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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jaqueline de Cássia Naves - 2010.pdf: 18926283 bytes, checksum: 7b59c63e7dd39dcf5a9c91ba8fe7f8f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-23 / This study presents the dynamics of the disputed territories, using analysis as the conflict between the model of the Brazilian electric power generation, focused on hydroelectric power source and peasant dispossession caused by the construction of hydroelectric plants in Brazil. The text is organized by presenting the relationship between the development model adopted by the Brazilian government and its policies aimed at the electricity sector between the years 1945-1990, during which experiences the largest buildings of hydroelectric and strengthens the option for hydroelectricity. Thus, the state in Brazil has acted as administrator but as a producer of energy in this period. The measures imposed on the peripheral capitalist countries during the restructuring of the capitalist mode of production in the years 1980-1990 yielded a number of measures of fit for these economies, such as the desancionalização the economy that led to the privatization of public enterprises and opening the economy to international capital thereby aggravating the dependency of these economies to foreign capital. The electrical sector in Brazil is among the sectors that has opened for denationalization, as the privatization of several production units, state-owned generation and power trading. The lack of investment in installed capacity due to the economic crisis of the 1980s, coupled with the growing demand for electricity and the national electric system susceptibility to weather weather Brazil is experiencing a crisis of energy supply in 2001. The Blackout of 2001 triggered the opening of the law of power generation and environment for private sector participation intensifies the self-producers and independent producers who have invested heavily in production facilities hydroelectric facilities. The sector that has invested in increased production of hydroelectric power was the sector of electrointensive industries, interested in getting cheap hydropower and private industries such as Alcoa Aluminio SA and Votorantim Energia. Because of the blackout measures the government authorizes the construction of new dams without proper environmental and social rigor, resulting in several cases of irregularities in construction producing irreparable social and environmental impacts. UHE Serra Facão in Catalão (GO) was approved without a criterion of these plants by IBAMA, resulting in this way, the peasant expropriation and environmental damage, such as the death of part of icitiofauna. The fourth chapter presents the relationship of peasant with its territory based on the inseparable triad of ethics peasant: family, land and labor. The construction of the territory and territorialization of the peasant resistance movement against expropriation produced by UHE Serra Facão and the effects on the lives of some peasants who were deterritorialized / reterritorialized by UHE Serra Facão. / O presente trabalho busca apresentar a dinâmica dos territórios em disputa, usando como análise o conflito entre o modelo de geração de energia elétrico brasileiro, concentrado na fonte hidrelétrica e a expropriação camponesa causada pela construção de hidrelétricas no Brasil. O texto se organiza apresentando a relação entre o modelo de desenvolvimento adotado pelo Estado brasileiro e suas políticas direcionadas ao setor elétrico entre os anos de 1945- 1990, período onde ocorrem as maiores construções de usinas hidrelétricas e se fortalece a opção pela hidroeletricidade. Desta forma, o Estado no Brasil desempenhou a função de administrador, mas também de produtor de energia naquele período. As medidas impostas aos países de capitalismo periférico no período da reestruturação do modo capitalista de produção nos anos 1980-1990 produziu inúmeras medidas de ajuste à estas economias, tais como, a desnacionalização da economia que implicou a privatização das empresas públicas e a abertura da economia ao capital internacional, agravando, assim, a dependência destas economias ao capital estrangeiro. O setor elétrico no Brasil foi um dos setores que mais se abriu à desnacionalização, como a privatização de várias unidades produtoras, estatais de geração e comercialização de energia. A falta de investimentos na potência instalada em razão da crise econômica dos anos 1980, aliado ao crescimento da demanda por energia elétrica e suscetibilidade do sistema elétrico nacional às intempéries metereológicas o Brasil vive a crise do fornecimento de energia no ano de 2001. O Apagão de 2001 desencadeou a abertura da legislação de geração elétrica e ambiental para o setor privado, intensifica-se a participação dos autoprodutores e produtores independentes que investiram maciçamente em unidades de produção hidrelétrica privada. O setor que mais investiu no crescimento da produção de energia hidrelétrica foi o setor das indústrias eletrointensivas, interessados em conseguir energia hidrelétrica barata e privada, como as indústrias Alcoa Alumínio S.A. e Votorantim Energia. Em razão das medidas do apagão o governo autoriza a construção de novas hidrelétricas sem o devido rigor ambiental e social, resultando assim, em vários casos de irregularidades nas construções produzindo impactos socioambientais irreparáveis. A UHE Serra do Facão no município de Catalão (GO) foi uma destas usinas aprovadas pelo IBAMA, que apresentaram problemas no EIA/RIMA e no PBA, e que provocaram a expropriação camponesa e prejuízos ambientais, tal como, a mortandade de parcela da icitiofauna. O quarto capítulo apresenta-se a relação do camponês com seu território baseado na tríade indissociável da ética camponesa: família, terra e trabalho. A construção do território camponês e a territorialização do movimento de resistência contra a expropriação produzida por UHE Serra do Facão, bem como os efeitos na vida de alguns camponeses que foram desterritorializados/reterritorializados por UHE Serra do Facão.

O planejamento da operação energética em sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência com um único reservatório tem como objetivo determinar a participação de usinas hidrelétricas e térmicas de forma a garantir o suprimento de energia demandada ao menor custo operacional possível, dentro de restrições físicas e técnicas do modelo. Alguns fatores tornam a solução deste problema bastante complexa destacando a não linearidade e a não separabilidade temporal aditiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma nova abordagem com tratamento agregado das afluências, descrevendo uma nova caracterização das distribuições de probabilidades e um novo modelo para a programação dinâmica estocástica markoviana. Nesse novo modelo da programação dinâmica estocástica markoviana, agregações plurimensais de vazões são utilizadas como entrada em um modelo de programação dinâmica estocástica markoviana modificado para discretizações temporais plurimensais. A nova abordagem proposta foi simulada em diferentes usinas hidrelétricas brasileiras localizadas em diferentes regiões geográficas e sob diferentes regimes hidrológicos. Os resultados das simulações feitas com a utilização deste novo modelo são apresentados e comparados ao modelo de programação dinâmica estocástica markoviana mensal, atualmente utilizado no setor elétrico brasileiro, com economia de custos relativas superiores a 10% em alguns casos. / The energetic operation planning on hydrothermal power systems with a single reservoir aims to determine the participation of hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants to guaranty supply of energy demanded with the smallest possible cost, under physical and technical model boundaries. Some points became the solution of this problem complex, highlighting the non linearity and the additive non time separability. The objective of this paper is show the new approach with aggregated inflows, describing a new probability distributions featuring and a new model for the markovian stochastic dynamic programming. On this new model of markovian stochastic dynamic programming, multi monthly inflow aggregations are used as input in a model of markovian stochastic dynamic programming modified for multi months discretizations. The new approach proposed was simulated on differents Brazilian hydroelectric power plants located on different regions and under different hydrologic regime. The results of simulations using this new model are presented and compared to the model of monthly markovian dynamic programming, nowadays used on the Brazilian electrical sector, with relatives economic savings up to 10% in some cases.

Materiais metálicos expostos a ambientes aquáticos estão susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de Corrosão Microbiologicamente Influenciada (CMI). Nas indústrias a CMI é um assunto de extrema importância devido aos prejuízos gerados nos reparos ou trocas de equipamentos e nas interrupções dos sistemas de produção associadas às falhas técnicas. No presente trabalho estão apresentados resultados de um estudo de CMI em superfícies metálicas expostas à água de processo em uma unidade geradora de energia hidrelétrica, que sofre com um acelerado processo corrosivo, principalmente nos trocadores de calor e nas turbinas. A partir de biofilmes de corrosão amostrados nas turbinas e trocadores de calor foram isolados grupos bacterianos redutores de sulfato e oxidantes e redutores de ferro que foram relacionadas como indutoras/ agravantes do processo corrosivo. / Metallic materials exposed to aquatic environments are susceptible to development of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). In industries MIC is a matter of great importance due to damages generated in repairs or equipment changes and production systems disruptions associated with technical failures. In this work are presented results of a MIC study on metal surfaces exposed to process water in a generating unit of hydropower, which suffers from an accelerated corrosion process, especially in the heat exchangers and the turbines. From corrosion biofilms sampled in turbines and heat exchangers were isolated bacterial groups sulfate reducing and oxidizing and reducing iron. These bacteria have been widely reported in the literature as inducing / aggravating the corrosion process.

Geração Distribuída é uma expressão utilizada para designar a geração elétrica proveniente de locais próximos ou juntos de consumidores, não interferindo a potência, tecnologia ou fonte de energia empregada. Estudos indicam que, até o ano de 2010, 20% do total de geração (em termos mundiais) serão provenientes desta forma de obtenção, uma vez que se torna fático sua vantagem sobre a geração central, por oferecer economia em matéria de investimentos relacionados à transmissão, redução de perdas e melhoria acerca da estabilidade do serviço de energia elétrica. Exemplos de geração distribuída são observados em pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, eólicas, térmicas, fotovoltaicas e geradoras de emergência, por terem pequeno porte e serem integradas ao sistema elétrico. Voltandose por hora ao potencial hidráulico passível de exploração no país, associado por sua vez às pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, tem-se cerca de 4% da potência instalável total (parcela extremamente significativa). De acordo com o Plano 2.015 da ELETROBRÁS, centrais que atingem até 30 MW de potência instalada representam um potencial de 9.456 MW. Informações de Geração da ANEEL indicam que há cerca de 254 PCH em operação no país, totalizando 1327 MW (1,4% do total), 40 empreendimentos em construção (500 MW) e 211 projetos outorgados (construção não iniciada) que, se implantados, adicionarão ao sistema elétrico 3426 MW. O panorama da reordenação da matriz energética nacional não tem apresentado abundância no que diz respeito ao investimento público, direcionado a grandes empreendimentos. Desta forma, as quedas d´água de pequeno e médio porte representam uma evidente opção de geração. As Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCH) surgem então como uma alternativa viável, como já especificado anteriormente. Oferece vantagens primeiramente pelo custo acessível, pelo menor prazo de implementação e maturação do investimento, pelas facilidades oferecidas pela legislação, pela disposição das concessionárias de energia elétrica de comprarem o excedente de energia gerada por autoprodutores e finalmente por disponibilizarem o acesso às suas linhas de distribuição e transmissão à longa distância. A partir do incentivo proveniente do Governo Federal para a construção de PCH e descontos nas tarifas de uso dos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição, propiciou-se a ligação de novos pontos de geração de energia no sistema de Distribuição. Com a finalidade de reduzir os custos de transportes de energia, visa-se a localização dos novos pontos de geração próxima aos pontos de consumo potencial. Sendo assim, na medida em que a rede garante a regulação de freqüência e a absorção permanente da potência total, os grupos serão equipados com geradores que não requerem controle com comando sofisticado. Há, todavia, a possibilidade da construção de interligações que devem ser estudadas mesmo quando se tratando de rede de pequeno porte. Sua vantagem está no fato de permitir a utilização de geradores assíncronos, os quais são menos onerosos e mais robustos. Os efeitos da geração nos sistemas de distribuição irão depender do tamanho, do tipo e do local onde será instalada a geração. Atualmente não se tem dado a devida importância aos impactos na proteção da rede de distribuição da concessionária - fato lamentável já que se poderia evitar a degradação da qualidade de energia, confiabilidade e operação - uma vez que se dá prioridade aos benefícios como a energia de backup, a redução dos afundamentos de tensão, a energia de ponta, dentre outras. A partir do momento em que estas PCH são instaladas nas redes de Distribuição, transforma-se um sistema anteriormente radial em um sistema em anel, com mais de uma fonte de contribuição de corrente de curtocircuito. Sendo assim, têm-se como diretrizes deste trabalho abordar temas relacionados aos problemas com falta de coordenação e sensibilidade dos equipamentos de proteção, bloqueio de religamento, necessidade de proteção de sobre-corrente com função direcional, coordenação com consumidores e ramais (gerando problemas de segurança com pessoas e equipamentos) e continuidade de energia. Portanto, é de suma importância a realização sistemática de estudos de proteção de redes com geração de PCH em paralelo, uma vez que é determinante para a segurança e melhoria dos índices de continuidade de serviço. Finalmente, são descritos e analisados detalhadamente, os impactos no sistema de proteção nas redes de distribuição com a ligação de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas, sendo propostas soluções para a redução deste impacto. / Distributed Generation is an expression used to designate the electric generation source in places near or contiguous to consumers, regardless of the power, technology or energy source used. Studies show that, by the year 2010, 20% of the total amount of generation (worldwide) will be acquired this way. The advantages of distributed generation, over central generation, are obvious and include: lower investment needed for transmission, reduction of losses and better performance regarding stability in the electric energy service. Examples of distributed generation include: small hydro electrics, wind turbines, thermals, photovoltaics and emergency generators. These examples are small in size and are interconnected to the electric system. Hydraulic power, which is available through exploration in the country, could comprise about 4% of the total power to be generated (which is a verysignificant portion) in small hydro electrics. According to ELETROBRÁS´ Plan 2,015, a power station that reaches up to 30 MW of installed power represents a potential of 9,456 MW. ANEEL´ information about Generation shows that there are about 254 PCH in operation in the country, which total 1,327 MW (1.4% of the total), 40 enterprises under construction (500 MW) and 211 approved projects (construction has not yet begun) that, when finished, will add 3,426 MW to the electric system. Substantial public investments have not been directed toward the larger enterprises since the re-arrangement of the national energy center. Thus, small and medium sized waterfalls represent a very interesting generation option. The small hydro electrics (PCH) appear as a possible choice, as mentioned before. They offer advantages, such as affordable cost, a short implementation time required, return of investment, support through legislation, the willingness of the electric power utilities to buy the exceeded energy generated by selfproducers and, finally, the possibility of access to its distribution and transmission lines through long distances. The connection of new points of energy generation in the Distribution system was made possible with the support from the Federal Government, through encouragement for PCH constructions and tax discounts for use of the transmission and distribution systems. We plan on locating the new points of generation next to the points of potential consumers with the objective of decreasing energy transportation costs. Thus, as the network guarantees the regulation of frequency and the permanent absorption of the total power, groups are equipped with generators that do not require a sophisticated command control. There is, however, the possibility of building interconnections, which must be studied even when related to the small potency network. The advantage lies in the facts that asynchronous generators can be used - which are cheaper and stronger. The effects of generation on distribution systems will depend on size, type and location where the generation will be installed. The protection of the utilities distribution network should be assigned a higher priority. Instead, we prioritize the benefits of energy production, such as the backup energy, voltage sags, top-notch energy, among others. This is unfortunate, since the protection of the utilities distribution network will avoid the degradation of the energy quality, of reliability and of operations. From the moment that these PCH are installed on the Distribution networks, a radial system is turned into a ring system with more than one source of short-circuit current contribution. Thus, the guidelines for this work are the approach to topics related to problems with the lack of coordination and sensibility of protection equipment, re-connection blockage, necessity of protection of overcurrent with directional function, coordination with consumers and extension lines (causing security problems with people and equipment) and energy continuity. It is of great importance to perform systematic studies on the protection of networks with the simultaneous generation of PCH since they are essential for the security and improvement of the current levels of continuity of service. Finally, the impacts on the distribution system protection of networks with connections to Small Hydroelectric Centrals are described and analyzed in detail, followed by proposals of solutions for the reduction of such impacts.

褚涓. / "2010年9月". / "2010 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Chu Juan. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究背景與研究問題 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 理論文獻綜述 --- p.4 / “碎片化的權威主義´ح與“多元化´ح --- p.5 / 中國環保NGO的政治闡釋 --- p.11 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究設計 --- p.16 / 研究對象 --- p.16 / 研究意義 --- p.17 / 資料收集 --- p.20 / 文章結構 --- p.20 / Chapter 第二章 --- 水壩政治的制度環境變遷 --- p.21 / Chapter 第一節 --- 水電體制改革：行動者與利益 --- p.23 / 水電管理與投資體制改革 --- p.23 / 水電的規劃與決策 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二節 --- 官僚政治：環保總局分享決策權 --- p.29 / 環保總局的“升遷´ح之路 --- p.29 / 環評制衡水電開發 --- p.30 / Chapter 第三節 --- 公民社會政治：環保NGO結緣江河開發 --- p.33 / 都江堰“保衛戰´ح --- p.34 / 漫灣電站社會影響評估 --- p.36 / Chapter 第三章 --- “保留一條原始生態江´ؤ´ؤ怒江！ ´ح --- p.38 / Chapter 第一節 --- 怒江水電開發政策議題的開端 --- p.38 / 怒江水電項目的由來 --- p.38 / 環保總局發力 --- p.40 / Chapter 第二節 --- 環保NGO的初期動員 --- p.44 / 掀起媒體“風暴´ح --- p.44 / 遊說官員 --- p.47 / 尋求國際社會的支援 --- p.49 / NGO之間的聯盟 --- p.S1 / 深入怒江考察和調研 --- p.52 / 通過兩會提案保護怒江 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 總理批示：“慎重研究、科學決策´ح --- p.55 / 政府内部的角力 --- p.55 / 爭論聲中叫停 --- p.57 / Chapter 第四節 --- 社區行動與政府的反應 --- p.59 / 綠色流域走進社區 --- p.59 / 遭到打壓 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 新一輪的挑戰與動員 --- p.65 / Chapter 第一節 --- 轉折：總理再次批示 --- p.65 / “傳媒戰´ح受挫與院士考察團訪問怒江 --- p.65 / 地方政府遊說中央 --- p.67 / Chapter 第二節 --- 環保NGO的第二輪動員 --- p.69 / 呼吁知情权与参与权 --- p.69 / 啟動法律工具 --- p.71 / Chapter 第三節 --- 陷入膠著 --- p.72 / 官方的表態 --- p.72 / 環保NGO的後續倡導 --- p.75 / Chapter 第四節 --- 虎跳峽、小南海電站再掀波瀾 --- p.77 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結論：決策開放化的解讀 --- p.80 / 政府的“碎片化´ح與“權威´ح --- p.82 / 利益代表：有序的政治參與官僚包辦 --- p.85 / 公眾參與的“陷阱´ح --- p.92 / 參考文獻 --- p.99 / 附件：訪談對象 --- p.107

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Coorientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Eliana Vieira Canettieri / Banca: Daniela Helena Pelegrine / Resumo : Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma metodologia que permite avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de empreendimentos de geração de energia com base em aproveitamentos hídricos ditos de baixa queda. A metodologia ora apresentada é também desenvolvida em formato de ferramenta computacional e tem por objetivo principal abordar os diversos aspectos relevantes neste processo de avaliação, que seja de fácil aplicação, rápida e automatizada e traga uma visão ampla das possibilidades de soluções para determinado estudo de caso. A dissertação aborda um assunto de amplo interesse para o atual mercado de geração de energia, pois é sabido que existe uma tendência de que cada vez mais exista a necessidade de explorar este tipo de aproveitamento hídrico, principalmente na região norte brasileira / Abstract: In this work, it is presented a methodology for assessing the technical and economical feasibility study of low head hydropower generation projects. The presented methodology is also developed in a computational tool way and has as a main goal to approach the various relevant aspects in this evaluation process, to be easy for use, fast and automated and bring a broad vision of the possibilities for solutions to a particular case study. The dissertation approaches a subject of broad interest to the current power generation market, because it is known that more and more there is a trend that this kind of water resources needs to be exploited, mainly in the northern Brazilian region / Mestre

Maintenance of power plants is aimed at extending the life and reducing the risk of sudden breakdown of power generating units. Traditionally, power generating units have been scheduled for maintenance in periods to ensure that the demand of the system is fully met and the reliability of the system is maximized. However, in a deregulated power industry, the pressure of maintaining generating units is also driven by the potential revenue received by participating in the electricity market. Ideally, hydropower generating units are required to operate during periods when electricity prices are high and to be able to be taken offline for maintenance when the price is low. Therefore, determination of the optimum time periods for maintenance of generating units in a power system has become an important task from both a system reliability and an economic point of view. Due to the extremely large number of potential maintenance schedules, a systematic approach is required to ensure that optimal or near-optimal maintenance schedules are obtained within an acceptable timeframe. Metaheustics are high-level algorithmic frameworks that aim to solve combinatorial optimisation problems with a large search space in a reasonable computational run time. Inspired by the foraging behavior of ant colonies, Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) is a relatively new metaheuristic for combinatorial optimisation. The application of ACO to a number of different applications has provided encouraging results when applied to scheduling, including the job-shop, flow-shop, machine tardiness and resource-constrained project scheduling problems. In this thesis, a formulation is developed that enables ACO to be applied to the generalized power plant maintenance scheduling optimisation (PPMSO) problem. The formulation caters for all constraints generally encountered as part of real-world PPMSO problems, including system demands and reliability levels, precedence rules between maintenance tasks, public holidays and minimum outage durations in the case of shortening of maintenance tasks. As part of the formulation, a new heuristic and a new local search strategy have been developed. The new ACO-PPMSO formulation has been tested extensively on two benchmark PPMSO problems from the literature, including a 21-unit and a 22-unit problem. It was found that the ACOPPMSO formulation resulted in significant improvements in performance for both case studies compared with the results obtained in previous studies. In addition, the new heuristic formulation was found to be useful in finding maintenance schedules that result in more evenly spread reserve capacity and resource allocations. When tested using a modified version of the 21-unit and the 22-unit problems, the new local search strategy specifically designed for duration shortening was found to be effective in searching locally for maintenance schedules that require minimal shortening of outage duration. The ACO-PPMSO formulation was also successfully able to cater for all constraints as specified in both original and the modified versions of the two benchmark case studies. In order to further test the ACO-PPMSO formulation developed, it was first applied to a scaled-down version of the Hydro Tasmania hydropower system (five power stations) and then to the full system (55 generating units). As part of the studies, the ACO-PPMSO formulation was linked with the simulation model used by Hydro Tasmania to assess the impact of various maintenance schedules on the total energy in storage of the system at the end of the planning horizon, the total thermal generation, the total number of days where the reliability level is not met, as well as the total unserved energy throughout the planning horizon. A number of constraints were considered, including the anticipated system demands, a 30% capacity reliability level, the minimum and maximum durations between related maintenance tasks, the precedence constraints and the minimum outage duration of each task in the case of shortening of maintenance tasks. The maintenance schedule was optimised for the maximum end-of-horizon total energy in storage, the minimum thermal generation and the minimum total outage durations shortened and deferred, under 77 different inflow conditions. The optimal maintenance schedule obtained compared favourably with that obtained by Hydro Tasmania over many years based on experience. Specifically, the ACO-PPMSO schedule results in higher end-of-horizon total energy in storage and satisfies both hard and soft constraints, which overall equates to over $0.5 million dollars of savings when compared to the schedule obtained using the practitioners’ experience and engineering judgment. The ACO-PPMSO algorithm was also shown to be a useful decision-making tool for scheduling maintenance under different circumstances when tested with four scenarios commonly encountered in practical maintenance scheduling problems. In conclusion, the ACO-PPMSO formulation developed, tested and applied as part of this thesis research provides a powerful and flexible means of obtaining optimal or near-optimal maintenance schedules for power plants. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1294672 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007

This thesis proposes a fresh engagement with the idea of the archaic as a means to recover and replenish some of the lost vitality suffered during what William Barrett characterized the modern period as “the gigantic externalization of life.” An introductory essay examines how the related ideas of the archaic, the primal, and the prehistoric have at key moments provided a source of creative energy for the arts of the last century. Collections of found material, and several photographic studies document the city of Niagara Falls—icon of American pop culture and faded relic of romanticism. The photographs present an alternative to the world of the touristic snapshot, and address the questions: In the age of simulation how do we know what is real anymore? Can we learn to see with archaic eyes?

This thesis proposes a fresh engagement with the idea of the archaic as a means to recover and replenish some of the lost vitality suffered during what William Barrett characterized the modern period as “the gigantic externalization of life.” An introductory essay examines how the related ideas of the archaic, the primal, and the prehistoric have at key moments provided a source of creative energy for the arts of the last century. Collections of found material, and several photographic studies document the city of Niagara Falls—icon of American pop culture and faded relic of romanticism. The photographs present an alternative to the world of the touristic snapshot, and address the questions: In the age of simulation how do we know what is real anymore? Can we learn to see with archaic eyes?

Energy is increasingly becoming more important in today&rsquo / s world. Ascending of energy consumption due to development of technology and dense population of earth causes greenhouse effect. One of the most valuable energy sources is hydro energy. Because of limited energy sources and excessive energy usage, cost of energy is rising. There are many ways to generate electricity. Among the electricity generation units, hydroelectric power plants are very important, since they are renewable energy sources and they have no fuel cost. Electricity is one of the most expensive input in production. Every hydro energy potential should be considered when making investment on this hydro energy potential. To decide whether a hydroelectric power plant investment is feasible or not, project cost and amount of electricity generation of the investment should be precisely estimated. This study is about cost estimation of hydroelectric power plant projects. Many design parameters and complexity of construction affect the cost of hydroelectric power plant projects. In this thesis fifty four hydroelectric power plant projects are analyzed. The data set is analyzed by using regression analysis and artificial neural network tools. As a result, two cost estimation models have been developed to determine the hydroelectric power plant project cost in early stage of the project.