Siegen, Universität, Thesis (doctoral), 2000.

Šiame darbe dėmesys sutelkiamas į dviejų mąstytojų, atstovaujančių moderniąją ir fenomenologinę tradiciją – Rene Descartes’o ir Maurice’o Merleau-Ponty – regėjimo sampratų analizę. Kaip pagrindinis darbo metodinis įrankis pasirenkama okuliarcentrizmo ir antiokuliarcentrizmo diskursų perskyra, kurią įveda šiuolaikinio vizualinio diskurso teoretikas Martinas Jay. Tokiu principu rašto darbe iškeliama ir analizuojama okuliarcentrizmo kaip epistemologinio regėjimo privilegijavimo problema, kurios ištakos siekia Platono filosofiją. Regėjimo kaip intelektinės veiklos, kontempliuojančios teorinės žiūros ar idealaus/iškūnyto žvilgsnio samprata išryškėja Platono filosofijoje, kuomet pabrėžiama juslinio pasaulio ir idėjų pasaulio bei juslinės akies ir proto akies skirtis, iškeliant pastarosios prioritetą bei nuvertinant pirmąją. Darbe parodoma, jog Descartes’as radikalizuoja šias perskyras, sąmonės/kūno bei sąmonės/pasaulio dualizmo pagrindu, įtvirtindamas regėjimo į sąmonę redukciją. Šioms skirtims eksplikuoti remiamasi Descartes’o regėjimo modelio kaip cameros obscuros, karteziškojo perspektyvizmo ir negyvos akies identifikacijomis. Iškeltos problemos pagrindu darbe suformuluojama tezė, kad Merleau-Ponty vykdoma karteziškosios regėjimo sampratos transformacija yra okuliarcentrizmo kaip sąmonės/kūno ir sąmonės/pasaulio dualizmo problemos įveika. Tvirtinama, jog Merleau-Ponty įveikia sąmonės/kūno ir sąmonės/pasaulio perskyras, formuluodamas regėjimo kaip komunikacijos, įkūnytos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The work focuses on the analysis of the visual conception of the two thinkers – Rene Descartes and Maurice Merleau-Ponty – who are representing modern and fenomenological traditions. As a main methodological tool is chosen the typology of the discourses of ocularcentrism and antiocularcentrism, which are introduced by the contemporary visual theorist Martin Jay. Thus the problem of ocularcentrism is raised and analyzed as a problem of the epistemological privilegiation of the visual, which origins are found in Plato’s philosophy. The conception of the visual as an intellectual act, contemplative theoretical gaze or ideal/disembodied vision is emphasized in the philosophy of Plato, where he distinguishes the sensual world and the world of ideas, the sensual eye and the eye of mind, raising the priority for the latter and devaluating the previous one. The paper shows Descartes to radicalize those distinctions on the basis of the dualism of consciousness/body and consciousness/world, establishing reduction of the vision into the consciousness. To explicate that, it is refered to the visual Descartes’ model as identifications of camera obscura, Cartesian perspectivalism and dead eye. On the basis of the arised problem the thesis of the paper is being formulated: transformation of the Cartesian visual conception made by Merleau-Ponty is the solution of ocularcentrism as the problem of consciousness/body and consciousness/world dualism. It is stated that Merleau-Ponty resolves the... [to full text]

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka filmpedagogik i en digital era, genom att sätta barnen ochkameran i centrum. Studien placerar sig inom forskningsområdet visuell kultur och är gjordmed hjälp av dubbla perspektiv; det konstnärliga/praktiska och det vetenskapliga/pedagogiska.Frågeställningarna undersöks med hjälp av ett filmat dokumentationsmaterial från en workshopmed barn, samt genom dokumentationsmaterial från en workshop inne i en camera obscura påKonstfacks vårutställning 2017. Workshopen i camera obscuran utgjorde även den gestaltandedelen av detta mastersarbete. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat genom metoden visuellperformativ etnografi. I analysen letar jag upp situationer där barnens agerande stör mig pånågot sätt, vilket blir en metod att hitta de konventioner inom filmpedagogiken jag villgenomlysa och utmana. Med hjälp av teoretiska verktyg från det posthumanistiska tänkandetanalyserar jag materialet. Resultaten från studien pekar på att en ny filmpedagogik, anpassadtill det digitala, skulle kunna utgå från barnen och drivas av barnens intresse och utforskandemed kameran, snarare än att barnen ska lära sig en fast norm för vad film är. Resultaten visarockså att genom att göra bildfenomenet som uppstår i camera obscura till en utgångspunkt förfilmpedagogiken kan synen på vad film är och kan vara idag utforskas vidare och därmedlösgöras från konventioner bundna till en analog teknik.

The thesis project explores the architectural themes of time and virtuality in two parts. The first theme - time - is investigated through a photographical study of Kulturhuset in Stockholm, searching for physical traces of change. The study also reveals a faster time scale relating to the inhabitants and users of space.  The second part of the project relates to the photographs, building on the technique of the camera obscura to investigate the theme of virtuality. Through three full scale tests and different experiments, an attempt was made to manipulate the border between the physical and the virtual, demonstrated in a room obscura built up at the courtyard of the School of Architecture during the Diploma Days in June 2015.  The project moves from the observational part of the photograph into a physical exploration of what architecture is, how it works and possibly what it could be, from virtual to physical and back again. As a whole, the project is a collection of thoughts, of sights, of connections and of experiences. / Examensarbetet undersöker de arkitektoniska begreppen tid och virtualitet i två delar. Det första temat - tid - undersöks genom en fotografisk studie av Kulturhuset i Stockholm, ett sökande efter fysiska spår av förändring. Studien visar också en snabbare tidsskala som relaterar till användaren och brukaren av rummet. Den andra delen av projektet utgår från fotografierna och använder camera obscurans teknik för att undersöka temat virtualitet. Genom tre fullskaliga tester och olika experiment prövades gränsen mellan det fysiska och det virtuella, och demonstrerades slutligen i ett rum obscura som byggts upp på gården i Arkitekturskolan under Diploma Days, juni 2015. Projektet rör sig från ett observerande i fotografiet till en fysisk undersökning av vad arkitektur är, hur arkitektur fungerar och eventuellt vad det skulle kunna vara, från det virtuella till det fysiska och tillbaka igen. Som helhet är projektet en samling tankar, sevärdheter, kopplingar och erfarenheter.

Par un trou, l’image renversée de ce qui se trouve à l’extérieur se projette à l’intérieur d’une chambre obscure. Ce phénomène, à l’oeuvre en permanence dans les espaces naturellement sombres, dans les yeux de l’homme et de la plupart des animaux, occasionnellement à l’intérieur de l’habitation, est aussi le principe à la base de la photographie et du cinéma. Ce problème d’optique a été observé et décrit pour la première fois en Europe dans les Problemata d’Aristote. Au cours des siècles, ce principe du «phénomène de la camera obscura» a été étudié et utilisé pour mesurer le temps et l’espace, effectuer des observations et des expériences astronomiques, produire des images ou des spectacles. Ces dernières décennies, les sciences ont démontré que pour prendre vie, se reproduire et évoluer, la matière s’est emparée progressivement de ce phénomène issu de la lumière. À travers la vision, il a un rôle premier dans notre perception du monde et notre conscience d’être. Cependant, rares sont les études de ses caractéristiques et de ses applications naturelles, techniques et esthétiques. Notre recherche voudrait contribuer à faire émerger une cohérence globale dans ces domaines. La méthode utilisée ici repose sur une pratique artistique de la capture photographique dans la camera obscura elle-même des images qui y apparaissent. En outre, cette pratique s’appuie sur une approche analytique fondée sur un choix de sources philosophiques, scientifiques et romanesques, poétiques et cinématographiques. Nous suivons d’abord à travers ces documents la genèse des objets techniques qui se rattachent au phénomène de la camera obscura. Puis la recherche se focalise sur certains artistes qui sont présumés avoir fait usage, ou qui ont effectivement employé des appareils «optiques» pour réaliser leurs oeuvres depuis le quinzième siècle. Nous concluons sur la démarche et l’oeuvre de certains photographes contemporains qui se consacrent à photographier le phénomène de la camera obscura, dont les travaux ouvrent à l’art de la photographie des perspectives inédites, tout en se référant à des questions picturales fondamentales. / Through a hole, the inverted image of what is outside, is projected inside a dark room. This phenomenon,constantly at work in naturally sombre closed spaces, in the eyes of humans and most animals, occasionallyinside habitations, is also the optical principle that made photography and motion pictures possible. This opticalproblem was observed and described for the first time in Europe by Aristotle in his Problemata. Then, over thecenturies, this “camera obscura phenomenon” was studied and used to measure time and space, makeastronomical observations and experiments, produce images or theatrical performances. In the last few decades,science has demonstrated that for matter to come to life, breed and evolve, it has gradually taken hold of thisphenomenon produced by light. Through vision it plays a fundamental role in our intimate perception of theworld and our self-consciousness. However, few academic studies address its natural, technical as well asaesthetic characteristics. This research will try to bring forth a global coherence in this field. The method that weuse is founded on our artistic practice of the photographic capture of the images as they appear inside thecamera obscura. In addition, this practice is also based on an analytical approach founded on a range ofphilosophical, scientific and fictional sources including poetry and movies. We follow through these documentsthe genesis of the technical objects related to the camera obscura phenomenon. Then, our research focuses onsome artists alleged to have, or have actually utilized "optical" devices to perform their works of arts since thefifteenth century. We conclude with the approach and practice of some contemporary photographers committedto photographing the camera obscura phenomenon, whose works of arts open new perspectives forphotographic art, yet still refer to fundamental questions about art.

Depuis les années 1990, face à l’expansion du numérique, le cinéma argentiqueest confronté aux enjeux économiques, politiques et poétiques de l’obsolescence.Notre étude vise à explorer les ambiguïtés, les ambivalences et les potentialitésde l’obsolescence qui ouvre des nouveaux champs de possibles à la réinventiondu cinéma argentique. Nous nous intéressons notamment à cette période de réinventiondu médium-film à partir de la fabrication de l’émulsion-maison, de la réactivationdu sténopé et de l’exposition de la machinerie du cinéma argentique.Conçu comme une articulation entre esthétique et technique, comprenant une viséehistorique, ce travail propose une systématisation théorique de la pratique du laboratoire,de la camera obscura, du sténopé et de la machine avec l’analyse d’un corpusd’oeuvres actuelles réalisées avec ces outils argentiques. Dans le parcours esquissé,qui s’appuie sur des entretiens avec les artistes, nous tentons d’élucider lestechniques impliquées dans les oeuvres et le processus créatif des artistes. Nousverrons enfin comment, à partir de ces liens entre théories et pratiques, des artistesréinventent aujourd’hui, grâce à l’obsolescence, le cinéma argentique à l’âge dunumérique et entretiennent une mémoire de toute sa technicité et machinerie. / Since the 1990s, in the face of digital expansion, analogue cinema has been confrontedwith economic, political, and poetic issues of obsolescence. Our study aimsto explore the ambiguity, ambivalence and potential of obsolescence, which opensup new fields of possibilities for the reinvention of analogue cinema. We are particularlyinterested in this period of reinvention of medium-film from the manufactureof the handmade emulsion technique, the reactivation of the pinhole, and theexhibition of analogue cinema machinery. Viewed through a historical lens andconceived as an articulation between aesthetics and technique, this work proposesa theoretical assessment of laboratory practices, the camera obscura, the pinholeand the machine, and an analysis of a body of current work realized using thesefilm tools. Through interviews with artists, we aim to illuminate their creative processesand reveal the techniques involved in the artworks. Finally, we will showhow thanks to obsolescence, artists today are reinventing analogue cinema in thedigital age and maintaining a memory of all its technicality and machinery.

A presente pesquisa, intitulada A Captura da Paisagem: entre apreensões fotográficas por câmera obscura e registros sonoros, analisa os procedimentos de instauração do trabalho A Captura da Paisagem, abarcando as questões que emergem das práticas com câmeras obscuras fotográficas. Neste contexto, são investigadas as relações conceituais e teóricas envolvidas nas ações de apreensão e registro espaço-temporal que ocorrem nesta produção, que envolvem longas durações nas obtenções fotográficas, bem como a simultânea gravação de registros sonoros. Além disto, a pesquisa trata das questões imbricadas nas possibilidades de junção de tais elementos dentro das proposições de apresentação do trabalho. / The present research, entitled Capture of the landscape: between photographic apprehensions through camera obscura and sonorous records, analyzes the procedures for the instauration of the work Capture of the Landscape, including questions emerging from the practice with camera obscura photography. In this context, the conceptual and theoretical relationships involved in the actions of time-space apprehension and recording that occur in this production are investigated. They involve photographic attainments of long duration as well as the simultaneous recording of sonorous registries. In addition, this research deals with the questions involved in the possibilities of junction of such elements within the presentation propositions of this work.

A presente pesquisa, intitulada A Captura da Paisagem: entre apreensões fotográficas por câmera obscura e registros sonoros, analisa os procedimentos de instauração do trabalho A Captura da Paisagem, abarcando as questões que emergem das práticas com câmeras obscuras fotográficas. Neste contexto, são investigadas as relações conceituais e teóricas envolvidas nas ações de apreensão e registro espaço-temporal que ocorrem nesta produção, que envolvem longas durações nas obtenções fotográficas, bem como a simultânea gravação de registros sonoros. Além disto, a pesquisa trata das questões imbricadas nas possibilidades de junção de tais elementos dentro das proposições de apresentação do trabalho. / The present research, entitled Capture of the landscape: between photographic apprehensions through camera obscura and sonorous records, analyzes the procedures for the instauration of the work Capture of the Landscape, including questions emerging from the practice with camera obscura photography. In this context, the conceptual and theoretical relationships involved in the actions of time-space apprehension and recording that occur in this production are investigated. They involve photographic attainments of long duration as well as the simultaneous recording of sonorous registries. In addition, this research deals with the questions involved in the possibilities of junction of such elements within the presentation propositions of this work.

A presente pesquisa, intitulada A Captura da Paisagem: entre apreensões fotográficas por câmera obscura e registros sonoros, analisa os procedimentos de instauração do trabalho A Captura da Paisagem, abarcando as questões que emergem das práticas com câmeras obscuras fotográficas. Neste contexto, são investigadas as relações conceituais e teóricas envolvidas nas ações de apreensão e registro espaço-temporal que ocorrem nesta produção, que envolvem longas durações nas obtenções fotográficas, bem como a simultânea gravação de registros sonoros. Além disto, a pesquisa trata das questões imbricadas nas possibilidades de junção de tais elementos dentro das proposições de apresentação do trabalho. / The present research, entitled Capture of the landscape: between photographic apprehensions through camera obscura and sonorous records, analyzes the procedures for the instauration of the work Capture of the Landscape, including questions emerging from the practice with camera obscura photography. In this context, the conceptual and theoretical relationships involved in the actions of time-space apprehension and recording that occur in this production are investigated. They involve photographic attainments of long duration as well as the simultaneous recording of sonorous registries. In addition, this research deals with the questions involved in the possibilities of junction of such elements within the presentation propositions of this work.

This thesis proposes a fresh engagement with the idea of the archaic as a means to recover and replenish some of the lost vitality suffered during what William Barrett characterized the modern period as “the gigantic externalization of life.” An introductory essay examines how the related ideas of the archaic, the primal, and the prehistoric have at key moments provided a source of creative energy for the arts of the last century. Collections of found material, and several photographic studies document the city of Niagara Falls—icon of American pop culture and faded relic of romanticism. The photographs present an alternative to the world of the touristic snapshot, and address the questions: In the age of simulation how do we know what is real anymore? Can we learn to see with archaic eyes?