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The presented thesis includes investigations to fully characterize the electronic structure and magnetic properties ofselected manganese containing high-spin molecules by means of various X-ray spectroscopic, magnetic and theoretical methods. The investigations on the Mn4 star-shaped molecule havelead to a number of interesting results. Magneto-chemical studies exhibit very weak exchange coupling constantsbetween the four Mn(II) ions, leading to complicated low lying states in which the ground state is not well separated, resulting from a dominant weak ferromagnetic coupling and a giant moment of up to 20 µB/f.u. XMCD measurements revealed that almost the completemagnetic moment is located around the Mn(II) ions.This is in agreement with only a few charge transfer states foundwithin the detailed X-ray absorption spectroscopic study. The electronic structure and detailed magnetic properties of the star-shaped heteronuclear CrIIIMnII3 complex have been precisely investigated.With XPS the homovalency of Mn and Cr have been verified. The XA-spectra of the manganese and chromium L edges were measured and compared to earlier investigated Mn4 spectra.The combination high-magnetic field magnetic measurements and element selective XMCD of Mn and Cr L edges and quantum model calculations lead to a complete analysis of the magnetic structure of the CrMn3 magnetic core. The III valence state of the manganese ions in MnIII6O2Salox has been verified. From X-ray diffraction, typical Jahn-Teller distorted oxygen octahedra have been found for Mn(III) ions. Comparisons of XPS and XAS spectra of the complex to corresponding spectraof maganite and tetranuclear manganese(II) cluster it was definitely possible to identify MnIII6O2Salox as a pure Mn(III) compound.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Improved fabrication of poly(vinylindenefluoride)-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) thin films is of particular interest due to the high electric coercivity found in the beta-phase structure of the thin film. We show that it is possible to obtain high-quality, beta-phase dominant PVDF-HFP thin films using a direct approach to Langmuir-Blodgett deposition without the use of annealing or additives. To improve sample quality, an automated Langmuir-Blodgett thin film deposition system was developed; a custom dipping trough was fabricated, a sample dipping mechanism was designed and constructed, and the system was automated using custom LabVIEW software. Samples were fabricated in the form of ferroelectric capacitors on substrates of glass and silicon, and implement a unique step design with a bottom electrode of copper with an aluminum wetting layer and a top electrode of gold with an aluminum wetting layer. Samples were then characterized using a custom ferroelectric measurement program implemented in LabVIEW with a Keithley picoammeter/voltage supply to confirm electric coercivity properties. Further characterization using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed the improvement in thin film fabrication over previous methods.

Zur Verbesserung der Störsicherheit bei der digitalen Signalübertragung wird eine Hysterese in die Übertragungskennlinie des Gatters eingefügt. Der Einfluss der Höhe der beiden Schwellwerte auf die Anzahl der auftretenden Fehler wird mittels eines Rechnerprogrammes untersucht. Ein Zufallsgenerator erzeugt Signale in verschiedenen Höhen und Breiten, die sich den ungestörten Signalen überlagern. Es erfolgt eine Umsetzung einer integrierten Schaltung auf einem TTL Master. Die Schaltung wird mittels eines eigens entwickelten Netzwerkanalyseprgrammes berechnet. Messergebnisse werden mitgeteilt. / To enhance the noise immunity of digital signal transmission, a hysteresis is introduced to the transfer characteristic of integrated digital circuit. The influence of height of the two threshold values to the number of occurring errors is examined by a computer program. A random number generator generates signals of different heights and widths, which are superimposed on the undisturbed signals. There is an implementation of an integrated circuit on a TTL master. The DC performane is calculated by means of a specially developed circuit analysis program. Measurement results are presented.

The use of Internet of Things systems has increased to meet the need for smart systems in various fields, such as smart homes, intelligent industries, medical systems, agriculture, and the military. IoT networks are expanding daily to include hundreds and thousands of IoT devices, which transmit information through other linked devices to reach the network sink or gateway. The information follows different routes to the network sink. Finding an ideal routing solution is a big challenge due to several factors, such as power, computation, storage, and memory limitation for IoT devices. In 2011, A new standardized routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks was released by the Internet Engineering task force (IETF). The IETF adopted a distance vector routing algorithm for the RPL protocol. RPL protocol utilizes the objective functions (OFs) to select the path depending on diffident metrics.These OFs with different metrics must be evaluated and tested to develop the best routing solution.This project aims to test the performance of standardized RPL objective functions in a simulation environment. Afterwards, a new objective function with a new metric will be implemented and tested in the same environmental conditions. The performance results of the standard objective functions and the newly implemented objective function will be analyzed and compared to evaluate whether the standard objective functions or the new objective function is better as a routing solution for the IoT devices network.

In the process of designing an electric power supply system for an aircraft, parameters like low weight and low losses are important. Reliability, robustness and low cost are other important factors. In the Saab Gripen aircraft, the design of the primary power supply of the electric flight control system was updated by exchanging a switching transistor regulator to a magnetic amplifier (magamp). By introducing a magamp design, weight was saved and a more reliable power supply system at a lower cost was achieved. In this particular case, with the power supply of the electric flight control system in the Saab Gripen fighter, advantage could be taken of a specific permanent magnet generator (PM-generator). The frequency of the generator offered the perfect conditions for a magamp controller. A key parameter in designing magnetic amplifiers (magamps) is low losses. New amorphous alloys offer new possibilities of the technique in designing magnetic amplifiers, because of their extremely low losses. The core losses are evaluated by studying the equations and diagrams specifying the power losses. The core losses are evaluated and compared with the copper losses in the process of optimizing low weight and low losses. For this an engineering tool is developed and demonstrated. Evaluations of the hysteresis characteristics for the magnetic alloys, as well as modeling and simulation of the core losses, are presented in this work. The modeling of the core losses includes hysteresis losses, eddy current losses and excess losses as well as copper losses. The losses are studied dynamically during realistic operational conditions. The model can be used for any generic analysis of hysteresis in magnetic circuits. Applications of magnetic amplifiers in aircrafts have been demonstrated to be a feasible alternative / QC 20101103

Dynamische Systeme mit Gedächtnis spielen in verschiedensten Anwendungen und Forschungsgebieten eine wesentliche Rolle. Gedächtnis bedeutet dabei, dass das zukünftige Systemverhalten nicht nur durch den aktuellen Zustand festgelegt wird, sondern im Allgemeinen auch durch vergangenen Zustände. Ein prominenter Vertreter für dieses Verhalten ist die Hysterese. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Mechanismen, welche zum Auftreten von Hysterese führen können, haben sich eine Vielzahl an Modellen etabliert, um diese zu beschreiben und zu modellieren. Zwei häufig verwendete Modelle sind dabei das Random Field Ising-Model und das Preisach-Model. Beide Modelle unterscheiden sich grundlegend in der Art, wie es zu Hysterese kommt. Während beim Random Field Ising-Model Hysterese aufgrund der Wechselwirkung benachbarter Spins auftritt, benutzt das Preisach-Model hingegen eine Vielzahl an elementaren bistabilen Relais, um komplexes hysteretisches Verhalten abzubilden. Trotz dieser Unterschiedlichkeit zeigen beide Modelle ähnliche Eigenschaften wie return point memory und wipe-out. Wir wollen in dieser Arbeit das dynamische Verhalten eines einfachen harmonischen Oszillators untersuchen, welcher mithilfe eines Feedback-Loops an ein hysteretisches Spinsystem gekoppelt wird. Es soll das Verhalten dieses Hybrid-Systems, das sowohl aus kontinuierlichen als auch aus diskreten Variablen besteht, für verschieden große Spinsysteme untersucht werden. Wir konzentrieren uns dabei auf drei vereinfachte Spinkonfigurationen. Dies ermöglicht uns, unter Verwendung der Preisach-Theorie, den Limes eines unendlich großen Spinsystems analytisch zu beschreiben. Wir zeigen, dass sich das Verhalten von dynamischen Systemen gekoppelt an ein endliches Spinsystem im Allgemeinen von Systemen gekoppelt an ein unendliches Spinsystem unterscheidet. Im Zuge dessen werden wir eine Methode vorstellen, um Lyapunov Spektren für dynamische Systeme mit preisachartiger Hysterese und glatter Dichte zu bestimmen. Wir zeigen weiterhin, dass bestimmte relevante Größen wie fraktale Dimension und Magnetisierung im Allgemeinen kein selbstmittelndes Verhalten aufweisen. Diese Resultate können erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Vergleichbarkeit und Interpretation von Theorie und Experiment bei dynamischen Systemen mit Hysterese haben. / Dynamical systems with memory play a huge role in technical applications as well as in different research fields. In general memory means, the systems' behavior is not only determined by its last state, but also by the history of previous states. One prominent example of such behavior is the hysteresis. Caused by the many reasons for hysteretic behavior, multiple models for hysteresis have been developed over the past hundred years. Two commonly used models are the Random Field Ising Model and the Preisach model. Both models differ in the way, how the memory is build into the system. Whereas, the Random Field Ising Model shows hysteresis because of the interaction between nearby spins, the complex hysteresis of the Preisach model is build by a superposition of elementary bi-stable relays. Besides these differences, both models show similar hysteric behavior like return point memory and wipe-out. In this work, we want to investigate the dynamical behavior of a simple harmonic oscillator coupled to Ising spins in a closed loop way, showing hysteresis. The system consists of discrete and continuous degrees of freedom, and therefore it has a hybrid character. Concentrating on three simplified spin interactions, on one hand we investigate the dynamical properties of the system for a varying finite number of spins and on the other hand we use the Preisach model to calculate the limit of an infinite number of spins. We find, that dynamical systems coupled to a finite and infinite number of spins, respectively, in general behave differently. Thereby, we develop a method to determine the whole Lyapunov spectrum for systems with Preisach like hysteresis and a smooth density. Furthermore, we show that some dynamical properties like the fractal dimension and the magnetization in general do not show self-averaging. These findings could have a huge impact on the comparability and interpretation of theoretical and experimental results in the context of dynamical systems with hysteresis.

<p>  </p> <p>Water scarcity is a global problem impacting a majority of the world population. A significant proportion of the global population is deprived of clean drinking water, an impact felt by the rural as well as urban population. Saltwater desalination provides an attractive option to produce clean water. Some technologies to generate potable water include reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), vapor compression distillation and multi-effect distillation (MED). Distillation plants such as those in MED often have falling-film evaporators operating at low energy conversion efficiency and hence distillation is performed over multiple stages (or effects). Porous materials can be utilized as evaporators in such plants with the objective of leveraging their superior efficiency. This can potentially decrease the number of effects over which distillation occurs. However, evaporation of high-salinity salt solution eventually results in salt precipitation which can cause fouling and induce structural damages, especially if the precipitates appear within the porous medium. Crystallization-induced structural damages are also of significant concern to building materials and for their role in weathering of historical monuments. It is thus crucial to understand the mechanisms governing salt precipitation in a porous medium.</p> <p>Transport of solute in such a medium is either driven by flow of the solution (advection) or by concentration gradients (diffusion). The dynamics of solute transport is further complicated due to the involvement of a reaction term accounting for any salt precipitation. The relative strengths of these driving forces determine the solute transport behavior during an evaporation-driven process. The wide-scale applications of solute transport and its complicated nature warrant investigation, both experimental and theoretical, of the dependence of solute transport and the subsequent precipitation on the operating conditions and the properties of the porous medium.</p> <p>This dissertation first focuses on developing a novel modeling framework for evaluating the transient behavior of the solute mass fraction profile within the domain of a one-dimensional porous medium, and extending its capability to predict the formation of salt precipitate in the medium.  Experimental investigations are then performed to study the formation of precipitate on sintered porous copper wicks of different particle-size compositions, and developing a mechanistic understanding of the governing principles.</p> <p>A numerical modeling framework is developed to analyze evaporation-driven solute transport. Transient advection-diffusion equations govern the salt mass fraction profile of the solution inside the porous medium. These governing equations are solved to obtain the solute mass fraction profile within the porous medium as well as the effloresced salt crust. Further accounting for precipitation allows a study of the formation and growth of efflorescence and subflorescence. Crystallization experiments are performed by allowing a NaCl solution to evaporate from a porous medium of copper particles and the subflorescence trends predicted by the model are validated. The modeling framework offers a comprehensive tool for predicting the spatio-temporal solute mass fraction profiles and subsequent precipitation in a porous medium.</p> <p>The dependence of efflorescence pattern on the properties of a porous medium is also investigated. Efflorescence patterns are visually observed and characterized on sintered copper particle wicks with spatially unimodal and bimodal compositions of different particle sizes. Efflorescence is found to form earlier and spread readily over a wick made from smaller particles, owing to their lower porosity, while it is limited to certain areas of the surface for wicks composed of the larger particles. A scaling analysis explains the observed efflorescence patterns in the bimodal wicks caused by particle size-induced non-uniform porosity and permeability. The non-uniformity reduces the advective flux in a high-permeability region by diverting flow towards a low-permeability region. This reduction in advective flux manifests as an exclusion distance surrounding a crystallization site where efflorescence is not expected to occur. The dependence of this exclusion distance on the porosity and permeability of the porous medium and the operating conditions is investigated. A large exclusion distance associated with the regions with bigger particles in the bimodal wicks explains preferential efflorescence over the regions with smaller particles. This novel scaling analysis coupled with the introduction of the exclusion distance provides guidelines for designing heterogeneous porous media that can localize efflorescence.</p> <p>Additionally, droplet interactions with microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces as well as soft surfaces were investigated during the course of this dissertation, separate from the above investigations. These investigations involve the interplay of surface energies with electrical or elastic energies and are studied both experimentally and through theoretical models, and therefore are retained as additional chapters in the thesis as being of relevant interest.  Electrowetting experiments are performed on superhydrophobic surfaces with re-entrant structures to study their resilience to the Cassie-to-Wenzel transition. The deformation of soft surfaces caused by forces exerted by microscale droplets is studied and the resulting interaction between multiple droplets is explored. </p>

Conventional resistance spot welds are not visible from the outside. Therefore, it is not straightforward to evaluate the joint quality non-destructively. The pulse-echo method of manual ultrasonic is widely used for non-destructive testing. Another option is the passive magnetic flux density testing, which is being developed at Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. The spot weld is magnetized in the normal direction and the residual magnetic flux density is measured on top of the surface of the joint. This method is suitable for spot welds on typical car body steels. Previous investigations show that the magnetic properties of the materials influence the test result. In order to develop this new non-destructive testing method further, it is necessary to know the magnetic properties of the different microstructure regions of a spot weld. This article focuses on methods to measure and evaluate the magnetic properties of these regions, especially of the base material and the weld. Different measuring methods and approaches are presented and compared with each other. Based on the results, recommendations for future measurements for magnetic characterizations are given.

Metal halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention as excellent candidates for application in solar cells. Despite their excellent performance, photovoltaic devices based on perovskite absorber’s wide-scale integration into industrial application is limited by their chemical and electrical instabilities. The central topic of this thesis is therefore to investigate thermodynamic aspects of point defects and the conduction mechanisms along with their implications for current–voltage characteristics i.e.,hysteresis in the solar cells. By application of three different methods, impedance spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy and sweep rate dependent current–voltage characteristics as function of temperature, we show that understanding the fundamental aspects of mobile ionic defects in the material as well as the distribution of these defects in the device is essential for improving the stability and the device performance. We show that halide vacancy-interstitial pairs are present in all investigated perovskite compositions and these defects can lead to a significant reduction in the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. / Metallhalogenid-Perowskite haben erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit als hervorragende Kandidaten für die Anwendung in Solarzellen. Trotz ihrer ausgezeichneten Leistung ist die breite Integration von photovoltaischen Geräten auf der Grundlage von Perowskit-Absorbern in die industrielle Anwendung durch ihre chemische und elektrische Instabilität begrenzt. Das zentrale Thema dieser Arbeit ist daher die Untersuchung der thermodynamischen Aspekte von Punktdefekten und der Leitungsmechanismen sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Strom-Spannungs-Charakteristik, i.e., die Hysterese in den Solarzellen. Durch die Anwendung von drei verschiedenen Methoden, der Impedanzspektroskopie, der Transientenspektroskopie auf tiefer Ebene und der Sweep-Rate-abhängigen Strom-Spannungs-Charakteristik als Funktion der Temperatur, zeigen wir, dass das Verständnis der grundlegenden Aspekte der mobilen ionischen Defekte im Material sowie der Verteilung dieser Defekte in der Vorrichtung für die Verbesserung der Stabilität und der Leistung der Vorrichtung von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist. Wir zeigen, dass Halogenid-Vakanz-Zwischengitter-Paare in allen untersuchten Perowskit-Zusammensetzungen vorhanden sind und dass diese Defekte zu einer signiőkanten Verringerung der Energieumwandlungseffizienz von Perowskit-Solarzellen führen können.