<p>Early art in Buddhist cultic sites was characterized by the absence of anthropomorphicimages of the Buddha. The Buddha was instead represented by different signs, like awheel, a tree, a seat and footprints. This study emphasizes the transformation this artunderwent from simple signs to carefully made aniconic compositions representing theBuddha in a narrative context.</p><p>Buddhist aniconic art has been explained by a prohibition against images of theBuddha or by a doctrine that made it inappropriate to depict the body of the Buddha.This study rejects such explanations. Likewise, the practice of different meditationalexercises cannot explain this transformation. Instead, it is important to understand thatearly art at Buddhist cultic sites consisted of simple signs belonging to a shared sacredIndian culture. This art reflected a notion of auspiciousness, fertility and abundance.The formation of Buddhist aniconic art was indicated by the connection of these auspi- cious signs with a narrative tradition about the life and teachings of the Buddha.</p><p>The study emphasizes the importance Sakyamuni Buddha played in the formation ofBuddhist art. The Buddha was interpreted as an expression of auspiciousness, but hewas also connected with a soteriological perspective. Attention is also focused on thefact that the development of Buddhist art and literature was a gradual and mutualprocess. Furthermore, Buddhist aniconic art presaged the making of anthropomorphicimages of the Buddha. It was not an innovation of motive for the Buddhists when theystarted to make anthropomorphic images of the Buddha. He was already there.</p>

Early art in Buddhist cultic sites was characterized by the absence of anthropomorphicimages of the Buddha. The Buddha was instead represented by different signs, like awheel, a tree, a seat and footprints. This study emphasizes the transformation this artunderwent from simple signs to carefully made aniconic compositions representing theBuddha in a narrative context. Buddhist aniconic art has been explained by a prohibition against images of theBuddha or by a doctrine that made it inappropriate to depict the body of the Buddha.This study rejects such explanations. Likewise, the practice of different meditationalexercises cannot explain this transformation. Instead, it is important to understand thatearly art at Buddhist cultic sites consisted of simple signs belonging to a shared sacredIndian culture. This art reflected a notion of auspiciousness, fertility and abundance.The formation of Buddhist aniconic art was indicated by the connection of these auspi- cious signs with a narrative tradition about the life and teachings of the Buddha. The study emphasizes the importance Sakyamuni Buddha played in the formation ofBuddhist art. The Buddha was interpreted as an expression of auspiciousness, but hewas also connected with a soteriological perspective. Attention is also focused on thefact that the development of Buddhist art and literature was a gradual and mutualprocess. Furthermore, Buddhist aniconic art presaged the making of anthropomorphicimages of the Buddha. It was not an innovation of motive for the Buddhists when theystarted to make anthropomorphic images of the Buddha. He was already there.

Dans le cadre des actuels débats autour du rôle et des pouvoirs des images, notre étude explore, à la lumière de la recherche du philosophe Michel Foucault, l'étendue et les fonctionnements discontinus, et parfois conflictuels, des rapports entre visibilités et pratiques d'images. La première partie de notre travail analyse le rôle des descriptions et évocations picturales des ouvrages du philosophe que l'on peut associer à l'analyse archéologique, s'attachant à montrer la singularité du rapport entre les images et l'émergence historique de différentes « modalités de voir» dans leurs articulations aux pratiques discursives. À l'appui des textes et manuscrits simultanés ou immédiatement successifs à l'élaboration de L'archéologie du savoir, la deuxième partie de la recherche valorise les défis que la question du traitement du visible et des images a lancés à la mise en place d'un champ de cohérence pour l'analyse discursive. Avec une attention particulière portée aux cours inédits sur la peinture du Quattrocento et aux projets sur la peinture de Manet, l'étude retrace les tentatives du philosophe vouées à considérer les dispositions culturelles de la visibilité et les configurations historiques de la présentation visuelle comme des dimensions articulées historiquement par des modalités différentes. La troisième partie analyse, enfin, les expérimentations foucaldiennes concernant des pratiques de l'image, présentant, à partir des conditions d'émergence de la notion d'attitude critique, les enjeux politiques de la réflexion autour des rapports entre visibilité et modernité picturale. / In the framework of the present ongoing debates about the role and power of images, our work aims to explore the extent and the discontinuous characterizing the historical relations between visibilities and practices of images in the light of the research of the philosopher Michel Foucault. The first part analyzes the role of descriptions and pictorial evocations in Foucault's works which can be associated with archaeological analysis; its objective is to show the singular relation between images and the historical emergence of different “modalities of seeing” in their articulations with discursive practices. Thanks to the analysis of texts and unedited manuscripts on painting, the second part points out the discrepancies between the visual dimension of Foucauldian research and the methodological elaboration of the archaeological discourse, with its claim to disclose a field of coherence for the discursive analysis. In light of the debates between art history's methodology and philosophy in France at the time, our analysis presents this apparently marginal section of the research of Foucault as an attempt to consider the cultural dispositions of visibility and the historical configurations of visual presentation as differently articulated through historical modalities. The third part analyzes various Foucauldian experiments concerning image practices. Through the study of archival material, the political stakes of the Foucauldian reflection about pictorial modernity through the emergence of the notion of critique as attitude are presented.

In this essay I will study three different paintings by the Swedish artists Lars Lerin and Gösta Adrian Nilsson (also known as GAN). All of these pieces incorporate sailors as part of their motives. The aim of the study is to analyse how these pieces differ in how they convey homoerotic themes. Both of these artists refer to their sexuality through their artistry, the sailor being a common motive between the two. I will also examine how the sailor relate to different ideas of masculinity. To do this I will use methods from both the iconologic and semiotic schools of art analysis, before comparing the different pieces, presenting my interpretations of them. The result of this study shows that these artists use varying methods to present their sexual identity. The motives of GAN are more subtle than those of Lars Lerin, relying on symbolic interpration rather than men posing suggestivily. This is not suprising, as homosexuality was still illegal during GANs life. The artists also portray masculinity in different ways.

This Bachelor's thesis in Art History at Uppsala University is an iconographical and iconological study of six artworks made by Princess Eugénie of Sweden and Norway (1830-1889). These works of art consists of two ink-drawings, two aquarelles and two sculptures. One of the sculptures is in porcelaine and the other in terra-cotta.  The iconographical and iconological analysis is made according to Erwin Panofsky's three level-method.

This thesis deals with advertising images. It contributes to discussion about position of image in present visual field. It also speaks about influence of image on contemporary society. The starting point and theoretical basis are Visual studies. The main ideas are applied to two different constructs of reality, both are tendentious. The first is vision, ideologically and politically constructed during authoritarian socialist regime. The second is current globalized consumer society. In the practical part of the thesis, the analysis focuses on the advertisements of Skoda Auto Company, used in both mentioned visual modes in the Czech Republic in the 20th century. Key words: picture, visual studies, iconology, advertising, globalization, consumer society, propaganda, image.

As non-institutional digital image collections expand into social media, independent non-professional image curators are emerging, actively constructing alternative naming conventions to suit their needs in a social collecting environment. This project considers how independent user-curators are developing particular sense-making behaviors as they actively contribute names to large, unstructured social image collections. In order to capture and explore this evolving language adaptation, Pinterest names are analyzed using a matrix composed of Panofsky’s three strata of subject matter, Rosch’s levels of categorical abstraction, Shatford Layne’s image attributes and Wittgenstein’s language game constructions. Analyzing Pinterest image names illuminates previously unnoticed behaviors by independent user-curators as they create shared collections. Exploring the various language choices which user-curators select as they apply this new curating vocabulary helps identify underlying user needs not apparent in traditionally curated collections restricted to traditional naming conventions.

This Paper examines the minting of coins during the reign of queen Christina of Sweden (Reign 1632-1654) from the area surrounding The Baltic Sea. The coins (seven types) that this essay seeks to analyze are minted in present day’s Estonia and Latvia and shows that even if the wishes of queen Christina are to get the new Baroque fashion to her aid in the making of the coins, they still remain at the style of the Renaissance era at large. Even if the standard of the coins does not reach the standard of the coins made in southern Europe, the various ways queen Christina is portrayed are also not explained solely by lack of monetary means from the Swedish State. Local Baltic resistance or Swedish politics might be reasons for the looks of the images of the monarch as well. The symbols of the coining reveal references to previous protestant heroes aiming to promote the legacy of Monarchy and portraits Christina as a Queen of Peace. By submitting the coining at hand some of the methods contained by the 20th-century thinkers Erwin Panofsky (1892- 1968) and Heinrich Wölfflin’s (1864–1945) theories, underlying features of meaning and understanding is thus possibly revealed.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’expression du mouvement dans la peinture grecque ancienne, ici la peinture de vases, source très riche concernant l’univers visuel des Grecs de l’antiquité, et plus particulièrement le lien qui unit les émotions aux mouvements corporels. Les théories anciennes à propos de la représentation figurée sont unanimes : l’objet de la peinture est l’être humain et le peintre, dès les mythes qui relatent la création de la peinture et plus généralement des arts plastiques (sculpture et modelage), se doit de représenter le vivant sous tous ses aspects, extérieur comme intérieur; autrement dit, le corps humain apparaît comme le moyen le plus efficace pour exprimer et transmettre les émotions qui l’animent, par les mouvements ou les attitudes que le corps adopte ou encore les expressions faciales. Ce constat s’applique à l’expression des états émotionnels intenses ou altérés comme par exemple : les modifications qu’entraînent la consommation de vin, une action divine comme la possession par un dieu ou encore l’imminence de la mort. Il faut, pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes, se tourner vers la conception ancienne de l’âme (θυμός et/ou ψυχή), qui dès l’époque homérique est conçue comme le siège des sentiments mais aussi comme un souffle qui entre et sort du corps. C’est une notion primordiale pour saisir la nature des mouvements qui animent les personnages figurés en proie à l’ivresse, sous le joug d’une possession divine ou sur le point de mourir : dans chacun de ces cas, l’âme est sollicitée d’une manière ou d’une autre, soit que ses liens avec le corps se trouvent relâchés ou qu’elle quitte temporairement ou définitivement le corps. Il apparaît que l’expression de ces états particuliers, dans l’imagerie grecque ancienne, n’ignore pas de tels concepts que ce soit à propos du but fixé à l’art ou sur la relation que l’âme entretient avec le corps : les mouvements corporels expriment clairement un état qui sort de l’ordinaire par l’orientation des corps, les gestes, les actions et les expressions faciales et ne semblent pas se borner à la figuration d’une simple réaction physiologique. Il s’agira également d’établir un lien entre les images anciennes et les théories modernes développées à propos de la figuration des mouvements dans l’art : le but étant de montrer que les peintres de vases privilégiaient bien plus l’expressivité, dans le but d’illustrer un concept, une idée, plutôt que de rendre compte d’une parfaite réalité / This thesis proposes to study the expression and depiction of movement in ancient Greek painting, specifically vase painting. While illustrating the very rich and unique source of the visual world of ancient Greece, the emphasis is kept on the link which unites the emotions to the body movements, gesture or posture. Theories about ancient pictorial representations are unanimous on the subject of painting the human figure. From the myths concerning the creation of painting and visual arts (sculpture & modeling), the artist must portray and illustrate the living in all aspects, external and internal. Using the human figure and representation of the anatomy, appears to be the most effective way to convey the emotions and feelings that animate the body through the depiction of gesture, posture or facial expression. This portrayal applies to the expression of intense emotion or altered state of being such as: the over consumption of wine, being possessed by a god (divine action) or the imminence of death. For a better understanding of the portrayal of this phenomenon, it is necessary to turn to the origin of the ancient Greek idea of the soul (θυμός or/and ψυχή). From the Homeric age this concept can be understood as the basis of sentiment and emotion and can be seen as natural as a breath which enters and exits the body. This notion is of key importance, to understand the origin of movement that brings to life the characters depicted in the images, whether consumed by drunkenness, under the yoke of divine possession or about to die. In each case, the soul is solicited, in one way or another, whether in its temporary or permanent separation or dissociative state from the body. Whether the aim is set out in art or in the relationship that the soul maintains with the body, Ancient Greek imagery does not ignore such concepts as the expression of these intense emotional and altered states whatsoever. Bodily movements clearly articulate an out of the ordinary state by the orientation of the body, gestures, actions and facial expressions and does not seem to be limited to the representation of only a physiological reaction. A link will be established between ancient images and modern theories developed on the subject of representation of movement in art. The objective: To demonstrate that the artists who adorned ancient vases favored the illustration of a concept or an idea, by imagination and expressivity, above the reporting of a perfect reality

La contrainte positive de Barney permet d’'aborder la capacité du dispositif à produire des usages qui, parce que contraints, s'avèrent féconds. Les corps monstrueux sont analysés dans le genre vidéoludique horrifique à partir de cette problématique de la fertilité artistique des dispositifs de contrainte développant une nouvelle approche iconologique tant des enjeux de la relation vidéoludique à l'image que du pouvoir générateur des monstres. Les dispositifs sont conçus comme parcours dont la spatialité est étroitement liée aux idées de clôture et d'obstacle. En écho à Jankélévitch, ces entraves se constituent en organes-obstacles engageant à une pratique où le malgré est paradoxalement le grâce-à. Le recours à l'entrave est souhaité en vue d'un processus génératif ne pouvant prendre corps qu'au risque de l'épreuve d'un déplaisir, d'une «horreur délicieuse» engageant à approfondir l'affinité entre le sublime et la façon dont les dispositifs de contrainte se constituent à travers l'expérience de plaisirs négatifs, d'une disconvenance conduisant selon Schiller à une convenance supérieure. Au-delà de la conjuration de la stupeur horrifiée, par l'artialisation de l' image, l'ouverture iconologique interartiale (picturale, vidéoplastique...) et mythologique permet la mise à jour heuristique de la genèse du monstrueux par un dispositif de contrainte (Tête de Méduse, Rubens) et de la résistance par impossibilité de la capture (Protée) qui conduit à examiner les dispositifs irréductibles à !'enclosure et la question de l'absence de contrainte comme contrainte paradoxale, induisant l' exercice de la mètis qui permet d'éviter l'achoppement dans le clos comme la perte dans l'ouvert. / The notion of positive restraint (Barney) brings to light the apparatuses' ability to produce practices that prove to be fertile, because restrained. Monstrous bodies in horror video games are analyzed from the perspective of the restraint apparatuses' artistic fertility, thus elaborating a new iconological approach to the image issues in videogames and monsters' generating power. Apparatuses are understood as routes whose spatialit is closely linked to the ideas of enclosure and obstacle. Echoing to Jankélévitch, these constraints establish organs-obstacles that set in motion a practice in which despife is paradoxically thanks to. Submitting to constraint engages a generalive process that can only take shape in the presence of a displeasure trial, a "delightful horror" leading us to investigate further the link between sublime and the way restraint apparatuses are grounded in the experience of negative pleasures, of a unsuitability leading, according to Schiller, to a superior suitability. Beyond discharging oneself from horrified stupor by the "artialisation" of the image, the interartial iconological (pictorial, video...) and mythological fields allow us to explore the genesis of monstrosity by restrainl apparatuses (Rubens' Medusa). It also underlines the idea of resistance by the impossibility of capture (Proteus) that leads us to examine the apparatuses without considering them as necessarily linked to closure, and the question of the lack of restraint considered as a paradoxical restraint, which leads to the practice of mètis that enables to avoid stumbling in closed spaces as well as getting lost in wide open spaces.