an essential ingredient for sustainable development. Funding capacity for local authorities remains a major problem in local government. Municipalities may in this regard consider engaging the private sector, i.e. to privatise certain functions in order to effectively provide some of the services. Effective communication and co-operation between councillors and officials is important to ensure the efficient implementation of the community vision and financial management or optimisation of scarce resources. Councillors must be able to work and communicate effectively with the officials who implement their policies and manage the public affairs of the community. Financial management for councillors is not merely accounting or audit practices. It is, in effect, fulfilling the public trust placed in local representatives by the electorate. This brings into the picture the very important aspect of capacity building which is required for local authorities to fulfil their mandate of effective service delivery to residents. Local authorities have to ensure that services are provided to the communities in the most effective way possible and that the benefits of resource optimisation are further reinvested in the interest of the residents. It is a solemn responsibility which, if not handled properly, can result in economic decline, political gridlock and even violent protest against a local authority. / Prof. C.J. Maritz

A new business world is emerging, which every organisation must appreciate and know how to exploit. The concepts of strategy do not need to be rewritten, but must be adapted to this new era. Utilisation of the Internet and human capital to its fullest is transforming the way that business is conducted in achieving its objectives. The key to an organisation’s competitive advantage, is to invest in training, skills enhancement and the personal development of its staff. A requirement of the National Ports Authority is to be committed to basic adult education and preparing employees for re-skilling from the shop floor to the boardroom to ensure it is seen as an equal opportunity employer. The research problem addressed in this study was to determine the factors necessary to achieve strategic advantage using human capital. Relevant literature was used to develop a new model to address some of the issues facing the organisation, as well as ensuring that the National Ports Authority can leverage itself into a competitive advantage. To manage and measure knowledge-based resources is one of the most important challenges for a modern company. This challenge is incorporated in the new model developed by the study. The theoretical model consisted of various factors, which were analysed and formed into principles which were identifiable from the literature study. This model was then used to compile a questionnaire to test the responsiveness of the role players concurring. The empirical results analysed indicated that the respondents concurred with the theoretical study and factors of the new model that was developed.

We revisit the influential economic growth model by Lucas (1988) ["On the mechanics of economic development." Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1):3-42], assuming that households optimally allocate consumption and education over the life-cycle given an exogenous interest rate and exogenous wages. We show that in such a partial equilibrium setting, the original two-state (physical capital and human capital) optimization problem can be decomposed into two single-state optimal control models. This transformation allows us to rigorously prove the existence of a singular control describing the allocation of education time along a balanced growth path. We derive a constructive condition for a singular control to exist and show that under this condition infinitely many singular controls are optimal in the individual household problem. In contrast to the original general equilibrium framework in which an agent always chooses part-time education and part-time work, in our framework such an agent might find it optimal to allocate her whole available time to education at the beginning of her life and to focus on labor supply only when she is older. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

There is a wide acknowledgement that education is a strong contribution to economic growth. Knowledge is considered to have a boosting contribution to production which in turn pushes effectiveness and economic growth to a higher level. This puts knowledge and education in a larger context in society. Education is measured through human capital. Human capital has been considered as least as important as physical capital when making investment decisions. For this reason, it is of interest to study education in relation to economic growth. In this study, I found that there is a significant relationship between education and economic growth through a cross-study analysis. The study is based on data from 35 OECD countries between the period of 2010 and 2015. Although this, the study cannot assume a general conclusion and functions as a theoretical contribution to further studies within the field.

The purpose of the research was to test Walker's assertion that the human resource planning process of an organization is influenced by selected organizational characteristics, and to investigate Walker s typology for implementing and evaluating human resource planning systems. Chapter I introduces the research topic and provides a justification for the study. Chapter II describes the methodology and presents the findings. Chapter III analyzes the findings. The final chapter summarizes the findings and offers conclusions drawn from the research.

This study examines the relationship between reception of remittances and CCT participation. Three hypotheses, predicting a negative relationship between remittances and CCTs, are presented. These are tested by logit regressions based on data from national household surveys from four Latin American countries. The study finds some support for a negative correlation between remittances and CCT participation, but lack of data restricts the possibility of drawing firm conclusions from the study.

This paper presents a theoretical growth model that accounts for technological interdependence among regions in a Mankiw-Romer-Weil world. The reasoning behind the theoretical work is that technological ideas cannot be fully appropriated by investors and these ideas may diffuse and increase the productivity of other firms. We link the diffusion of ideas to spatial proximity and allow for ideas to flow to nearby regional economies. Through the magic of solving for the reduced form of the theoretical model and the magic of spatial autoregressive processes, the simple dependence on a small number of neighbouring regions leads to a reduced form theoretical model and an associated empirical model where changes in a single region can potentially impact all other regions. This implies that conventional regression interpretations of the parameter estimates would be wrong. The proper way to interpret the model has to rely on matrices of partial derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to changes in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil variables, using scalar summary measures for reporting the estimates of the marginal impacts from the model. The summary impact measure estimates indicate that technological interdependence among European regions works through physical rather than human capital externalities.