A história da ocupação recente do Lago Amanã inicia-se nas décadas finais do século XIX com o declínio na produção da borracha brasileira. Após o fim deste ciclo, a economia na região amazônica passou por uma grande diversificação, centrando-se na extração de madeira, pesca, caça (comércio de peles e carne), dentre outros produtos. Com esta mudança na economia extrativista, os regatões que abasteciam o mercado interiorano e, sobretudo, os seringais, passaram a deslocar-se para os interiores em busca de produtos regionais para atender a demanda nas capitais. Desse modo, o capítulo 2 dessa dissertação tem como objetivo realizar uma reconstrução histórica a respeito do processo de ocupação e modo de vida das pessoas que atualmente situam-se na comunidade Boa Esperança (localizada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã) e fornecer detalhes sobre processos que podem influenciar a atividade de caça relatada no capítulo 3. Já o capítulo 3 se propõe a responder as seguintes questões: 1) a variação sazonal do nível dos rios afeta a atividade de caça na área estudada? 2) a preferência alimentar por determinada espécie influencia no abate das demais? Para obter a resposta, foram utilizados dados de monitoramento de caça entre os anos de 2003 e 2014. Uma etapa piloto foi realizada entre setembro e outubro de 2014, com duração de 22 dias para a seleção da comunidade; durante os meses de fevereiro e março de 2015, em 48 dias de campo, realizou-se a primeira etapa de campo para testes metodológicos; a segunda etapa da pesquisa foi realizada nos meses de agosto a outubro do mesmo ano, totalizando 66 dias em campo. Foram selecionados todos os indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade superior a 18 anos e que participassem da atividade de caça no local. Foram realizadas conversas informais que possibilitaram a elaboração do roteiro de história de vida. Somado a essas entrevistas de caráter mais informal, foram realizadas 47 expedições para realizar a observação participante, sendo 11 para caça, 16 para pesca, 19 para agricultura e apenas uma para coleta de madeira. Os dados de caça utilizados no capítulo 3 fazem parte de um sistema de monitoramento de caça a longo prazo chamado de SMUF (Sistema de Monitoramento do Uso da Fauna), realizado entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Para identificar se a variação no nível dos rios causa efeito sobre a atividade de caça local foi utilizado dados fluviométricos do mesmo período. Discriminou-se para todos os animais abatidos sua identificação científica, peso individual, local e data do abate, número de caçadores envolvidos e o tempo de caçada. Para responder à questão central do capítulo 3 utilizamos o teste de correlação de Pearson para compararmos se a biomassa animal coletada e esforço exercido pelos caçadores variam de acordo com a fluviometria local. Buscando averiguar se a fluviometria influi diferentemente no abate de algumas espécies, as mesmas análises foram realizadas separadamente com os cinco animais mais caçados. Os dados do capítulo 2 forneceram informações extremamente importantes para compreender o modo de vida dos moradores da Comunidade Boa Esperança. Apesar da caça ter capacidade de gerar grandes impactos na fauna, nossos dados deram luz a fatores ambientais, culturais e socioeconômicos que são capazes de modificar o modo como os animais são caçados localmente. Os dados do capítulo 3 demonstraram que a relação entre biomassa coletada, esforço despendido e fluviometria variam de acordo com a espécie caçada. De modo geral, isso pode estar associado a diversos fatores: 1) heterogeneidade de habitats, diversidade florística e conectividade das áreas de caça com áreas de igapó e várzea; 2) variações sazonais de produtividade e disponibilidade de alimentos entre as áreas; 3) diferenças no forrageio das espécies; 4) comportamento agregativo de algumas espécies; 5) efeitos da sobrecaça e expansão agrícola. Outro fator que pode ser associado as correlações entre biomassa, esforço e fluviometria é a preferência alimentar. Tendo em vista que as demais comunidades que compõem a RDS Amanã podem possuir diferentes históricos socioeconômicos, ambientais e de vida, temas como a migração de bandos, variação sazonal de abate, preferência alimentar, demanda comercial de carne silvestre e inserção de fontes alternativas de renda merecem ser estudados com mais profundidade para que se possa ter uma real compreensão da dinâmica de caça nas comunidades. Esses estudos serão fundamentais para a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão embasado nas diferentes realidades locais / The history of recent occupation of Amanã Lake starts in the final decades of the nineteenth century with the decline in the production of Brazilian rubber. After the end of this cycle, the economy in the Amazon region went through a major diversification, focusing on logging, fishing, hunting (trade skins and meat), among other products. With this change in the extractive economy, ship supplying the small-town market and, above all, the rubber plantations, began to move to the interior in search of regional products to meet demand in the capital. Thus, Chapter 2 of this dissertation aims to conduct a historical reconstruction about the process of occupation and way of life of the people who currently are in the community Boa Esperança (located in the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve) and provide details about processes that can influence the hunting activity reported in chapter 3 aims to answer the following questions: 1) the seasonal variation in the level of rivers affects the hunting activity in the study area? 2) food preference for particular species influences the slaughter of others? For the answer, hunting monitoring data were used between 2003 and 2014. A pilot phase was conducted between September and October 2014, lasting 22 days for the selection of the community; during the months of February and March 2015 in 48 field days, held the first field stage for methodological tests; the second stage of the research was conducted from August to October of that year, a total of 66 days in the field. selected were all males over the age of 18 and who participate in the hunting activity on site. Informal talks were held which enabled the development of the life story script. Added to these more informal character interviews, 47 shipments were made to perform participant observation, 11 for hunting, fishing 16, 19 for agriculture and only one for timber harvesting. The game data used in Chapter 3 are part of a long-term game monitoring system called SMUF (Monitoring System of the Wildlife Use), conducted between 2002 and 2014. To identify the variation in the level of rivers cause effect on the local hunting activity was used streamflow data from the same period. Discriminated to all animals slaughtered their scientific identification, individual weight, place and date of slaughter, the number of hunters involved and the hunting time. To answer the central question of Chapter 3 used the Pearson correlation test to compare the animal biomass collected and effort deployed by hunters vary according to the local seasonality. Seeking to establish whether the seasonality influence differently in the slaughter of some species, the same analyzes were performed separately with the five animals most hunted. The Chapter 2 Data provided extremely important information to understand the way of life of the residents of the Community Boa Esperança. Despite the game have the ability to generate large impacts on wildlife, our data gave birth to environmental, cultural and socio-economic factors that are able to modify the way the animals are hunted locally. The chapter 3 data showed that the relationship between collected biomass, effort expended and seasonality vary according to the hunted species. In general, this may be associated with several factors: 1) heterogeneity of habitats, floristic diversity and connectivity of hunting areas with areas of igapó and floodplains; 2) seasonal variations in productivity and food availability between areas; 3) differences in foraging species; 4) affiliative behavior of some species; 5) effects of overhunting and agricultural expansion. Another factor that may be associated correlations between biomass, effort and seasonality is food preference. Given that the other communities that make up the RDS Amanã may have different socioeconomic backgrounds, environmental and life issues such as migration flocks, seasonal variation of slaughter, food preference, commercial demand for bushmeat and inclusion of alternative sources of income they deserve to be studied in greater depth so that you can have a real understanding of the dynamics of hunting in communities. These studies will be fundamental to the development of a management plan grounded in the different local realities

Uma das principais dúvidas do pensamento moderno da conservação ambiental é se áreas naturais podem ser conservadas, se for dado direito de exploração dos recursos naturais dessas áreas a grupos de pessoas. Parte da comunidade científica considera negativa, aos propósitos de conservação, a permanência de populações humanas em áreas protegidas. Verifica-se que mesmo modelos de utilização do espaço e dos recursos naturais voltados essencialmente para a subsistência e com pequena demanda comercial, reduzem mais o habitat de várias espécies e apresentam níveis de exploração que podem extinguir populações silvestres. Outra parte da comunidade científica considera que, em regiões tropicais, essa postura restritiva, autoritária e dependente de fiscalização repressiva, não tem sido eficaz. Esta postura discrimina populações tradicionais e as impede de reproduzir seu modo de vida, desenvolvendo nestas uma postura anticonservacionista, que as leva à práticas predatórias do meio ambiente como meio de garantir sua subsistência e não cair na marginalidade ou na indigência. Diante de tais circunstâncias, o presente estudo objetivou conhecer as condições demográficas atuais das espécies silvestres alvos de caça, das características da atividade de caça praticada e dos possíveis limites sustentáveis da utilização da fauna existente para subsistência na porção norte do Parque Estadual da Serra Mar (PESM), em São Paulo. As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de junho de 2002 e julho de 2005. As densidades dos vertebrados cinegéticos foram calculadas utilizando o método de transecções lineares, e estimaram-se os tamanhos populacionais e a produtividade passível de caça sustentável. Compararam-se estes dados aos valores de pressão de caça (monitoramento e questionários) e ao consumo protéico da comunidade local para discussão da sustentabilidade da atividade atual. Os resultados indicaram que vários fatores comprometem a sustentabilidade da atividade de caça de subsistência na Serra do Mar. As densidades das populações humanas são altas e, consequentemente, acarretam níveis de pressão de caça e necessidade de ingestão protéica acima dos valores toleráveis pela produtividade da comunidade de vertebrados cinegéticos estimados pelo modelo. Com a meta de conservar as espécies ameaçadas pela atividade de caça e, concomitantemente, os recursos utilizados pela população humana local, recomenda-se a intensificação da fiscalização a fim de coibir a atividade de caça, ao menos temporariamente, até que pesquisas futuras possam determinar melhoras nas condições demográficas das espécies silvestres, estabelecendo limites sustentáveis de uso mais elevados, permitindo o estreitamento das relações entre as populações humanas e as Unidades de Conservação, maximizando a eficiência dos propósitos de preservação da diversidade biológica. / One of the main doubts of the modern nature conservation thought is if natural areas can be conserved, even if the right of resources exploitation, in these areas, is given to local people. A group of scientific community considers harmful the permanence of human populations inside protected areas. They found that systems of land use and the natural resources use, essentially toward to the subsistence and with low commercial demand, decreases the home range of some species and present exploration levels that can extinguish wild populations. Another part of scientific community considers that, in tropical regions, this restrictive, authoritarian and posture dependent of repressive police, has not been efficient. This posture discriminates the traditional populations and hinders them to reproduce its way of life, developing in those an anticonservationist attitude, that take them to environment predatory practices to guarantee their subsistence and not to fall in the marginality or poverty. The present study aim to know the current demographic conditions of the game species, the characteristics of hunting patterns and the possible sustainable limits of fauna use for subsistence in Serra do Mar, São Paulo. Game vertebrates densities were calculated using line-transect method, then the population sizes and the sustainable harvest rate were estimated from June 2002 to July 2005. These data were compared with the hunting pressure (from monitoring and questionnaires methods) and with the local community protein consumption, to discuss the sustainability of the current hunting activity. The results indicated that a lot of factors compromise the sustainability of the subsistence hunting practice in Serra do Mar. The local human population density is high, therefore causing levels of hunting pressure and necessity of protein ingestion over the sustainable limits of game vertebrates offtake estimated by the model. With the goal, at the same time, to conserve the threatened species of hunting practice and the resources used by the local human population, intensification of police is recommended, in order to restrain poaching activity, until future researches can determine better demographic conditions of game species, establishing higher limits of sustainable use, allowing narrow relationship between human populations and the protected areas, maximizing the efficiency of the purpose of biological diversity conservation.

No description available.

Large carnivores are in global decline, chiefly resultant of anthropogenic persecution, habitat reduction and disturbance. Fosas represent Madagascar's largest carnivore, occupying much of the island's forest. This thesis examines the threats of bushmeat hunting, retaliatory killing, habitat alteration and exotic species using sociological and remote-sensing methodologies. Habitat degradation was not associated with reduced fosa occupancy, indicating some resilience within large, contiguous forests. However, competition with exotic species (cats, dogs) was associated with reduced fosa occupancy and potential temporal shifts towards greater nocturnality. Poor households were more likely to consume protected species. Conversely, wealthier households consumed more fish and eel. This pattern is reflected in Malagasy reported taste preference to consume domesticated animals and certain legally hunted wild species. Protected areas were not associated with reduced protected species consumption. Fosas' predation was a major cause of rural poultry mortality. Predation was more likely to occur in deciduous forests, in the dry season, during the evening. Fosa predation, and lower education was associated with negative Malagasy attitudes. Wealthy households, and those that had experienced fosa predation were most likely to retaliatory kill a fosa. Strategies to safeguard fosas' long-term persistence should seek to improve domestic husbandry, build robust coops with the use of watchdogs, promote education, and reduce exotic species abundance.

Rangifer have the greatest circumpolar distribution of any living ungulate and have played an important role in the lives of many Arctic Indigenous communities for thousands of years. Given the prolific nature of Rangifer remains in many Arctic archaeological contexts, and their continued importance in many contemporary Arctic Indigenous societies, this species has the potential to be an important source of information about past Arctic human-animal-environment interactions. Given the noted influence of local and global climatic shifts on Rangifer ecology in the present, knowledge of the palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of such a key prey-species, coupled with an indication of palaeoclimatic context, may provide valuable insights into animal-human interactions, human subsistence activities and landscape use in the past. The aims of this thesis are three-fold. The first is to explore Rangifer isotopic variability, and to indicate the utility of this species as a palaeoclimatic proxy, by isotopically analysing modern samples from across the circumpolar North. The second aim is to investigate the palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of caribou from the pre-contact Little Ice Age (15th–17th century AD) Yup'ik village site of Nunalleq, Western Alaska, in order to determine their ranging patterns and to identify if these patterns are similar to those seen in modern caribou in the area today. The third aim brings both of these aims together in order to undertake the first multi-isotopic investigation of archaeological Rangifer in North America to provide an indication of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic context of Nunalleq. This information, in conjunction with the caribou palaeoecological and palaeogeographical knowledge, will inform on caribou-environment and caribou-human interactions at the site. To that end, bulk bone bioapatite δ18OCO3 and δ18OPO4, and bulk bone collagen δ13C, δ15N and δ34S isotope analysis is undertaken on Rangifer from five modern herds from across the circumpolar North to explore the relationships between stable isotope ratios and environmental factors. The data presented here suggest that Rangifer bioapatite δ18O is a potentially useful proxy for regional climate. Intra and inter-population variability in these isotopic systems suggests the potential of using these to distinguish between herds and environments, particularly δ18O and δ34S. Sequential strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18OCO3) isotope data from caribou (Rangifer sp.) tooth enamel from Nunalleq are analysed in order to reconstruct caribou movement patterns in this region during the Little Ice Age. The data presented here suggests these Nunalleq caribou undertook some seasonal movements. Comparison with observational data of the local herd in the region today suggests a shift in calving area and range use between the late Holocene period represented by the site and the present day. Finally, bulk bone bioapatite δ18OPO4 and bulk bone collagen δ13C and δ15N on caribou from the site are used to reconstruct palaeotemperature for the area surrounding Nunalleq and to inform on additional palaeoenvironmental considerations. The data generated in this thesis provide new empirical data for future research in isotope zooarchaeology and significant baseline data for use in palaeodietary and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of fossil Rangifer. The isotopic data complement the wealth of data derived from other research at Nunalleq, illuminating the influence of changing climatic conditions on prey-species palaeoecology and human–animal interactions at the site.

Faculty of Science School of Geography,Archaeology and Enviromental Studies 0310392a smami2003@yahoo.co.uk / Points are often the most abundant retouched lithics in MSA collections yet very little research has been done on their functions, especially in southern Africa where it has always been assumed that points were spears. This paper reports on the results of a technological analysis of two types of points from Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa. The study aims at examining the possibility that thick, broad points from various post-Howiesons Poort layers dating between 50 000 and 28 000 years ago were used as spearheads that were thrust at prey, while the narrow, thin points from one of the final MSA layers, Dc, (between 31 000 and 29 000 years old), were used as arrowheads that may have transported poison to prey. The results indicate that the former type of points were more likely to have been used as spearheads while the latter type were more likely to have been arrowheads.

Excerpt: National Public Radio’s All Things Considered recently featured a piece by Annie Baxter called “Fear Is The Biggest Hurdle For Some Job Seekers” (February 16, 2012). This feature presented a hurdle that most people probably do not realize exists; namely, that for many long-term job-seekers, the fear of going back to work is quite real and intimidating.

Focusing on the relationship between demography and sedentary behavior, this thesis explores changes to mobility strategies on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America between 11,000 and 5,000 cal BP. Drawing on a regional database of radiocarbon dates, it uses summed probability distributions (SPDs) of calibrated dates as a proxy for population change, in combination with syntheses of previously published technological, paleo environmental and settlement pattern data to test three hypotheses derived from the literature about the development of logistic mobility among maritime hunter-gatherers on the Northern Coast. In all, each of the hypotheses proposes that early peoples on the coast were foragers that utilized high levels of residential mobility, who later adopted collector (logistic) strategies. Two of the hypotheses emphasize the role of population growth and/or packing and resource distribution in this transformation, while the third emphasizes population replacement. Other issues addressed within this thesis are whether or not the forager-collector continuum, as it is used for terrestrial hunter-gatherers, can be applied to those in aquatic settings. Also explored, is the question of whether the available data is sufficient for making and/or testing claims about early mobility patterns in the region. The results of the demographic models suggest that while population levels were volatile, volatility declined through time and that there is no significant trend in either growth or decline of overall population levels throughout the region. This thesis also confirmed that significant changes to mobility, as evidenced by the emergence of semi-sedentary to sedentary living, begin to appear by ~7,000 cal BP. However, there appears to be little, if any correlation between the advent of more sedentary and logistic behavior and any of the variables tested here. Thus this author suggests, in agreement with Ames (1985; 2004) and Binford (2001) that the distribution of resources and labor organization needs within aquatic environments are sufficient without any other drivers for the development and intensification of logistic mobility. The principle analytic contribution of this research comes from the demographic modeling that relied on the construction of summed probability distributions. Though these methods have become commonplace in other settings (namely Europe), this thesis presents the first application of these methods within the time period and region covered. Moreover, this research is one of the only of its kind to address demographic histories within coastal landscapes that utilizes both marine and terrestrial 14C samples. In order to explore possible biases within the database, comparisons of marine and terrestrial SPDs were made between sub-sections of the region (i.e. Haida Gwaii, Southeast Alaska and the Dundas Islands). Though patterning between each of these areas was consistent, these comparative methods revealed an unexpected finding; a massive population crash throughout the region that began between ~9,000-8,800 cal BP and lasted till around 8,400 cal BP. Importantly, this crash was witnessed within all of the individual sub-areas and within SPDs made from both the marine and terrestrial 14C samples, though the reasons behind this collapse and verification of its existence require future research. However, finding this collapse at all further highlighted the need for use of correctly calibrated 14C dates, as the gap in 14C dates effectively disappears when using uncalibrated dates, which has been a longstanding tradition within Northwest archaeology.

Objectives of this research were (1) to describe fee hunting as it is currently practiced in Utah and (2) to assess the adequacy of fee hunting efforts in addressing the problems of wildlife habitat and hunter access on private land. To collect information, Utah landowners who charged for deer (Odocoileus hemionus) or elk (Cervus elaphus) hunting in 1986 were surveyed by telephone and mail. Compared to the average Utah livestock rancher, those involved in fee hunting have larger livestock operations and have owned their property longer. They are Utah natives. Fee hunting is concentrated in northern Utah where foothill and mountain rangelands are privately owned. There is great diversity in the way fee hunting is organized and managed. Hunting opportunities sold by lease usually include few services and require hunters to post and patrol the property. Hunts sold by permit may include more services and be personally managed by the rancher. In general, fee hunting in Utah is differentiated from public land hunting by the availability of more acres per hunter rather than by special services or trophy animals. Fee hunting serves mostly resident hunters. Average net annual cash income is $6587, or $0.66 per acre. The most common expenses incurred are for road and facility (fence, campsite) maintenance and vehicle costs. Highest expenses are those associated with providing services. Landowners initiated fee hunting in order to gain control over trespassing and cover the costs of having hunters on their property. Most do not buy liability insurance. Fee hunting is expanding the number and types of hunting opportunities and is meeting the needs of landowners to minimize costs of trespassing and hunters. However, fee hunting is not stimulating investments in wildlife habitat improvement. Because of intermingling landownerships and the migratory nature of deer and elk in Utah, investments in wildlife habitat or management have an uncertain return. It is unlikely that fee hunting can provide adequate incentives for improving wildlife habitat without substantial policy changes to enhance the ability of landowners to capture a return on such investments.

One often wishes to understand the probability distribution of stochastic data from experiment or computer simulations. However, where no model is given, practitioners must resort to parametric or non-parametric methods in order to gain information about the underlying distribution. Others have used initially a nonparametric estimator in order to understand the underlying shape of a set of data, and then later returned with a parametric method to locate the peaks. However they are interested in estimating spectra, which may have multiple peaks, where in this work we are interested in approximating the peak position of a single-peak probability distribution. One method of analyzing a distribution of data is by fitting a curve to, or smoothing them. Polynomial regression and least-squares fit are examples of smoothing methods. Initial understanding of the underlying distribution can be obscured depending on the degree of smoothing. Problems such as under and oversmoothing must be addressed in order to determine the shape of the underlying distribution. Furthermore, smoothing of skewed data can give a biased estimation of the peak position. We propose two new approaches for statistical mode estimation based on the assumption that the underlying distribution has only one peak. The first method imposes the global constraint of unimodality locally, by requiring negative curvature over some domain. The second method performs a search that assumes a position of the distribution's peak and requires positive slope to the left, and negative slope to the right. Each approach entails a constrained least-squares fit to the raw cumulative probability distribution. We compare the relative efficiencies [12] of finding the peak location of these two estimators for artificially generated data from known families of distributions Weibull, beta, and gamma. Within each family a parameter controls the skewness or kurtosis, quantifying the shapes of the distributions for comparison. We also compare our methods with other estimators such as the kernel-density estimator, adaptive histogram, and polynomial regression. By comparing the effectiveness of the estimators, we can determine which estimator best locates the peak position. We find that our estimators do not perform better than other known estimators. We also find that our estimators are biased. Overall, an adaptation of kernel estimation proved to be the most efficient. The results for the work done in this thesis will be submitted, in a different form, for publication by D.A. Rabson and J.K. Looper.