Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des microcentrales hydroélectriques à vis d’Archimède. Il s’agit dans ces travaux de proposer une solution alternative à l’hydroélectricité à petite échelle, en exploitant les ressources inutilisées telles que les petites rivières ou les cours d’eau. Ces microcentrales inversent le principe de fonctionnement de la pompe à vis d’Archimède. Elles exploitent la puissance hydraulique disponible dans les usines hydroélectriques de très basses chutes. A partir de l’état de l’art, un modèle numérique est établi pour estimer les rendements, la production d’énergie et la rentabilité pour un fonctionnement à vitesse variable des microcentrales hydroélectriques à vis d’Archimède. Les différents résultats théoriques et de simulation ont été validés expérimentalement sur le prototype de l’INSA de Strasbourg, développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Enfin, des actions sont menées sur le prototype expérimental afin de maximiser le transfert d’énergie et de limiter les pertes. Pour finir, une stratégie MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tacking) très spécifique est développée et est actuellement en cours d’implémentation. / This work focuses on a small hydro plant which uses the Archimedes screw. This is an alternative solution to smallscale hydropower as it employs unused resources such as small rivers or streams. Archimedes screw plants reverse the pump use principle and employ the available stream power for energy production in very low head application. Based on the state-of-the-art, a numerical model is established to estimate efficiencies, energy production and profitability of variable speed operations for a small hydro plant using Archimedes screw. Several theoretical results and simulations are proposed. We validated them experimentally on the prototype of INSA Strasbourg, developed within the framework of this thesis. Finally, actions carried out on the experimental prototype led to maximizing the transfer of energy and limiting losses. Then a very specific MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control strategy is developed and is currently being implemented.

This master’s thesis deals with the feasibility study of the pumped-storage hydropower plant. Design is divided at three parts – upper water-reservoir with water intake, penstock with cabel tunnel and mechanical room with four Francis reversible turbine. Study contains engineering report, hydraulic calculations, photodocumentation and drawing documentation.

Emergency gates are important safety feature of hydropower plants. They are used to close the flow in order to protect power plant equipment in case of emergency. In this diploma the-sis are realized CDF simulations of emergency closure of wheel-mounted gate on two-dimensional model of the Slapy hydropower plant. Simulations were performed for the case of constant lowering gate speed and for the case of gravitational closure. Dynamic mesh was used to enable the gate motion. The 6DOF method was used for the case of gravitational clo-sure and user defined function was defined to control movement of the gate. User defined function include gravitational force, hydrodynamic forces and friction force. Simulations were used to verify forces acting on gate and volume flow through gate during closing process. In case of gravitational closure the speed and orientation of closing process and closing process time were determined.

Under hösten leker en inhemsk population av Atlantisk lax (Salmo salar) i Klarälven, Sverige, för att därefter vandra nedströms tillbaka till sjön Vänern. Vid älvens andra kraftverk sett från Vänerns mynning, Dejefors kraftverk, finns det planer på att ersätta ett av kraftverken mot ett nytt och det finns därför ett behov av att ta reda på hur laxens nedströmsvandring påverkas av det kraftverket som finns där i dag. Då alla kraftverk i Klarälven saknar fiskpassagelösningar är det extra viktigt att följa upp laxarnas passageöverlevnad under vandringen. Avsikten med denna studie var därför att ta reda på hur laxen rörde sig runt kraftverket, hur väl de klarade av att passera kraftverket beroende av vilken passageväg de tog och vilka faktorer som påverkade passageframgången. Under september 2020 fångades 40 laxindivider in när de var på väg uppströms inför leken. De mättes och märktes med telemetrisändare för att sedan transporteras uppströms och släppas ut nedanför kraftverket i Munkfors, varifrån deras nedströmsvandring förbi Dejefors kraftverk följdes och analyserades med hjälp av akustisk telemetri. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad mellan kön för när laxarna påbörjade sin nedströmsvandring. Kraftverket visade sig dock fördröja laxarnas nedströmsvandring då det tog längre tid för dem att passera kraftverket än vad det tagit dem att simma ner dit i den fritt strömmande delen av älven. Av de 31 laxar som anlände till Deje så passerade 27 av dem kraftverket, varav 13 individer överlevde (48 %). Överlevnaden var högre för individer som passerade via spillutskoven (10 av 12) än turbinerna (3 av 15). Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i mortalitet vid kraftverkspassage beroende på laxens längd och passageväg; långa individer hade en högre mortalitet (73 %) än kortare (25 %) och passagevägen hade en signifikant effekt på mortaliteten. Resultatet visar tydligt på ett behov av åtgärder för att förbättra överlevnaden hos lax vid passage av Dejefors kraftverk. Lösningar för att få fisken att helt undvika turbinerna och istället välja en annan passageväg vore troligen den bästa och effektivaste lösningen för att öka laxens överlevnad under nedströmsvandringen. / During autumn, the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) migrate upstream to spawn in the river Klarälven, Sweden, after which they migrate downstream back to Lake Vänern. There are plans to remove one of the power houses in Deje, and replace it with a new power house, and before that happens it is important to study the downstream passage conditions at the site. As all power plants in Klarälven lack fish passage solutions, it is important to follow up the salmon passage survival during the migration. The purpose of this study was therefore to study how downstream migrating salmon negotiate the power plant, the route-specific passage survival and what factors that could affect their passage success. In September 2020, 40 upstream migrating salmon individuals were caught, measured and tagged after which they were transported and released below the power plant in Munkfors. Their downstream migration past Dejefors power plant was studied and analyzed using acoustic telemetry. The results showed that there was no significant difference between sexes in regards of downstream migration timing. However, the power plant turned out to delay downstream migrating salmon as it took longer time for them to pass the power plant than it took them to swim down the free-flowing part of the river. Of the 31 salmon that arrived in Deje, 27 passed the power plant, of which 13 individuals survived (48%). The survival rate was higher for individuals passing via spillways (10 of 12) than turbines (3 of 15). There was a significant difference in mortality rate at power plant passage depending on the length and passage route of the salmon. Large individuals suffered a higher mortality (11 of 15) than short (3 of 12) and a larger proportion of the salmon died when passing through the turbines than through spill gates. Based on the results, there was a clear need for improved survival rates for salmon passing the Dejefors power plant. The design of the turbines could be changed for increased survival, but at the same time other solutions that will make it possible for fish to avoid the turbines and instead choose another passageway would probably be a better and more efficient solution to increase the survival of the salmon during their downstream migration.

Vattenkraftverk och dammar utgör vandringshinder både vid upp- och nedströmsvandring för flertalet fiskarter. En åtgärd för att minska vandringshindrens negativa påverkan på migrerande arter är att anlägga fiskpassager som underlättar upp- och nedströmspassage. Galleravledare med flyktöppning är en åtgärd som syftar till att hindra nedströmsvandrande smolt från att simma in i vattenkraftverksturbiner och riskera förhöjd dödlighet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka funktionen av en galleravledare med tillhörande flyktväg till en naturfåra vid Strömsbro kraftverk i Testeboån. Med hjälp akustisk telemetri undersöktes laxsmoltens vägval vid galleravledaren, dess överlevnad vid passage via naturfåran respektive genom kraftverkets turbiner samt skillnaden i tidsåtgång mellan dessa passagealternativ. Totalt märktes 60 smolt med sändare i mitten av maj 2022. Tio mottagare placerades ut på drygt 5 km av Testeboåns nedersta del. Hög dödlighet (45%) från utsläppsplatsen till kraftverket resulterade i att endast 30 individer inkluderades i studien. Resultatet visade, likt tidigare undersökningar vid Strömsbro kraftverk, att majoriteten (2/3) av smolten simmar genom kraftverket.Ingen dödlighet observerades för smolt som passerade via naturfåran medan dödligheten var 25% för smolten som passerade genom kraftverket. Av de smolt som nådde fram till Strömsbro kraftverk tog sig 64% till Testeboåns mynning, vilket motsvarade totalt 35% av den märkta smolten. Tidsåtgången var betydligt högre i naturfåran jämfört med kraftverket, vilket visar på fördröjning för smolt som passerar Strömsbro kraftverk via naturfåran. Resultaten antyder en dålig funktion av galleravledaren vid Strömsbro kraftverk med förhöjd dödlighet som följd. En orsak kan vara utformningen av galleravledaren. Vidare undersökning av möjligheterna för en förbättrad funktion av galleravledaren vid Strömsbro kraftverk bör vidtas. / Hydropower plants and weirs serve as barriers for both up- and downstream migration for multiple species. To minimize the negative impacts of barriers on migrating fish species, fish passages are constructed to allow for upstream and downstream passage. Angled bar racks together with a bypass are a solution that are meant to lead fish away from the power plants intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of an angled bar rack with bypass leading to the old riverbed at Strömsbro hydropower plant in Testeboån River, Sweden. Acoustic telemetry was used to investigate Atlantic salmon smolts passage efficiency at the angle bar rack and subsequent path choice. It was also used to evaluate mortality for both the old riverbed and the passage through the power plant, as well as the difference in time between the two passages. 60 smolts were marked with acoustic transmitters in May 2022 and ten acoustic receivers were placed over the lower 5 km in Testeboån River to evaluate their migration. High mortality (45%) from the release site to the power plant resulted in only 30 individuals being used for the evaluation. The result showed, like former studies at Strömsbro, that the majority (2/3) of the smolt passed through the angled rack and through the power plants intake. There was no mortality for the old riverbed and 25% for the passage through the power plant. Overall, the success of downstream migration past Strömsbro power plant was 35% of marked smolts and 64% of the individuals reaching Strömsbro power plant. Smolt passage took longer through the old riverbed in comparison to the passage through the power plant, which shows some delay for smolts passing Strömsbro power plant through the old riverbed. The result implies low efficiency of the angled bar rack at Strömsbro power plant, leading to increased mortality. The design of the angled rack might be one reason for this. Further investigation about the possibilities to increase the efficiency of the angled rack at Strömsbro power plant should be considered.

Småskaliga vattenkraftverk regleras vanligtvis med avseende på vattennivån i magasinet eller vattenflödet, utan hänsyn till efterfrågan på elkraft. Examensarbetet utfördes på uppdrag av Fortum Generation som önskade att undersöka möjligheten att istället automatiskt optimera planeringen och regleringen av de småskaliga vattenkraftverken med hänsyn till prisbild, verkningsgrad, vattensituation, miljödomar, miljöhänsyn samt mekaniskt slitage. En optimeringsalgoritm framtagen i en parallellt pågående studie låg till grund för examensarbetet. En prototyp som skulle autoplanera produktionen och reglera ett enskilt vattenkraftverk skulle utvecklas, där det genom simulering skulle fastställas om en realisering av optimeringsalgoritmen i ett verktyget är möjlig och lönsam. Båthusströmmen, som användes som testobjekt för examensarbetet, ägs av Fortum och är ett småskaligt vattenkraftverk i Österdalälven. En kostnadseffektiv prototyp av ett optimeringsverktyg för automatisk planering och reglering av småskaliga vattenkraftverk utvecklades och testades genom simulering. Prototypen utvecklades i form av en mjukvara vilken utför optimeringen och kommunicerar kontinuerligt med befintliga optimerings-, övervaknings- och styrsystem. Resultaten av utförda kommunikationstester och simulerade optimeringar visade att en realisering av algoritmen i ett optimeringsverktyg är möjlig och förväntas öka effektiviteten för Båthusströmmen och därmed öka intäkterna för kraftverket. / Small-scale hydropower plants are usually controlled considering either the reservoir level or the water flow, regardless of the electricity demand. This thesis was conducted on behalf of Fortum Generation that wanted to investigate the possibility to automatically optimise the production plans and control of small-scale hydropower plants based on electricity price, generator efficiency, water situation, environmental restrictions, environmental concerns, and mechanical wear. The thesis is a continuation of a study where an optimisation algorithm was developed. A prototype that could automatically plan the production and control of an individual hydropower plant would be developed, and then based on simulations it would be determined if an implementation of the algorithm in an optimisation tool is possible and profitable. Båthusströmmen, the test case for this thesis, is owned by Fortum and is a small-scale hydropower plant in Österdalälven. A cost-effective prototype of an optimisation tool for automated planning and control was developed and tested through simulations. The prototype was developed as a software that performs the optimisation and communicates continuously with the existing optimisation, supervisory and control system. The results of the communication tests and optimisation simulations showed that an implementation of the algorithm in an optimisation tool is possible and is expected to increase the efficiency of Båthusströmmen and therefore increase the profit of the power plant.

This study aims to estimate the level of satisfaction about resettlement arrangements for local people who have been affected by A Luoi hydroelectric construction project in the Thua Thien Hue province. This research used the Likert scale method to assess the satisfaction level of 98 households living in two of the resettlement sites. Results illustrate that there is variations in the level of satisfaction of local people in the two resettlement sites, Hong Thuong and Hong Ha. In the resettlement area (RA) of the Hong Thuong Commune, people are dissatisfied with the location arrangement. There is a lack of quality in the houses built, been damaged, cracked and degraded, since the construction design is not appropriate for the customs and practices of local people, with a satisfaction rating of 1.07. Meanwhile, at the resettlement site of the Hong Ha commune, people felt satisfied with the arrangement site of the RA and allocated residential land area with the satisfaction rating of 4.19. Our results will help the government, as well as the project owners, to understand the points of dissatisfaction of local people in order to have accordant solutions, ensuring the stable life for local people in those settlement areas. / Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá được mức độ hài lòng của người dân về việc bố trí tái định cư (TĐC) cho người dân bị ảnh hưởng bởi dự án xây dựng thuỷ điện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Nghiên cứu đã sử dụng phương pháp thang đo Likert để đánh giá mức độ hài lòng của 98 hộ dân sống tại hai khu tái định cư Hồng Thượng và Hồng Hạ. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã cho thấy có sự khác nhau về mức độ hài lòng của người dân tại hai khu TĐC. Tại khu TĐC Hồng Thượng người dân thấy không hài lòng về địa điểm bố trí TĐC, nhà ở được xây dựng thiếu chất lượng đã bị hư hỏng, nứt nẻ xuống cấp, thiết kế xây dựng không phù hợp với phong tục, tập quán của người dân địa phương, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 1,07. Trong khi đó, tại khu TĐC xã Hồng Hạ người dân lại thấy hài lòng về điểm bố trí TĐC và diện tích đất ở được cấp, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 4,19. Kết quả nghiên cứu của đề tài sẽ giúp cho chính quyền cũng như chủ đầu tư dự án nắm rõ những điểm không hài lòng của người dân để có hướng giải quyết phù hợp nhằm đảm bảo cuộc sống ổn định cho người dân tại nơi tái định cư.

This master's thesis is specialised in designing of small hydropower plant for specific location. In work should be designed suitable turbine for parameters found on the site, then created a basic project documentation of small hydropower plant with all devices and used principles, so that the plant would be capable of operation. In the next part of thesis should be extented the calculation of flow in the turbine delivery and assessed effect of geometry of turbine delivery on the flow.

Studien undersöker hur Porjus vattenkraftverk påverkade den industriella utvecklingen i Norrbottens län mellan 1915–1938. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om elintensiva industrier etablerades efter vattenkraftverkets invigning samt hur industristrukturen i Norrbottens län påverkades under perioden 1915–1938. För att svara på frågorna blev undersökningen en fallstudie som utredde hur och om elektriciteten från Porjus vattenkraftverk bidrog till ekonomisk utveckling i Norrbottens län. Att utvecklingen av elektricitet och elinfrastruktur ska gynna den ekonomiska utvecklingen genom en ökad etableringstakt av industrier samt att industrierna blir mer elintensiva har visats i tidigare forskning. Samtidigt som andra studier demonstrerat hur elektrifiering inte nödvändigtvis leder till ekonomisk utveckling om inte priserna är lönsamma. Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att Porjus vattenkraftverk gav upphov till ökad industrietablering i Norrbottens län, där de elintensiva industrigrupperna gynnades till störst del. Slutligen drogs slutsatsen att industristrukturen i Norrbotten primärt stärktes snarare än ändrades efter att vattenkraftverket invigdes år 1915. / This thesis analyzes how Porjus hydropower plant affected the industrial development in Norrbotten county between 1915-1938. The purpose of the study was to investigate if electricity-intensive industries arose after the inauguration of the hydropower plant, and how the industrial structure in Norrbotten county was influenced during the period 1915-1938. To answer those questions a case study was performed to investigate if and/or how the electricity from Porjus hydropower plant contributed to economic development in Norrbotten county. Previous studies have shown that the development of electricity and electricity infrastructures will benefit economic development through an increased number of industries and that the industries will become more electricity-intensive. At the same time, other studies have demonstrated how electrification does not necessarily lead to economic development unless prices are profitable. The conclusion of the thesis is that an increase of industrial establishments in Norrbotten county appeared after the inauguration of Porjus hydropower plant. At the same time the electricity-intensive industrial groups where the ones that benefited the most from the increased electricity the hydropower plant generated. Finally, it was concluded that the industrial structure in Norrbotten primarily was strengthened rather than changed after the hydropower plant was inaugurated in 1915.

Hydropower is the most important power balancing resource in the Swedish electrical power system, regulating the power supply to match the load. Consequently, several hydropower plants have periods of stand-by operation where the power production is absent but where several devices within a plant are still active. Such a device is the step-up power transformer, which during stand-by operation still generates no-load energy losses. These losses can accumulate to a considerable amount of energy and costs during the long technical lifetime of the apparatus. One option to minimize these no-load energy losses is by turning the transformer off when its generating unit is in stand-by operation. However, when this transformer operational change has been explained to experts in the field, the most common response has been that a more frequent reenergizing of a transformer leads to higher risks for errors or transformer breakdowns. This study aimed to analytically investigate three effects from this operational change. First, the potential of fatigue failure for the windings due to the increased sequences of inrush current. Secondly, the thermal cycling as a consequence of change in present losses. Lastly, the energy and economic saving potentials for hydropower plants where this operational adjustment is applied. The study used both established as well as analytical tools explicitly created for this study. These were then applied on currently active transformers in different plant categories in Fortum’s hydropower fleet.  The study primarily showed three things. Firstly, risk of fatigue failure due to the increased presence of inrush currents did not affect the transformer’s technical lifetime. Secondly, the thermal cycling changes were slightly larger with absent no-load losses during stand-by operation. The average temperature for the transformer decreased, which in general is seen as a positive indicator for a longer insulation lifetime and thus the transformer’s technical lifetime. Finally, the created frameworks showed the potential of saving energy and money for all plant categories, where the potential grew with the installed production capacity and the stand-by operation timeshare. Despite the simplifications made to describe the complex reality of a transformer operating in a hydropower plant, this thesis contributes to lay a foundation for future investigation of an easy adjustment to avoid unnecessary energy losses and costs for transformers in hydropower plants.