Nous proposons de contribuer par une approche géographique à l’étude du phénomène d’émergence de maladies virales en Afrique forestière équatoriale en nous appuyant sur les origines probables de l’infection à VIH-sida. Le Virus d’Immunodéficience Humaine (VIH), responsable de la pandémie actuelle de sida, est d’origine zoonotique. Né de la recombinaison des formes simiennes de rétrovirus, le virus humain (VIH) est issu du passage de la barrière inter-espèces des agents viraux portés par les primates (Virus d’Immunodéficience Simienne - VIS) et qui ont été sélectionnés au fil des temps et à l’occasion d’expositions multiples et prolongées aux organismes humains.L’objet de ce travail est la lecture du processus d’émergence des maladies virales comme un système dans lequel interagissent dynamiques spatiales, aspects humains et paramètres environnementaux. Il s’agit d’explorer la piste des origines de l’émergence du VIH-sida sous le prisme d’une étude géographique : les habitudes migratoires, territoriales, domestiques des populations forestières de l’est Cameroun peuvent créer des situations périlleuses en termes d’exposition, de diffusion et de propagation des maladies virales. / Through a geographical approach, we propose to contribute to the study of viral disease emergence in the equatorial African forestry by focusing on the probable original causes of the HIV-Aids virus. The Human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for the current Aids pandemic has zoonotic origins. Born from the recombination of several forms of simian retroviruses, the human virus (HIV) comes from the crossing of the inter-species barrier by viral agents carried by the primates (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - VIS) and which have over time been selected and following multiple exposures and extended to the human organisms.The subject of this work is treating the viral diseases emergence process as a system within which spatial dynamics, human aspects and environmental parameters interact. This requires exploring the origins of the emergence of HIV-aids, through the prism of a geographical study: migration, territorial, and domestic patterns of east Cameroonian forestry can create perilous situations in terms of exposure, diffusion and propagation of viral diseases.

The purpose of my diploma thesis is to analyze the hunting legislation in the Czech Republic. The legislation regulates the hunt and game keeping as one part of the environmental law. It is also closely connected to administrative law. This thesis consists of eight chapters. First two chapters provide an introduction to historical traditions, principles and development of Czech hunting legislation. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union, so the third chapter deals with the hunting legislation in the international and European context and describes the international cooperation between states. The most important international organizations protecting wildlife are also mentioned. The fourth chapter contains the analysis of the effective Hunting Law. This chapter provides legal definitions connected to game management and the division of the wild game. Divided into eight parts it describes the main areas of the hunting legislation. It focuses on the use of the hunting plots, rights of landowners, protection of game management and wild game. It also regulates liability of the owners of hunting plots to damages, criminal liability and liability according to the administrative law. Liability of the state for damages caused by especially protected animals is also regulated. This chapter...

103 Summary This diploma thesis is focused on development of the game keeping law from the second half of the eighteenth century till the twentieth century. In the first part of the thesis, in order to provide a comprehensive view on the given issue, a summary of legal development of game keeping law before the year 1754 is outlined, including the oldest legal sources, beginning with "honební regál" issued by Boleslav I. and others. The period of the Thirty Years' War, during which a large downsizing of game ocurred, consequently servingas a basis for "Hunting order" issued by Ferdinand III. on 14th December 1641, prohibiting hunting for three following years and implementing a lot of protective measures, was not omitted. That part of this thesis demonstrates how the contents of gaming is subject to changes over time. At first, gaming was viewed as a sovereign's privilege, afterwards also aristocracy got to enjoy it. Later on, gaming began to include breeding and protection of game itself as well. The major part of the thesis is dedicated to modern laws. Firstly, game keeping law from the government period of Marie Therese and her son Joseph II. is introduced. During these times gaming was subject to economic needs of the monarchy and dangle downsizing of game took place again. Subsequently the attention is...

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016. / ABSTRACT Sibudu rock shelter was occupied by hunter gatherer groups of modern humans during the Middle Stone Age between 77 and 38 000 (38 ka) years ago. Sibudu is in the summer rainfall region and is situated about 15 km inland of the eastern coast of South Africa. The site includes technological industries such as Still Bay and Howiesons Poort that are distinguished by specific stone tool types. Woody taxa identified from archaeological charcoal in this site, indicate changes in vegetation and wood use. Archaeological charcoal specimens, specifically from hearths on three putative occupation floors, were analysed for behavioural information about wood selection and use. Two of the stratigraphic layers, BYA2 (i) and SPCA, are approximately 58 ka old and the MOD layer is approximately 49 ka old. All three layers contain tools from the post-Howiesons Poort industry. Identifications of woody taxa were made by means of a comparative charcoal reference collection and the InsideWood database. Charcoal was studied under stereo and reflective light microscopes. Woody taxa identified confirmed that the coldest, driest phase of occupation was at approximately 58 ka. Bushveld woods, including five Acacia types, have been identified in charcoal from MOD layer, ~49 ka. The vegetation mosaic was different from today’s coastal forest and savanna near Sibudu. The availability of natural wood around Sibudu, visible in the type of wood burnt in hearths, has changed since 58 ka and 49 ka for either climatic or anthropogenic reasons or for a combination of these. In all three layers, the wood bundles include tinder, fuel, and a selection of woody plants that today are known to have medicinal bark, leaves and wood. People may have selected wood for burning properties (for example, temperature, light and coal production) and for medicine. Woods suitable for making firesticks for starting fires by means of friction are present. Wood from Spirostachys africana (tambotie) occurs in one hearth in each of the three layers. Since Spirostachys africana is normally avoided in cooking fires as it is poisonous, this suggests that the wood was selected deliberately and burnt for insecticidal smoke or other medicinal purposes. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus (syn. T. camphoratus) charcoal occurred in layer SPCA. This adds to the previous evidence of the use of aromatic plants at Sibudu, where sedge bedding was topped with aromatic, insecticidal Cryptocarya woodii (river-quince) leaves (Wadley et al. 2011. Science 334 (6061): 1388-1391). Wood use is different between hearths and surrounding sediments and between occupations dating 58 ka and 49 ka. Keywords: phytomedicine, Sibudu, Spirostachys africana, Acacia, charcoal analysis, wood anatomy / LG2017

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Archaeology of the University of Witwatersrand in 2017. / Over the past decade a new method of statistical shape analysis, geometric morphometrics, has been applied to the study of artefact shapes. Later Stone Age (LSA) tanged stone arrowheads, hypothesized to act as stylistic markers among prehistoric southern African hunter-gatherer groups, have been analysed with geometric morphometrics and reveal spatially coherent variations in their shape. After being tested against several variables that may have had an effect on arrowhead shape, these stylistic spatial variations could very well indicate large scale linguistic or other kinds of boundaries between different elements of prehistoric San populations. Understanding them can shed light on the social and economic organization of southern African hunter-gatherers during the later Holocene. / LG2017

Gotska Sandön is the Baltic ocean’s most isolated island, located approximately 40 kilometres north from the closest civilisation. Today the island serves as a national park and a tourist attraction. The remoteness has made the island a difficult place to reach both in the past and today. Yet, excavations on the island show that human activity existed long before tourists arrived.                     The study observes Gotska Sandön through a long-term perspective by examining the osteological and archaeological findings from the island. The study is part of a larger project conducted by Uppsala university and Södertörns högskola. The purpose of the study is to examine the historic human activity on the island to determine the island’s importance for humans in the past. Therefore, this paper examines all ages where human activity can be traced, resulting in a perspective from the stone age to present-time.         Results indicate human activity through different eras where the island has worked as a hunting ground as well as a place for rituals such as funeral sites. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that the island has had different meanings through different times, ritual such as functional. The study finds a strong connection between human activity and seal hunting throughout the ages and indicates the impact seal hunting has had for human survival.

Com base em pesquisa feita entre os Zoé, essa dissertação tem o intuito de contribuir com o entendimento sobre panema. Enfatizam-se os aspectos olfativos para argumentar a importância dos aspectos sensíveis como fundamentos da paniem. Paniem é entendida como uma relação entre homens e caças. Uma relação que opera outras relações: entre diferentes caçadores; entre caçadores e homens paniem; entre homens e mulheres; etc. Com base nessas relações, são descritas diferenças de saberes e prestígios entre as pessoas. / This is based on research done among the Zo\'é, the dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of the panema. The olfactory aspects are emphasized to argue the importance of the sensitive aspects as pani\'em fundamentals. Pani\'em is understood as a relation between men and prey. A relationship that operates other relationships: between different hunters; between hunters and pani\'em men; Between men and women; etc. Based on these relationships, differences of knowledge and prestige among people are described.

Por um cunho bibliográfico, esta tese se debruça sobre as caçadas de certas etnografias da Amazônia indígena buscando compreender as relações, aí estabelecidas, entre as perspectivas da predação e da familiarização. Trata-se de um ensaio comparativo, inspirado no método lévi-straussiano da análise dos mitos, que justapõe para o cotejo e a análise as etnografias [1] da caça yudjá aos porcos, [2] da caça coletiva dos Arara, [3] dos mitos yaminawa sobre os encontros cinegéticos e [4] da caça awá-guajá aos guaribas. A análise comparativa das etnografias sustentará, nas considerações finais deste texto, uma proposta nova para o entendimento dos conceitos de predação e familiarização. / From a bibliographic imprint, the present dissertation bend on the hunting of certain ethnographies from the indigenous Amazonia, seeking for understanding the relationships, there establish, between the perspectives of predation and familiarization. This is a comparative essay, inspired by Lévi-Straussian method for the analysis, which juxtaposes for collation and review the ethnographies [1] of Yudjá hunting to pigs, [2] the collective hunting of the Arara people, [3] the Yaminawa\'s myths of hunting and [4] the Awá-Guajá hunting to howler monkeys. At the ultimate remarks of this manuscript, the comparative analysis of the ethnografies will sustain a different proposal to comprehend the concepts of predation and familiarization.

Espécies invasoras apresentam características vantajosas sobre espécies nativas o que pode torná-las uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade. O javali (Sus scrofa), é considerado uma das piores espécies invasoras no mundo devido ao alto impacto que causa nos ecossistemas naturais. A caça é a estratégia de controle mais usada, sendo sua efetividade variável. Determinar a efetividade de uma estratégia de controle num local específico implica estudar as características da população invasora assim como a pressão de caça nela exercida. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a caça legal como forma de controle da população de javalis na Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Capão Bonito no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram utilizadas armadilhas fotográficas para estimar o tamanho dos grupos de javalis, assim como levantadas informações de presença de javalis por detecção de vestígios ao longo da área de estudo. Características da população foram obtidas a partir dos indivíduos abatidos e de literatura. A intensidade da caça foi informada pelo caçador e vizinhos da FLONA forneceram informações complementares sobre danos causados pela espécie. Há indícios de diminuição depois da liberação da caça. No entanto, não há evidencia quantitativa suficiente de que o controle esteja sendo efetivo. Imprecisões nas estimativas podem ser diminuídas com estudos específicos das características populacionais e comportamentais ao longo do tempo, além de estudos que possam incluir a magnitude da caça ilegal. / Invasive species have advantageous traits over native species which may turn them into one of the most important threats to biodiversity. Wild boar (Sus scofa) is considered one of the worst invasive species of the world due to the high impact over natural ecosystems. Worldwide, hunting is the most used control strategy with variable efficacy. In order to determine the efficacy of a control strategy it is necessary to evaluate the invasive population traits and the hunting impact. This work aims to studying the legal hunting effectiveness as a control method of wild boar population at the National Forest of Capão Bonito, São Paulo, Brazil. Cameras traps were used to estimate group size and transects were used to detect vestiges in the study area. Population characteristics were obtained from hunted specimens and from literature review. The hunting pressure was informed by the hunter and neighbors provided additional information about damages caused by the species. There is evidence of the wild boar population reduction after the beginning of hunting. However, there are no sufficient quantitative evidence about such impact. The accuracy of the results presented in this work could be improved by the development of further research in population and behavioral characteristics including the potential impact of illegal hunting.

In this dissertation, I explore how male university graduates in Lahore go about securing mainly government employment. Ethnographic exploration of what seems to be an individual quest in the temporal juncture between completing a degree and securing full time employment is in fact an intensively social and political process. Participant observation of these career-building endeavors in and around a hostel, an ‘academy,’ and in a call center speaks to the way graduates orient themselves and endeavor to create their future in a stratified society. Accounts of experiences of job seekers reveal how different forms of capital are mobilized in educational processes. The goal that shapes aspirations and strategies is that of elite government service, indicative of a time of anemic economic growth and perceived political instability. The state then sets the standard for achievement of graduates’ career goals, motivated by security, status, and stability. Thus, the state looms large in the ways young men figure their future, in a way, becoming an arbiter in an encounter between job seekers and the structure of power relations. That is, unemployed graduates need to become worthy or achieve merit, adjusting or cultivating one’s habitus in order to get there. The foregoing suggests power relations in the eyes of young men are configured not only through social or cultural capital but by political capital. I thus highlight power in the self-making process that produces what I argue could be seen as a culturally-specific middle class subjectivity. I make the case for a ‘habitus’ that can be cultivated and shaped by political and economic conditions, loosening theory’s conceptual rigidity while highlighting the ways it mediates the temporal juncture between education and employment.