The use of byproducts and industrial waste as pozzolanic, is an alternative to achieve the sustainability, economy and durability in concrete structures. This survey has as its purpose to analyze the effect on mechanical, elastic and deformation properties on concrete with a high level of granulated slag from blast furnace and fly ash in place of Portland bulk cement. The use of high levels of mineral additions has the purpose of increasing the durability and reducing the consumption of cement, the use of hydrated lime aims to activating these adittions, restore part of the calcium hydroxide consumed by the pozzolanic reactions, increasing the initial and final strength to the mixtures. This way, three mixtures of concrete have been studied: one of them without mineral additions, only using Portland cement (CP V-ARI), taken as a control, with relations a/c 0.40, 0.60 and 0.83, and two mixtures with mineral additions in place of cement in equal mass, with 70% of slag and 20% of fly ash, being one of them with addition of 20% of hydrated lime on the mass of binders in addition to the cement, both to the relations a/mc 0.30/0.33, 0.40 and 0.49, which have been renamed as R, EV and EVC. Tests were held to resistance to axial compression in bodies of evidence (10x20cm) the ages of 07 28, 91 and 300 days, whose results range from 18.2 MPa and 81 MPa, tests of resistance to traction by diametral compression and module of elasticity at 28, 91 and 300 days, as well as tests of total shrinkage on prismatic bodies of evidence (10x10x30 cm) at 28, 91, 180 and 300 days. The results of mechanical, elastic and strain resistance have been also correlated with some intervening and independent variables, as well as some existing regulatory requirements. The results have been analyzed to each trace individually, in relation to the control traces, in relation to the evolution of the resistance, effectiveness of the use of the hydrated lime and in equal relationship a/mc 0.4. In the analysis of the equal relationship a/mc 0.400, in the case of reference concrete, in the initial age, the resistance to the axial compression of the concrete EV was, in media, 72% of the one presented by it, being the resistance to the EVC 55%, and in the final age, 65% and 50% respectively. In the case of the traction by diametral compression, to 28 days the concrete EV presented 76% of the resistance of the reference, and the concrete EVC 58%. This relation to 300 days was 80% and 61% respectively. To the elasticity module, to 28 days, the concrete EV presented 82% and the EVC 70% of the result obtained by the reference mixture, maintaining this proportion until the final age (300 days). In the analysis of the total retraction, the concrete EV presented an inferior retraction 10% inferior to the reference trace, while the concrete EVC to 300 days presents a good retraction 16% superior to it. The observation through the conjuncture of the results found shows a satisfactory relation among the different traces studied, making feasible the use of high levels of mineral additions in substitution to the large portion of cement in bulk. / A utilização de subprodutos e resíduos industriais como pozolanas, é uma alternativa para atingir a sustentabilidade, economia e durabilidade em estruturas de concreto. Esta pesquisa possui o objetivo de analisar os efeitos nas propriedades mecânicas, elásticas e de deformação em concretos com elevados teores de escória granulada de alto-forno e cinza volante em substituição ao cimento Portland em massa. O uso de altos teores de adições minerais tem por fim o aumento da durabilidade e redução do consumo de cimento, tendo o uso de cal hidratada a finalidade de ativar estas adições, repor parte do hidróxido de cálcio consumido pelas reações pozolânicas, aumentando as resistências iniciais e finais das misturas. Desta forma, estudaram-se três misturas de concreto: uma sem adições minerais, somente com cimento Portland (CP V-ARI), tomada como referência, com relações a/c 0.40, 0.60 e 0.83, e duas misturas com adições minerais em substituição ao cimento em igual massa, com 70% de escória e 20% de cinza volante, sendo uma delas com adição de 20% de cal hidratada em relação á massa de aglomerantes em adição ao cimento, ambas para relações a/mc 0.30/0.33, 0.40 e 0.49, as quais foram renomeadas como R, EV e EVC. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência a compressão axial em corpos de prova (10x20 cm) nas idades de 07, 28, 91 e 300 dias, cujos resultados variaram entre 18.2 MPa e 81 MPa, ensaios de resistência a tração por compressão diametral e módulo de elasticidade aos 28, 91 e 300 dias, assim como ensaios de retração total em corpos de prova prismáticos (10x10x30 cm) aos 28, 91, 180 e 300 dias. Também se correlacionou os resultados das resistências mecânicas, elásticas e de deformação com algumas variáveis intervenientes e independentes apresentadas, assim como com algumas prescrições normativas existentes. Os resultados foram analisados para cada traço individualmente, em relação aos traços referências, em relação à evolução da resistência, eficiência do uso da cal hidratada e em igualdade de relação a/mc 0.4. Na análise de igualdade de relação a/mc 0.400, em relação ao concreto referência, na idade inicial, a resistência a compressão axial do concreto EV foi, em média, 72% da apresentada por este, sendo a resistência do EVC 55%, e na idade final, 65% e 50%, respectivamente. Em relação à resistência a tração por compressão diametral, aos 28 dias o concreto EV apresentava 76% da resistência do referência, e o concreto EVC 58%. Esta relação, aos 300 dias foi de 80% e 61% respectivamente. Para o módulo de elasticidade, aos 28 dias, o concreto EV apresentou 82% e o EVC 70% do resultado obtido pela mistura referência, mantendo-se esta proporção até a idade final (300 dias). Na análise da retração total, o concreto EV apresentou uma retração 10% inferior ao traço referência, enquanto o concreto EVC aos 300 dias apresentou uma retração 16% superior ao mesmo. A observação através da conjuntura dos resultados obtidos demonstra uma satisfatória relação entre os diferentes traços estudados, viabilizando o uso de elevados teores de adições minerais em substituição a grande parcela de cimento em massa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2140887 bytes, checksum: c11c1548ce3cc21faa5903962434d637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main focus of this work was to study the influence of physical properties and of a cementing agent in structuring the sand fraction of a sandy soil, considering binaries packing systems applied to glass spheres and to a soil artificially prepared from two natural soils sand fractions. The study covered the following topics: (i) to establish packing curves for binary systems of the artificial soil and glass spheres; (ii) to characterize the mechanical strength and hydraulic conductivity of binary systems of the artificial soil; (iii) to study the influence of the cementing agent Hydrated lime in the artificial soil binary packing systems; (iv) to verify the influence of the artificial soil morphological properties through the comparison of the results of the present testing program and previous research including the parameters density, penetration resistance and soil hydraulic conductivity; and (v) to develop and operationalize a system for capturing images of grains of sand. The soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment for obtaining clean sand fractions which were separated by sieving through twenty-one sieve classes encompassing the diameter range of 0.053 to 2.000 mm. Sequentially, morphometric characterization tests were carried out in the sand fractions, as well as binary packing studies were performed in the sand fractions and in the glass spheres. The main results were: (i) binaries packing of glass spheres and artificial soil clean sand fractions reached a point of maximum density in a composition of approximately 30% of smaller particles; (ii) binaries packing of glass spheres showed larger density gains until the relationship between the larger diameter (D) and the minor diameter (d) was close to 6, and above this value, increases in density occurred to a lesser proportion; (iii) binaries packing of artificial soil sand fractions occurred similarly to binaries packing of glass spheres, but with larger gains until the relationship between the larger diameter (D) and the minor diameter (d) was close to 8; (iv) the hydraulic conductivity and tip penetration resistance of artificial soil binaries packing decreased when increasing the ratio D/d; (v) the cementation by Hydrated lime reduced hydraulic conductivity and increased the tip penetration resistance of the artificial soil binaries packing; (vi) the morphology of the particles influenced significantly the density, hydraulic conductivity and tip penetration resistance of the artificial soil clean sand fraction binaries packing; and (vii) the system developed for the capture of images of sand grains worked properly, with practicality. / Este trabalho direcionou-se ao estudo da influência das propriedades físicas e de um agente de cimentação na estruturação da fração areia de um solo arenoso, considerando-se sistemas de empacotamentos binários aplicados a esferas de vidro e a um solo artificialmente preparado a partir das frações areias de dois solos naturais. A pesquisa abrangeu os seguintes tópicos: (i) estabelecer curvas de empacotamento para sistemas binários do solo artificial e de esferas de vidro; (ii) caracterizar a resistência mecânica e a condutividade hidráulica dos sistemas binários do solo artificial; (iii) estudar a influência do agente de cimentação cal hidratada nos sistemas de empacotamentos binários do solo artificial; (iv) verificar a influência das propriedades morfológicas através da comparação dos resultados do presente estudo e de trabalho prévio, considerando parâmetros como densidade de empacotamento, resistência à penetração e condutividade hidráulica; e (v) desenvolver e tornar operacional um sistema para a captura de imagens de grãos de areia. As amostras de solo foram submetidas a prétratamentos para obtenção da fração areia limpa e posterior peneiramento para separação em vinte e uma classes, entre os diâmetros de 0,053 e 2,000 mm. Sequencialmente, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização morfométrica das suas frações areia, sendo também realizados estudos de empacotamentos binários em esferas de vidro e nas mesmas. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: (i) empacotamentos binários das esferas de vidro e das frações areia limpa do solo artificial atingiram um ponto de máxima densidade em uma composição aproximada de 30% de partículas menores; (ii) empacotamentos binários das esferas de vidro apresentaram ganhos maiores de densidade até relações entre o diâmetro maior (D) e o diâmetro menor (d) próximas a 6, sendo que acima desse valor, aumentos ocorreram em menor proporção; (iii) empacotamentos binários das frações areia do solo artificial ocorreram de forma similar aos empacotamentos binários de esferas de vidro, mostrando-se mais eficiente em relação à elevação da densidade quando a razão D/d se aproximou de 8; (iv) a condutividade hidráulica e a resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários do solo artificial sofreram reduções à medida que se aumentou a relação D/d; (v) a cimentação por cal hidratada reduziu a condutividade hidráulica e elevou a resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários do solo artificial; (vi) a morfologia das partículas influenciou significativamente a densidade, condutividade hidráulica e resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários da fração areia limpa do solo artificial; e (vii) o sistema desenvolvido para a captura das imagens de grãos de areia funcionou de forma adequada, com praticidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JeanCSA.pdf: 2642121 bytes, checksum: ee65334424753f93878bcb16392de432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The types of products manufactured calcium silicate blocks are very diversified in its characteristics. They include accessory bricks, blocks, products in dense material, with or without reinforcements of hardware, great units in cellular material, and thermal insulating products. The elements calcium silicate are of great use in the prefabricated construction, being formed for dense masses and hardened by autoclaving. This work has for objective develop formulations that make possible the obtaining of calcium silicate blocks with characteristics that correspond the specifications technical, in the State of the Rio Grande of the North, in finality of obtaining technical viability for use in the civil construction. The work studied the availability raw materials from convenient for the production of calcium silicate blocks, and the effect of variations of the productive process on the developed products. The studied raw materials were: the quartz sand from the city of S?o Gon?alo do Amarante/RN, and two lime, a hydrated lime and a pure lime from the city of Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. The raw materials collected were submitted a testes to particle size distribution, fluorescence of X rays, diffraction of X rays. Then were produced 8 formulations and made body-of-test by uniaxial pressing at 36 MPa, and cured for 7 hours at about 18 kgf/cm2 pressing and temperature of approximately 180 ?C. The cure technological properties evaluated were: lineal shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, modulus of rupture flexural (3 points), resistance compression, phase analysis (XRD) and micromorphological analysis (SEM). From the results presented the technological properties, was possible say that utilization of hydrated lime becomes more viable its utilization in mass limestone silica, for manufacture of calcium silicate blocks / Os tipos de produtos s?lico-calc?rios fabricados s?o muito diversificados em suas caracter?sticas. Eles incluem tijolos, blocos, produtos acess?rios em material denso, com ou sem refor?os de ferragem, grandes unidades em material celular, e produtos isolantes t?rmicos. Os elementos s?lico-calc?rios s?o de grande utiliza??o na constru??o pr?-fabricada, sendo formados por massas densas e endurecidos em autoclave. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver formula??es que possibilitem a obten??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios com caracter?sticas que correspondem ?s especifica??es t?cnicas, no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, na finalidade de obter viabilidade t?cnica para uso na constru??o civil. O trabalho estudou a disponibilidade de mat?rias-primas convenientes para a produ??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios, e o efeito das varia??es do processo produtivo sobre os produtos desenvolvidos. As mat?rias-primas estudadas foram: uma areia quartzosa oriunda do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo do Amarante/RN, e duas cal, uma cal hidratada e uma cal virgem oriundas do munic?pio de Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. As mat?rias-primas coletadas foram submetidas a ensaios de distribui??o de tamanho de part?cula, fluoresc?ncia de raios X, difra??o de raios X. Em seguida foram produzidas 8 formula??es e confeccionados corpos-de-prova por prensagem uniaxial a 36 MPa, e curados durante 7 horas em press?o de aproximadamente 18 kgf/cm2, e temperatura de aproximadamente 180?C. As propriedades tecnol?gicas de cura avaliadas foram: retra??o linear, massa espec?fica aparente, porosidade aparente, absor??o de ?gua, m?dulo de ruptura ? flex?o em 3 pontos, resist?ncia a compress?o, an?lise fases (DRX) e an?lise micromorfol?gica (MEV). A partir dos resultados apresentados das propriedades tecnol?gicas, foi poss?vel afirmar que a utiliza??o da cal hidratada torna-se mais vi?vel sua utiliza??o em massas s?lico-calc?rias, para fabrica??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos da cal hidratada e do ácido polifosfórico nas propriedades mecânicas e suscetibilidade à umidade de misturas asfálticas densas. O ligante utilizado foi o CAP 50/70, chamado de controle, modificado com 0,6 e 1,2% de PPA, e como aditivo a cal hidratada em concentrações de 1,5 e 3,0%, perfazendo nove combinações de misturas asfálticas. Foram moldados 108 corpos-de-prova, divididos em 4 e 7% de volume de vazios, sendo que os corpos-de-prova de 7% foram divididos em condicionados e não condicionados. Os ensaios realizados para análise das propriedades mecânicas foram o Módulo de Resiliência e a Resistência à Tração Indireta. Os resultados mostram que o aumento da concentração de ácido polifosfórico melhora a rigidez e a flexibilidade, e melhora a suscebilidade ao dano por umidade, assim como aumenta a resistência à tração; para a cal hidratada, com o aumento da sua concentração, ocorreu aumento da rigidez e da flexibilidade de maneira mais discreta, se comparado ao ácido polifosfórico, e proporciona a diminuição da resistência à tração: o teor que apresentou melhor suscetibilidade ao dano por umidade foi de 1,5% de cal hidratada. / This work aims to analyze the effects of hydrated lime and polyphosphoric acid on the mechanical properties and moisture susceptibility of dense asphalt mixtures. In nine combinations of asphalt mixtures, CAP 50/70, named control and modified with 0,6 and 1,2% of PPA, was employed as binder, and hydrated lime in concentrations of 1,5 and 3,0% was used as additive. 108 test specimens have been molded and divided into 4 and 7% of volume void, considering that 7% were separated into conditioned and non-conditioned. The Resilient Modulus and the Tensile Strength were the tests conducted for the analysis of mechanical properties. The results showed that the increase in polyphosphoric acid concentration improved stiffness and flexibility and increased the susceptibility to moisture damage, as well as the tensile strength. Also in the results, with the concentration increase of the hydrated lime, there was a smaller increase of stiffness and flexibility, and it provided a decrease of tensile strength, considering that the percentage of 1,5% of hydrated lime presented the best susceptibility to moisture damage.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da deformação permanente de misturas asfálticas à luz dos resultados de ensaios de fluência por compressão uniaxial estática e dinâmica. Para isso, um programa experimental completo foi desenvolvido combinando fatores relacionados às misturas asfálticas e às condições de ensaio. Foram produzidos corpos de prova de misturas asfálticas densas tipo CAUQ com asfalto convencional (CAP 50/70) e com asfalto modificado com polímero SBS (CAP 50/70+SBS), variando o volume de vazios em dois níveis, 4 e 7%, e a presença de aditivo em dois níveis, sem e com cal hidratada. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios de fluência com carregamentos estático e dinâmico em dois níveis de tensões, 0,1 MPa e 0,4 MPa, e em duas temperaturas diferentes, 40 e 50ºC. Essas condições do programa experimental permitiram observar o efeito do modificador SBS, da presença da cal e do volume de vazios nas misturas asfálticas, e entender o efeito da temperatura, do nível de tensão e do tipo de carregamento no comportamento de cada tipo de mistura asfáltica. Os resultados indicam que (i) a adição da cal promoveu redução de deformação acumulada somente nas misturas com ligante convencional (CAP 50/70); (ii) as misturas com volume de vazios de 7% apresentam maiores acúmulos de deformação permanente independente da presença de cal, do tipo de carregamento e da temperatura do ensaio, sendo maiores para a mistura asfáltica com CAP 50/70; (iii) as misturas com ligante modificado se mostraram menos sensíveis às variações da temperatura e do nível de tensão; (iv) e a melhora das características das misturas com asfalto modificado com polímero é detectada somente a partir de ensaios dinâmicos. / This paper presents a study of rutting on hot mixture asphalt (HMA) by means of static and dynamic creep tests. A full factorial experiment was developed considering factors related to HMA and to the test conditions. It was produced HMA (unmodified (CAP 50/70) and SBS modified binders) specimens at two different air voids (4 and 7%) and with or without hydrated lime. The specimens were submitted to static and dynamic creep tests at two stress levels, 0,1 MPa e 0,4 MPa, and two temperatures, 40 e 50ºC. These conditions of the experimental program allowed to observe the effects of the modifier SBS, the presence of the lime and the air voids in HMA, and to understand the effects of the temperature, stress and the type of loading on the behavior of each type of asphalt mix. The results indicate that (i) the addition of lime promoted reduction of accumulative deformation only in mixtures with conventional binder (CAP 50/70), (ii) mixtures with 7% air voids showed greater accumulation of permanent deformation regardless of presence of lime, the type of load and temperature of the test, mainly for the conventional HMA, (iii) the Polymer Modified Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt (PMA-HMA) were less sensitive to temperature and the stress variation (iv) the improvement of the polymer modified asphalt mixture characteristics (PMA-HMA) were detected only on dynamic load conditions.

La formation des liaisons non covalentes et plus particulièrement des liaisons hydrogène joue un rôle majeur dans de nombreux processus biologiques, atmosphériques et astrophysiques. Les complexes hydratés (1:n) entre une molécule de diacétyle (C4H6O2) et une à plusieurs molécules d’eau (H2O) ont été étudiés selon des approches théoriques et expérimentales dans le but de caractériser leur structure et leur spectre vibrationnel. Sur le plan théorique les propriétés énergétiques, géométriques et vibrationnelles des complexes C4H6O2:(H2O)n ont été déterminées et une étude topologique spécifique a été réalisée sur le complexe 1:1 C4H6O2:H2O. A travers cette étude théorique, les premières étapes du mécanisme d’hydratation du diacétyle ont été mises en évidence et analysées en détail. En s’appuyant sur les techniques spectroscopiques infrarouges d’isolation en matrice de néon et de jet supersonique, plusieurs modes de vibration des isomères du complexe 1:1 ont été identifiés et leurs fréquences déterminées Enfin, un jeu de constantes de couplage anharmonique a été obtenu à partir de l’analyse des bandes harmoniques et de combinaison. / The formation of non-covalent bonds and more particularly hydrogen bonds play a major role in several biological, atmospheric and astrophysical chemistry issues. The theoretical and experimental investigation of hydrated complexes (1:n) between a diacetyl molecule (C4H6O2) and one or several water molecules (H2O) have been studied to characterize their structure and their vibrational spectrum. Energetical, geometrical and vibrational properties of C4H6O2:(H2O)n complexes have been determined from ab initio and DFT calculations. Moreover a topological analysis of the 1:1 C4H6O2:H2O complex has been carried out. Such theoretical investigations enabled to evidence and analyze in detail the first steps of diacetyl hydration. From neon matrix isolation and supersonic jet techniques coupled to infrared spectroscopy, several vibrational modes of 1:1 isomers have been detected and therefore their frequencies have been determined. Finally a set of anharmonic coupling constants have been derived from the spectral analysis of harmonic and combination bands.

La planète Mars a connu une période où l'eau liquide était durablement stable. Outre les vestiges morphologiques d'une activité hydrologique en surface, l'interaction chimique de l'eau avec la croûte basaltique s'est traduite par la formation d'argiles et de sels hydratés en surface et en profondeur. Ces minéraux hydratés ont été détectés à la surface de Mars en 2004 grâce à l'instrument OMEGA, l'imageur hyperspectral infrarouge proche embarqué sur la sonde européenne Mars Express. Leur étude permet de reconstruire l'histoire de l'activité aqueuse sur Mars et de caractériser une période ancienne où l'environnement a pu être favorable à l'apparition d'une chimie pré-biotique. Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse aux environnements aqueux de Mars en couplant les données minéralogiques des imageurs hyperspectraux embarqués OMEGA/Mars Express et CRISM/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter avec la morphologie. De nouveaux outils de traitement et d'analyse des données sont développés et ont permis la détection et la caractérisation spectrale de plus d'un millier de dépôts de minéraux hydratés sur Mars, fournissant une vue d'ensemble de l'altération. Celle-ci a eu lieu principalement dans la première partie du Noachien et a surtout formé des phyllosilicates ferro-magnésiens de la famille des vermiculites et smectites. Une importante diversité minérale est par ailleurs constatée avec une dizaine de familles minérales différentes, traçants des conditions géo-chimiques variées. Placés dans leur contexte géologique, certaines détections permettent de proposer l'existence passée d'un système hydrologique sur l'ensemble de la planète qui a donné naissance à un cycle des argiles similaire au cycle terrestre. Il apparait par ailleurs que les cratères d'impact sont le contexte privilégié des minéraux hydratés, mais le lien entre ces derniers et les processus d'impact demeure ambigu. La découverte d'un cycle des argiles est compatible avec l'hypothèse d'une planète potentiellement habitable au Noachien mais qui devra être vérifiée par l'exploration in-situ. / The planet Mars has experienced an era during which water was stable in its liquid state. In addition to morphological evidence for aqueous activity, the chemical interaction of water with the basaltic crust has led to the formation of hydrated clays and salts both on the surface and at depth. These hydrated minerals were first detected on the surface of Mars in 2004 with the OMEGA near infrared imaging spectrometer, onboard European probe Mars Express. Their study allows us to piece together the aqueous activity on Mars and to better understand an early era when the environment may have been conducive to prebiotic chemistry. This work focuses on the aqueous environments on Mars by coupling mineralogy data from the spaceborne imaging spectrometers OMEGA/Mars Express and CRISM/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to the surface morphology. The development of new data processing and analysis tools have led to the detection and spectral inquiry of over a thousand hydrated mineral exposures on Mars, thus providing a broad view of the aqueous alteration. The latter mostly took place during the Noachian era and formed primarily iron-magnesium bearing phyllosilicates of the vermiculite and smectite groups. In addition, great mineral diversity is found, implying varied geo-chemical formation conditions. Placed in their geological context, these detections show the likely existence of a past hydrological cycle on Mars which sustained a clay cycle similar to Earth's. It was also found that impact craters are the most common morphological context for these minerals, although the link between them remains unclear. The discovery of a clay cycle on Mars bodes well for the past habitability potential on Mars, but will need to be verified through in-situ exploration.

Extensive published literature shows that hydrated lime improves Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) durability. Its impact on the environmental impact of HMA has not been investigated. This paper presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the use of HMA without hydrated lime (classical HMA) and with hydrated lime (modified HMA) for the lifetime of a highway. System boundaries cover the life cycle from cradle-to-grave, meaning extraction of raw materials to end of life of the road. The main assumptions were: 1. Lifetime of the road 50 years; 2. Classical HMA with a life span of 10 years, maintenance operations every 10 years; 3. Modified HMA with an increase in the life span by 25%, maintenance operations every 12.5 years. For the lifetime of the road, modified HMA has the lowest environmental footprint compared to classical HMA with the following benefits: 43% less primary total energy consumption resulting in 23% lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Partial LCAs focusing only on the construction and/or maintenance phase should be used with caution since they could lead to wrong decisions if the durability and the maintenance scenarios differ. Sustainable construction technologies should not only consider environmental impact as quantified by LCA, but also economic and social impacts as well. Avoiding maintenance steps means less road works, fewer traffic jams and hence less CO2 emissions.

We investigate the spectra of asteroids at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. In 2010 and 2011 we reported the detection of 3 ?m and 3.2-3.6 ?m signatures on (24) Themis and (65) Cybele indicative of water-ice and complex organics [1] [2] [3]. We further probed other primitive asteroids in the Cybele dynamical group and Themis family, finding diversity in the shape of their 3 ?m [4] [5] [6] and 10 ?m spectral features [4]. These differences indicated mineralogical and compositional variations within these asteroid populations. Also in the mid-infrared region we studied a larger population of asteroids belonging to the Bus C, D, and S taxanomic classes to understand the relationship between any mineralogy and hydration inferred in the visible and near- infrared with the shape, strength, and slope of the 10 ?m emission. We have discovered that at least 3 of the main Bus taxanomic groups (Cs, Ds, and Ss as defined by their visible spectra) clearly cluster into 3 statistically distinct groups based on their 8-13 ?m spectra. Additionally we have attempted to simulate in a laboratory the possible organic compounds we have detected on two asteroids, using various mixtures containing aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. We find that asteroid (24) Themis and (65) Cybele have ?CH2/?CH3 and NCH2/NCH3 ratios similar to our 3- methylpentane, propane, and hexane residues, suggesting that the organics on these asteroids may be short chained and/or highly branched. The ?CH2/?CH3 and NCH2/NCH3 for asteroid(24)Themis are most consistent with the DISM, and some carbonaceous chondrites. The band centers of the C-H stretch absorptions indicate that both asteroids may have aliphatic carriers chemically bonded to electronegative groups (i.e. aromatics), and some that are not. We also detect a 3.45 ?m feature in the spectra of both asteroids that is present in several dense molecular clouds. Our results suggest an interstellar origin for the organics on (24) Themis, and likely (65) Cybele. The differences in the organics of Themis and Cybele are likely related to variations in thermal processing, irradiation and/or formation region in the solar nebula.

Hydrated polysaccharide systems primarily using xylans along with mutans and alternans were studied using long atomistic simulations over a few microseconds to analyse structure-function relationships and nanoscale interactions with moisture. The influence of various structural and chemical factors such as alignment, nature of glycosidic linkage, effect of moisture / chemical substitutions was explored with a focus on structure-dynamics correlations to aid in the effective functionalisation of biomaterials for the development of a green, circular bioeconomy. The effect of initial geometry in terms of alignment of the xylan chains was observed to affect xylan chain extension and water dynamics significantly. Xylan interaction with moisture studied at high and low moisture contents showed compression along with structural locking, and evolution into segregated water-rich and polymer-rich phases respectively. The effect of chemical heterogeneity in terms of substitutions appeared to improve xylan dispersion in water resulting in faster dynamics for substituted residues with reference to unsubstituted residues along a given polymer chain. In addition, significant correlations between local hydration and polymer dynamics / structure in terms of relaxation times and order parameters was observed across differently substituted hydrated xylan systems, such that the polymer dynamics could be expressed as a local hydration water dependent component and a second partially stochastic component. In addition, the molecular structure of mixed linkage (1,3 and 1,6) as well as 1,3 linked glucans elucidated the effect of the nature of glycosidic linkage on the molecular structure of glucan oligosaccharides. A combination of glucan linkages and the ratio of different conformation states of the hydroxymethyl dihedral angle was observed to yield linear, twisted and extended structures in mutans, or helical coils of varying pitch sizes in alternans. Further modeling of structure-dynamics dependencies in hydrated xylan systems and analysis of the effect of alignment / chemical substitutions at the nanoscale is to be correlated with scattering or related experimental techniques in the future to understand the dynamics of hydrated xylan aggregates in typically aqueous solutions at varying intermediate length / timescales. In addition, the methodologies derived in this work to identify atom-specific, temporally sensitive, structural / dynamical parameters for analysing structural / dynamical variations at the nanoscale can be extended to study other hydrated biopolymeric systems. The role of substitutions, involving its polar nature and interactions with other xylans, can be extended to neutral groups such as arabinose sugars to broaden knowledge in carbohydrate science as well as being analysed further to improve effective functionalisation for tailoring physical properties influencing phenomena like aggregation / dispersion. / Hydrerade polysackaridsystem som primärt använde xylaner, mutaner och alternaner studerades med hjälp av långa atomistiska simuleringar under några mikrosekunder för att analysera struktur-funktionsförhållanden och interaktioner med fukt i nanoskala. Inverkan av olika strukturella och kemiska faktorer såsom placering, karaktären av glykosidbindning, effekten avfukt/kemiska substitutioner undersöktes med fokus på struktur-dynamiska korrelationer för att hjälpa till med en effektiv funktionalisering av biomaterial för utvecklingen av en grön, cirkulär bioekonomi. Effekten av initial geometri i termer av placering av xylan-kedjorna observerades påverka xylan-kedjeförlängningen och vattendynamiken signifikant. Xylaninteraktionen medfukt studerades vid höga och låga fukthalter och visade kompression tillsammans med strukturell låsning och utveckling till segregerade vattenrika och polymerrika faser respektive. Effekten av kemisk heterogenitet i termer av substitutioner verkade förbättra dispersionen av xylan i vatten vilket resulterade i snabbare dynamik för substituerade delar jämfört med osubstituerade delar längs en given polymerkedja. Dessutom observerades signifikanta korrelationer mellan lokal hydratisering och polymerdynamik/struktur i termer av relaxationstider och ordningsparametrar över olika substituerade hydratiserade xylansystem, så att polymerdynamiken kunde uttryckas som en lokal hydreringsvattenberoende komponent och en andra delvis stokastisk komponent. Dessutom klargjorde den molekylära strukturen av blandad koppling (1,3 och 1,6) såväl som 1,3 länkade glukaner effekten av glykosidkopplingens natur på molekylstrukturen hos glukanoligosackarider. En kombination av glukanbindningar och förhållandet mellan olika konformationstillstånd för den hydroximetyldiedriska vinkeln observerades i linjära, vridna och utsträckta strukturer som i mutaner, eller som spiralformade spolar med varierande stigningsstorlekar i alternaner. Ytterligare modellering av struktur-dynamiska beroenden i hydratiserade xylansystem och analys av effekten av inriktning/kemiska substitutioner på nanoskala ska korreleras med spridning av relaterade experimentella tekniker i framtiden för att förstå dynamiken hos hydratiserade xylanaggregat i typiskt vattenhaltiga lösningar vid varierande medellängd /tidsskalor. Dessutom kan de metoder som härrör från detta arbete för att identifiera atomspecifika, tidsmässigt känsliga, strukturella/dynamiska parametrar för analys av strukturella/dynamiska variationer på nanoskala, utvidgas till att studera andra hydratiserade biopolymera system. Substitutionernas roll, som involverar dess polära natur och interaktioner med andra xylaner, kan utvidgas till neutrala grupper som arabinossocker för att bredda kunskapen inom kolhydratvetenskap samt analyseras ytterligare för att förbättra effektiv funktionalisering för att skräddarsy fysiska egenskaper som påverkar fenomen som aggregering / dispersion. / <p>QC 2023-05-22</p>