Cette thèse s'intéresse – au niveau national – aux transformations du hockey sur glace sur une période allant de 1986 (date de l'obtention des Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de 1992 à la France) à 2006 (date de la scission entre le hockey sur glace et la FFSG). Il s'agit d'un travail socio-historique qui portera son attention sur les structures fédérales (et leurs transformations) et sur l'évolution de la politique de la Commission Sportive Nationale de Hockey sur Glace (CNHG), notamment en ce qui concerne la mise en spectacle et la professionnalisation de ce sport au cours de la période que nous avons définie précédemment. Nous nous intéresseront également aux clubs évoluant (ou ayant évolué) en première division. L'analyse, outre la stratégie globale, doit comprendre les jeux d'acteurs au sein de l'espace fédéral (CNHG et FFSG) et leurs rapports de force, les soubassements idéologique de l'action dans le cadre fédéral, mais aussi tenir compte du contexte sportif national avec le développement du sport-spectacle et du « star système » au cours des années 1980. Il s'agira également d'analyser la structuration du hockey sur glace sous forme professionnelle (e.g., ligue professionnelle, statut des clubs, syndicats (joueurs, clubs, arbitres), contrôle de gestion, etc.) et son positionnement à l'international avec les conséquences des différentes législations européennes (e.g., arrêt Bosman (1995), arrêt Malaja (2002)). / This thesis focuses – at the national level – on the transformations of ice hockey from 1986 (attribution of Winter Olympic Games to France) to 2006 (separation between ice hockey and FFSG). This is a socio-historical work which focus on federal structures and their transformations, and the evolution of the Commission Nationale de Hockey sur Glace (CNHG), especially with regards to the implementation of the professionalisation of this sport in the last twenty years. The analysis, in addition of the overall strategy, must include the actors' strategies within the federal space (CNHG and FFSG) and their power relationships, the ideological underpinnigs of theirs actions, but also take into account the national sports context with the development of sports shows and star-system during the 1980s. It will also analyse the professional structuration of ice hockey: professional league, status of clubs, labor unions (players, clubs, referees), management control and its international position with the consequences of the Bosman case (1995) and the Malaja case (2002).

The purpose of this study was to identify the motivational factors that are important for continued ice hockey practice after children have participated in Tre Kronors Hockey School. Furthermore, the purpose was also to investigate the young people's experience of Tre Kronor Hockey School and how they perceived the transition from the same to association hockey. The study was carried out on behalf of the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. Data has been collected through eight semi-structured interviews with young people between the age of 12-13 years old who previously participated in the Tre Kronors Hockey School and then continued to play association hockey. A key result was that the respondents felt that community and fellowship with teammates was somehow an important motivational factor for continued ice hockey practice. Another important motivational factor was to develop and learn new things, and that it was considered important with support from people close to them. All young people felt that Tre Kronors Hockey School was a fun gateway to start playing ice hockey and that the transition to association hockey was a major change that all respondents thought was motivating. Finally, our study shows that the Swedish Ice Hockey Association has met the purpose of Tre Kronor Hockey School as a playful and fun gateway to start playing ice hockey.

Forskare har i många år undersökt sociala faktorers påverkan på individers motivation. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan tränares förmåga att främja spelares grundläggande psykologiska behov och upplevd press hos elitishockeyspelare. Manliga elitishockeyspelare (n=100, medelålder 23.15 ± 4.58), tillhörande lag i SHL och Hockeyallsvenskan rekryterades. Deltagarna fyllde i två frågeformulär, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale - Coach (ISS-C) samt ett frågeformulär rörande upplevd press. Resultaten visade på signifikanta korrelationer mellan upplevelsen av ledarens förmåga att uppfylla de grundläggande psykologiska behoven enligt Self Determination Theory (SDT) och spelarnas grad av upplevd inre oro, yttre oro och press. Variansanalyser med upplevd press och motivation som beroende variabler påvisade signifikanta skillnader mellan individer av högre ålder kontra lägre ålder, där spelare i lägre ålder känner mindre press än spelare i högre ålder. Konklusioner utifrån resultaten är att en kontrollerande miljö verkar ha negativ påverkan på upplevd press, medan upplevd autonomi verkar vara en viktig faktor för minskad inre oro samt ökat välmående. Bland spelarna i den äldre ålderskategorin var ledarens engagemang den främsta faktorn som påverkade press, medan spelarna i den yngre ålderskategorin värdesatte struktur högt. Resultaten i den aktuella studien kan eventuellt användas som en del i arbetet att få förståelse för hur man som ledare kan skapa ett positivt motivationsklimat bland ishockeyspelare på elitnivå. / Researchers have spent many years studying the relationship between social factors and motivation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between coaches’ ability to support basic psychological needs and perceived pressure amongst elite ice hockey players. Male ice hockey players (n=100, mean age 23.15 ± 4.58) from teams playing in the SHL or Hockeyallsvenskan were recruited. Participants filled out two different questionnaires, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale-Coach (ISS-C) and a questionnaire regarding perceived pressure. Results showed significant correlations between the players’ perception of their coaches’ ability to support the basic psychological needs according to Self Determination Theory (SDT) and perceived intrinsic anxiety, extrinsic anxiety and pressure. Analyzes of variance with perceived pressure and motivation as dependent variables showed significant differences between older players and younger players, where younger players perceived less pressure than older players. Conclusions based on the results are that a controlling environment seems to have a negative impact on perceived pressure while perceived autonomy was an important factor to decrease intrinsic anxiety and well-being. The coach’s engagement was the most important factor for perceived pressure when looking at the older age group, while structure was important for players in the younger age group. The result of the present study might be used as a part of the work of creating a positive motivational climate amongst elite level ice hockey players.

My thesis deals with the problem of analysis of age structure of the top three ice-hockey teams at the world championships from 1970 to 2007. At the beginning, I put together all the data about players who took part in these championships and finished on the top three places. I evaluated these data with the help of Microsoft Excel programme. The results were divided into three periods given by the changes in play systems of ice-hockey championships. The average age of players at different championships, who placed themselves to the medal positions in years 1970 to 2007, is clearly visible in the graphs and charts.

Title: Comparison of the factors determining the granting status of CSLH academy with academies in other countries. Goal: The aim of the thesis is structure of the training process, players selection, conditions and testing, comparison of ice hockey academies in the Czech Republic, North America and Norway. Methodics: File for research: Five hockey academies from different countries were selected. Representative of the Czech Republic was the HC Sparta Praha, HC Energie Karlovy Vary and HC Rytiri Kladno who holds status adept for academy of CSLH. The Notre Dame Academy was observed in Saskatchewan, and the fifth academy was Norwegian Lillehammer. The conditions, running and testing of players were explored. Questioning was done orally or by correspondence. Conclusion: Although the compared results have their limits, it showed that Canadian Notre Dame is the most effective model for developing hockey players. Key words: Ice hockey, academy, talent selection, testing, educational process

The thesis "Be fit, build your homeland, defend peace" or Physical Education and Ice Hockey in Post-February Czechoslovakia looks at thema of this popular winter sport by sociocritical discipline optics through sport's sociology. This unconventional approach focus on social practise rather than tables of results ice-hockey teams. The czechoslovak stalinism did not display itself only over repressions and polical demagogy. It strived for a creation of new social order that should have been better than previous were. It is appropriate to remember this, in order to understand behavior and motives of then people. The thesis perceives nature of czechoslovak physical education and ice hockey after 1948 as an integral part of European physical education systems through which modern state applies biopower claims.

At focus in this study are six professional ice hockey players experiences and thoughts on sexual norms in ice hockey and how these are expressed. The aim was to illuminate values and attitudes towards sexuality in Swedish ice hockey – a sport which characterized by a masculine label that affects it in terms of diversity and norms. Qualitative data was gathered by interviews with six professional ice hockeyplayers, women and men between 20-30 years old, which together had a wide background in the organisation of Swedish ice hockey. These informants reflected on their own views of the sport itself and how it has an impact on inclusiveness, norms and tolerance towards different sexualities. The results showed that the informants experienced a clear norm in Swedish ice hockey that incused womens icehockey to be more open to different sexualities rather than mens icehockey. The female informants testified that womens ice hockey players often were associated with stereotypes of being lesbians. The informants experiences also indicated how heterosexuality is normative in mens ice hockey. According to the informants, this norms may have an impact on the tendency of men, in terms of being open with their sexuality. In addition, this study also highlights the players attitudes towards future work with questions concerning values and inclusiveness in Swedish ice hockey. The informants in this study showed oppenness in ways of changing norms, so eventually, in the future, ice hockey players shouldn’t feel excluded in the organisation of ice hockey because of their sexuality.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / DPhil / unrestricted

To create a successful development in sports, gender equality is required. The lack of gender equality within the sport as an organization is therefore a problem and historically, sports is characterized by a gender structure where women is subordinate to men. The purpose of this essay is therefore to increase the knowledge of  the position of women within the field of ice hockey, and to open up for an analyzis of the gender equality within the rules of ice hockey using the theory of social constructionism. The theory makes it possible to highlight the meaning of commonly used concepts within the gender equality debate such as masculinity and femininity as social constructions depending on culture and history and how they change over time. This leads to the question of how the level of gender equality in the rules of ice hockey can be understood by using a social constructive theory. In order to achieve the purpose, the essay has the legal analyzis method as a basis to make the analyzis more nuanced. Interwiew as a method has also been used to create additional support for the conclusions. The study shows that there are significant differences in the rules of ice hockey that causes a problem with gender equality, but if you look under the surface, you could find that what seems to be natural, really is not. The rules of ice hockey, and the problem of gender equality are social constructions that changes under influence by the social environment.

Ice hockey is a sport known for its speed and skill. However, its intensely physical nature is associated with the potential risk of injury, which has become a major public controversy in Canada (Cusimano, Sharma, Lawrence, et al., 2013; Emery et al., 2010). Epidemiological research has adequately documented the frequency and severity of injury (King & LeBlanc, 2006; Yard & Comstock, 2006). Yet, because of methodological limitations and the lack of systematic and mandatory injury prevention strategies implemented nationwide, injuries remain high (Cusimano, Nastis, & Zuccaro, 2013; Emery et al, 2010). An alternative methodology, combined with broadening injury definitions can provide a more detailed assessment of the risks of, and circumstances, around injury. A methodology, based primarily on observational techniques, was utilized to examine injury in body checking hockey when it is first introduced to youth players. Injury was defined as ‘any physical trauma that has occurred as a result of participation in an organized competition’ including four categories of injury severity. In a comparison of Ontario Peewee (ages 11-12) with Québec Bantam (ages 13-14) boys hockey, no significant differences were found in overall injury (χ2: 0.22; p:0.64), however, there were significant differences in frequency of body checking related injury; 76% versus 59% (χ2:4.76; p:0.03). The odds of being injured due to body checking are 2.158 times higher in Peewee (βex 2.158; 95%CI: 1.07-4.34; p:0.03) indicating no increased risk of injury when body checking is introduced later while delaying introduction reduces the frequency of body checking related injury. Ongoing public debate in Canada concerning safety in youth hockey is understood through the theoretical lens of discourse (Foucault, 1972, 1990). The dominant discourse in Canada around hockey is based in a traditional, physically dominant model, where intense physical contact is not only inevitable but desirable. The reverse discourse prioritizes the safety of participants over the potential of lessening the intense physicality of the Canadian style of play. These competing discourses create tension and ambivalence amongst safety advocates and conservative hockey practitioners and enthusiasts. The emotionality of hockey stakeholders often overwhelms logic regarding safety decisions, ultimately impacting progressive injury prevention initiatives.