En blodtransfusion kan rädda liv men det kan också avsluta ett liv om fel blodtransfunderas. En oförenlighet mellan mottagaren och blodgivaren kan leda tillimmunisering eller hemolytiska transfusionsreaktioner (HTR) med dödlig utgång. Viktigast att ta hänsyn till är A- och B-antigenen inom AB0-systemet och D-antigenet inom Rh-systemet då dessa kan orsaka stor skada. På grund av en stor variation hos D-antigenet, i form av svagt uttryck eller skadade epitop kan individer med vissa av dessa varianter immuniseras om de erhåller RhD-positiva erytrocyter. För att minska risken för immunisering av mottagaren används därför olika reagenser för att detektera D-antigenet beroende på om individen är mottagare eller blodgivare. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera bestämning av RhD-antigen vidblodgivargruppering i en kolonn innehållande anti-D som påvisar kategori VI genom direktagglutinationsteknik (DA), samt att jämföra med befintlig metod för påvisandet avsvaga och partiella D med indirekt antiglobulintest (IAT). Tanken var att minska antaletmanuella analyser med IAT. Blodgivargruppering utfördes på helblod från 50 nyregistrerade blodgivare i AB0/D gelkort med DA-teknik. De RhD-negativa proverna analyserades med IAT för konfirmering av negativa resultat samt påvisning av RhD-varianter. Resultaten med det nya anti-D reagenset visade något starkare reaktioner än med det nuvarande reagenset. Detta kan antyda att fler skulle kunna bestämmas som RhD-positiva utan att IAT behöver utföras. Studien ger för lite underlag för några konkreta slutsatser. Avslutningsvis föreligger det ett intresse ur patientsäkerhetssynpunkt att utföra en meromfattande studie för att på djupet utvärdera bestämning av RhD-antigen meddirektagglutinationsteknik. / Blood transfusion can save lives, but if incompatible blood is transfused it could lead to immunization or fatal haemolytic transfusion reactions. The ABO and the Rh systems are considered the most clinically relevant systems. There are several variants of RhD antigen and individuals expressing some of these variants can be immunized if they receive RhD positive erythrocytes. Therefore, to reduce the risk of immunization, different reagents are used to detect the D-antigen depending on whether the individual is a recipient or a blood donor. The aim to this study was to evaluate RhD phenotyping in blood donors using a new anti-D reagent that detects partial D category VI with direct agglutination technique and to compare with the current method for detecting weak or partial D. Could the number of manual tests for the D variant with indirect antiglobulin test be reduced? Anticoagulated whole blood from 50 newly registered blood donors were grouped with the AB0/D gel card and D-negative samples was further analyzed with indirect antiglobulin test for confirmation of negative results and detection of RhD variant. Thereactions with the new anti-D showed stronger results than those from current anti-D. The results may indicate that with the new anti-D, more tests could be typed D positive, without indirect antiglobulin test. There is not enough data for proper conclusions,but there is an interest in a more comprehensive study to evaluate the D phenotyping with direct agglutination technique in the aspect of patient safety.

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The current paper was an attempt to study the defense mechanisms of terror management theory (TMT) via implicit cognition/indirect measures. In Study 1, an American and Foreign Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) and an American-Foreign Implicit Association Test (IAT) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward patriotism in an attempt to predict the worldview defense of patriotism in the TMT paradigm. It was hypothesized that these indirect measures would be predictive of the occurrence and strength of the worldview defense among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. The cultural worldview defense commonly found in TMT did not arise, which precluded testing the efficacy of indirect measures as predictors. Explanations as to why the worldview defense did not arise and modifications to the design of the study are proffered. In Study 2, the automaticity of the self-esteem bolstering construct postulated by TMT was examined via an indirect measure of self-esteem (i.e., the self-esteem SC-IAT) and a measure of state self-esteem (i.e., the modified Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). It was hypothesized that these measures of self-esteem would capture automatic self-esteem bolstering among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. Both measures of self-esteem failed to capture the automaticity of the appearance of self-esteem bolstering following a mortality salience manipulation. Explanations for the lack of detection of self-esteem bolstering and suggestions for future research into the self-esteem bolstering construct within the TMT paradigm are discussed. Finally, factors central to the successful incorporation of indirect measures into the TMT paradigm are addressed. / Psychology

自我設限是指人們因為害怕失敗帶來傷害，或想要在成功時更顯得自己特別優異的方法。本研究主要探討不同類型自尊者使用不同自我設限行為的狀況。受試者接收數學能力的正向評價回饋後，即接受壓力或練習效果對測驗表現是否有影響的操弄指導語，在4組(策略暗示：宣稱、行為、宣稱與行為，控制組)實驗設計中，研究者測量所有受試者的宣稱策略使用程度、練習時間與練習題數，研究進行中亦錄影其非口語焦慮行為。研究結果有六大發現：(1)內隱自尊與外顯自尊無關，表示它們是不同的構念；(2)情境對宣稱式自我設限有主要效果：接受宣稱式自我設限會影響表現訊息的人，他們的宣稱策略使用程度明顯比無接受訊息者來得高；(3)外顯自尊與情境對行為式自我設限有交互作用效果：當暗示其練習效果會影響表現時，高外顯自尊者比低外顯自尊者有較少的練習行為，會比較容易有行為式自我設限的表現出現；(4)內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限亦有主要效果：低內隱自尊者比高內隱自者會比較傾向使用宣稱性自我設限，容易表達出他注意力不集中、有壓力等口語訊息；(5)外顯與內隱自尊對宣稱式自我設限有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者（安全性自尊者）容易使用宣稱式的自我設限策略；(6) 外顯與內隱自尊對非口語焦慮行為頻率有交互作用效果：高外顯/低內隱自尊者(威脅性自尊者)比高外顯/高內隱自尊者(安全性自尊者)表現出更多的不安、緊張等臉部與行為的表情。研究中亦嘗試討論情境、內隱自尊、外顯自尊對宣稱式自我設限的三因子交互作用，與兩類自尊各自在不同情境中的主要效果。

Phänomenbasierter Physikunterricht (PbPU) als alternative Vorgehensweise bei der Vermittlung von Physik wird seit 20 Jahren in der fachdidaktischen Forschung verstärkt beachtet und hat sich zunehmend an den Schulen etabliert. Er lässt sich anhand seiner Merkmalaspekte Subjektivität, Mediation, Affektivität, Modellfreiheit/Modellkompetenz und Exploration charakterisieren und abgrenzen. Die Merkmale PbPUs sind mit einer konstruktivistischen Lerntheorie vereinbar und liefern die Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiches Lernen gemäß dem INVO-Modell. Bisher existieren jedoch keine empirischen Belege für den Einfluss PbPUs auf die Interessen- und Leistungsentwicklung oder anderer motivationaler Konstrukte wie Stereotypen und das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept. Für den wertenden Vergleich mit anderen Konzeptionen von Physikunterricht ist es jedoch wichtig, PbPU hinsichtlich seiner Wirkung auf das Lernen von Physik einschätzen zu können. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll diesem Desiderat begegnet werden. In einer quasiexperimentellen Feldstudie im Versuchs-/Kontrollgruppendesign (N=300) wurden die Vor- und Nachtestergebnisse der Versuchsbedingungen verglichen. Das Treatment in der Versuchsgruppe war eine achtwöchige Unterrichtssequenz der phänomenbasierten Anfangsoptik. Als abhängige Konstrukte wurden das Image von Physik, das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept, Interesse und Fachwissen untersucht. Image und Selbstkonzept wurden im Kontext der Balanced Identity Theory operationalisiert und mithilfe impliziter Assoziationstests (IATs) erhoben. Die varianzanalytischen Verfahren zeigten keine Effekte, die auf einen von der Testzeit abhängigen Unterschied zwischen der Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe hindeuten. Die Ausprägungen der impliziten Assoziationen und des Interesses entwickelten sich in beiden Gruppen identisch, mit einer für das Lernen von Physik ungünstigen Tendenz. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie liefern somit keine Belege für die Wirksamkeit PbPUs auf die untersuchten Konstrukte. / Since 20 years are "phenomenon-based science classes" (PbPU) as alternative method for imparting physics increasingly observed by subject-didactic research and they have established for use in schools. PbPU can be characterized and defined by the specific aspects subjectivity, mediation, affectivity, model-competency and exploration. Defining characters of PbPU are compatible with constructivist theory of learning and provide conditions for effective learning in accordance to INVO-model. Until today there are no empirical demonstrations to state the effect of development of PbPU in interests and performance nor other motivational constructs as stereotypes and physics self-concept. It is important for evaluative comparison with different concepts of science classes to be able to value PbPU concerning effect on learning of physics. The work in hand shall respond to this desideratum. Pre- and posttest data of two experimental conditions were compared in nonrandomized field study with control group design ($N=300$). Treatment of test group was an eight weeks'' teaching sequence of phenomenon-based optics (7th grade). The dependent constructs were image of physics, physics self-concept, interests and knowledge in optics. Image and self-concept were operationalized within theoretical framework of Balanced Identity and measured with implicit association tests (IATs). ANOVAs and ANCOVAs revealed no effects of interaction between time and experimental group. Implicit associations and interests developed in each group identically with negative tendency for learning of physics. Therefore, results of this study provide no evidence for the impact of PBPU on investigated constructs.

To study of cognitive fear networks and associations, indirect experimental paradigms like the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald et al., 1998) or the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST, De Houwer, 2003) may be helpful, as they promise to assess the structure of specific associations using a performance based approach without having to ask the participant for a verbal report. Three studies investigated the usefulness and characteristics of IAT and EAST. The aim of the first study was to measure fear associations towards spiders among spider phobic and non-phobic participants as well as in a group of spider enthusiasts. Results indicate that the IAT paradigm is sensitive to the strength of fear relevant associations and able to predict anxious behavior beyond the predictions of direct measures such as questionnaires. The second study focused on some of the mechanisms that underlie IAT effects. With a newly developed masked IAT, these experiments investigated the influences of individual stimuli and superordinate categories on IAT performance. Besides theoretical implications, the results also provide practical, relevant applications for the use of IAT experiments. A third study applied the EAST to investigate how different context conditions lead to differential activation of cognitive schemata in fear of spiders. One can conclude that the impact of automatic threat associations depends on the activated context, and that the EAST is suitable for the assessment of fear associations and their current activation level. This dissertation leads to the conclusion that the performance based methodology of the IAT and EAST is a useful and practical approach to reflect fear associations in phobia indirectly. At this point, the use of indirect measures is still at its beginning, and requires intensive methodological and theoretical efforts. These paradigms, however, may become useful for possible implications in psychopathology and other fields of psychology.

To study of cognitive fear networks and associations, indirect experimental paradigms like the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald et al., 1998) or the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST, De Houwer, 2003) may be helpful, as they promise to assess the structure of specific associations using a performance based approach without having to ask the participant for a verbal report. Three studies investigated the usefulness and characteristics of IAT and EAST. The aim of the first study was to measure fear associations towards spiders among spider phobic and non-phobic participants as well as in a group of spider enthusiasts. Results indicate that the IAT paradigm is sensitive to the strength of fear relevant associations and able to predict anxious behavior beyond the predictions of direct measures such as questionnaires. The second study focused on some of the mechanisms that underlie IAT effects. With a newly developed masked IAT, these experiments investigated the influences of individual stimuli and superordinate categories on IAT performance. Besides theoretical implications, the results also provide practical, relevant applications for the use of IAT experiments. A third study applied the EAST to investigate how different context conditions lead to differential activation of cognitive schemata in fear of spiders. One can conclude that the impact of automatic threat associations depends on the activated context, and that the EAST is suitable for the assessment of fear associations and their current activation level. This dissertation leads to the conclusion that the performance based methodology of the IAT and EAST is a useful and practical approach to reflect fear associations in phobia indirectly. At this point, the use of indirect measures is still at its beginning, and requires intensive methodological and theoretical efforts. These paradigms, however, may become useful for possible implications in psychopathology and other fields of psychology.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the nature of listeners' attitudes toward foreign-accented speech and the manner in which those attitudes are formed. This study measured 165 participants' implicit and explicit attitudes toward US- and foreign-accented audio stimuli. Implicit attitudes were measured with an audio Implicit Association Test. The use of audio stimuli as repeated tokens for their phonological attributes represents an innovation in IAT methodology. Explicit attitudes were elicited through self-report. The explicit task was contextualized as a fictional medical malpractice trial; participants heard the recorded audio testimony of two actors (one US-accented and one Korean-accented) portraying opposing expert witnesses. Four test conditions counterbalanced across participants were created from the recordings. Participants rated the experts on fourteen dependent variables ('traits'): believability, credibility, judgment, knowledge, competence, trustworthiness, likeability, friendliness, expertise, intelligence, warmth, persuasiveness, presentation style, and clarity of presentation. Participants were also asked for their attitudes toward the speakers relative to each other (i.e., Which doctor would you side with in this dispute?). The question of speaker preference was posed as a binary choice, an 11- point slider scale measure, and two confirmation questions asking participants to state how fair they thought an outcome for each party would be. This study's hypothesis that participants' implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same speech would diverge was confirmed. The IAT results indicated an implicit bias [ D =.33, p∠.05] in favor of the US-accented speaker, while the self-report results indicated an explicit bias [ F (2,121)=3.969, p=.021, η 2 =.062] in favor of the foreign-accented speaker in the slider scale and confirmation questions [ F (2,121)=3.708, p=.027, η 2 =.058, and F (2,121)=3.563, p=.031, η 2 =.056]. While the binary choice question showed a trend toward favoring the foreign-accented speaker, the result was not significant. No discernable pattern was found to exist in attitudes toward the speaker by trait. This study's findings argue for the recognition of both implicit and explicit attitude constructs and the integration of implicit attitudes measurement methodologies into future language attitudes research. Additional theoretical implications of these findings for future language attitudes research are also discussed, including implications for selecting an appropriate cognitive processing model.