Marrige has historically been seen as the norm of coexistance between men and women. In all times, regardless of this norm, unmarried women have gotten pregnant. Societies have delt with the situation of unmarried, pregnant women in different ways in different time periods. In Sweden in the beginning of the 1900 hundreds unmarried, pregnant women often advertised in the papers for a place to stay during their pregnancy. Advertised in the papers, at the same time, did also people who provided places were the women could stay. The pupose of this essay is to investigate the advertisements to and from unmarred, pregnant women and to analyse what they can tell us about their situation in Sweden between 1910-1938. I have also, partly, looked upon advertisements were fostercare is needed for the children of the unmarried women. Through my invetsigation I also came across paragraphs in the papers concerning unmarried women, which also have been anlysed and is discussed in the essay. The result shows that unmarried women were referred to as unknown and unnoticed in the advertisements. Special names were also used when reffering to the illegitimate children of the women. Using special namnes to distinguish women and children are discussed in the analysis by the help of Foucaults theory about discourses. Previous research about advertisements to and from unmarried women have been carried through by a student called Lena Wängelin. She investiagated advertisements to and from unmarried, pregnant women during the 20th century in womens magazines and nationwide papers. Lena Wängelins results has in many ways been compared to my own results, together with what other scientists have written about unmarried women and illigetimate children in the past.

This text focuses on three historical characters: "The three Antonios", with emphasis on the third character, who was born in Chile and whose name is Jose Antonio de Rojas. The three characters come from the novel The Dream of History (2000), by Jorge Edwards. Two ofthem were French and the third one was Chilean. The thing that they had in common was that they were influenced by the French Enlightenment. They lived in Chile during Spanish Colonialism at the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. This historical period was full of political, social and military conflicts, which led to the establishment of aRepublic in Chile. However, this process of liberation was not unique for this country but took place in the whole American Continent. The text is characterized by a very parodic language and this parody has a specific function, i.e., to highlight identity related factors such as nation, language, class, gender and ethnicity. This is achieved by questioning and making illegitimate (invalid) the CUlTent discourse ofhistoriography.

This dissertation examines the way in which South African colonial texts may be read for the historical signs they inadvertently reveal. The history of land acquisition in South Africa may be read through the representation of burial and illegitimate pregnancy in South African farm novels. Both burial and illegitimate pregnancy are read as signifiers of illegitimacy in the texts, surfacing, by indirection, the question of the illegitimacy of land acquisition in South Africa. The South African farm novel offers a representational form which seeks (or fails) to mediate the question of land ownership and the relationship between colon and indigene. In the four texts under discussion, Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm, Florence Ethel Mills Young's The Bywonner[sic], Pauline Smith's The Beadle and Daphne Rooke's Mittee, the representation of burial and illegitimate pregnancy is problematic and marked by narrative displacements and discursive breakdowns. KEY TERMS burial, colonial discourse, farm novel, illegitimacy, illegitimate pregnancy, land, postcolonial theory, representation / English / M.A. (English)

The author analyzes a very important issue such as illegitimate tax avoidance. He begins by explaining the content of the concept of illegitimate tax avoidance, and also he points out the differences with other concepts like tax evasion and tax planning. Then, he comments the debate on the use of legal figures which doesn’t belong to Tax Law, in order to solve issue of illegitimate tax avoidance. Finally, he explains the scope and the application of the Peruvian general anti-avoidance rule stipulated in the Peruvian Tax Code. / El autor analiza un tema de suma importancia como es el de la elusión fiscal. Se comienza esclareciendo el contenido del concepto de elusión, diferenciándolo de otros conceptos como la evasión fiscal y la economía de opción. Luego, pasa a recoger y comentar el debate en torno al uso de figuras ajenas al Derecho Tributario para dar solución al problema de la elusión fiscal. Finalmente, pasa a explicar el alcance y aplicación de la cláusula general antielusiva peruana estipulada en la norma XVI del Título Preliminar del Código tributario.

Le pays d'Aire est un espace prospère à la frontière des comtés de Saint-Pol, de Flandre et d'Artois. Cette région rurale et céréalière est arrosée par la Lys, rivière permettant le commerce avec les grandes villes de Flandre. L'ensemble forme l'assise territoriale d'un bailliage artésien dont le siège est placé à Aire-sur-la-Lys, petite ville vivant dans l'ombre de sa puissante voisine Saint-Omer et de la cité de Thérouanne. Cet espace intermédiaire entre Ypres et Hesdin, Lille et Saint-Omer, possède toutefois d'incontestables atouts économiques et une identité originale. Aire, farouchement artésienne mais fortement influencée par la Flandre, fut toujours à la recherche d'un protecteur à la fin du Moyen Age. Ce rôle fut confié tantôt au prévôt de la collégiale tantôt au bailli. Un lignage noble originaire d'Enguinegatte entreprend de mettre la main sur la région, d'abord en menant une subtile politique matrimoniale puis en monopolisant la charge de bailli. Cet office, cumulé à la charge de chambellan local, leur permet de constituer un solide réseau local dans lequel sont impliqués l'échevinage, les chanoines mais aussi le cousinage et les bâtards du lignage. Les Viesville sont alors les véritables maîtres d'Aire et profitent de la reconversion économique de la région après les grandes pestes. La famille parvient à surmonter les coups durs reçus dans le premier quart du XVe siècle mais son influence est finalement balayée par la guerre menée en Artois par Louis XI après la mort de Charles le Téméraire. Véritable "cygne noir", cet avatar dans la lente construction de l'Etat coûte à cette famille tout ce qu'il lui avait apporté dans un premier temps. / The country of Aire is a prosperous area on the border of the counties of Saint-Pol, Flanders and Artois. This rural and cereal area is watered by the Lys river which allows trade with the big cities of Flanders. It forms the territorial basis of an Artesian bailiwick which headquarter is located in Aire-sur-la-Lys, a town living in the shade of the powerful neighbourhood of Saint-Omer and Thérouanne. This intermediate space between Ypres and Hesdin, Lille and Saint-Omer, has however indisputable economic advantages and its own identity. Aire, fiercely from Artois but strongly influenced by Flanders, was at the end of the Middle Ages always in search of a protector. This role was sometimes entrusted to the provost of the collegiate church, sometimes to the bailiff. A noble lineage native of Enguinegatte began to get hold on the region, at first by leading a subtle marital politic then by monopolizing the bailiff’s office. This status, added to the one of the chamberlain of the duke of Burgundy, allowed them to establish a robust local network in which were implied local elites, canons but also cousins and illegitimate children of the lineage. The La Viesville were then the real masters of Aire and took advantage of the economic reconversion of the region after the Great Plague. The family succeeded in overcoming the shocks received in the first quarter of the XVth century but its influence was finally annihilated by the war led in Artois by Louis XI after the death of Charles the Bold. Real " black swan ", this step in the slow construction of the State cost to this family all that it had brought before.

Cette étude est un essai de développer la méthode ego-écologique, dans le champs de la psychologie sociale-clinique. Nous-nous référons à une analyse de contenu qualitative. Notre approche s’ancre au point de rencontre des approches postpositivistes et socio-cognitives avec les théories des Symboles de Jung et des images de Desoille. Il n’est point de lieu plus propice que pour cette rencontre que le champ de la biographie du sujet, parce que le matériaux biographique jette un point entre l’imagination et l’intellect, l’individuel et le social le discours et l’action, à travers d’une part les symboles des mots-images et d’autre part l’interaction symbolique entre chercheur et sujet de la recherche, dont elle est le produit. Notre objectif est de montrer pourquoi et comment cette partialité des techniques analytiques peut être surmontée en replaçant la fonction symboliste dans la méthode ego-écologique à travers le protocole de recherche d’une adolescente née hors mariage. Ce travail se structure en quatre parties et en plus les annexes. La première partie est consacrée des trois directions théoriques : l’ego-écologie, les théories des symboles/images et l’approche biographique. En deuxième partie nous étudions trois groupes par l’ego-écologie et la méthode biographique : la mère célibataire, la famille d’accueil et les enfants naturels. La troisième partie est consacrée aux conclusions générales et la quatrième partie présente la bibliographie. La méthode d’analyse de contenu du matériaux biographique fonctionnait chez les sujets, comme une catharsis émotionnelle, en créant des conditions plus favorables leur permettant de faire face à leurs problèmes psychosociaux. / This study its an essay to develop the ego-ecology identity method, an content analysis on the field of Social-Clinical Psychology. Our investigation treats the issues of post-positivist and socio-cognitive approaches under a point of view of the theories of Ego-ecology. Jung symbols and Desoille’s images. The field of biography approach is a convenient moment to joint with, because the biographical material bridges over imagination and intelligence, individual and social, discourse and action, though on the one hand of the symbolism between words/images and on the other hand of the symbolic interaction between investigator/individual, that is the product. Our objective will be why and how this partial analytical techniques could be surmount replaced the symbolic function of the ego-ecology method, through the protocol of an illegitimate adolescent.. The structure of this work has been divided into four parts and the annexes. On the first part is consecrated to the three central theoretical directions: the ego-ecology, the theories of symbols/images and the biographical one. On the second part we search three social groups adopted on three conditions through the methods of ego-ecology and biography: the unmarried mother, the foster family and the illegitimate children living in an institution. On the third part we present the general conclusions and on the fourth part are presented the references. The proposed content analysis technique through the critical view of the subjects themselves, provides the respondents through their biography life course in a therapeutic way towards self-observation and self-analysis.

It is not an uncommon feature anymore to find young mothers in Venda secondary schools busy with their studies. These young mothers, referred to as schoolgirl mothers in this investigation, do however, battle in general with their studies and experience problems different from those of ordinary schoolgirls. It was, therefore, decided to launch an investigation into the problems related to the learning situation of such schoolgirl mothers. The formation of relationships by the adolescent has been used as a point of departure for this study. Contrary to expectations, the empirical investigation has revealed that schoolgirl mothers maintain basically good relationships with themselves, their studies and others. On the other hand, their academic achievements are significantly lower than those of ordinary schoolgirls. Further research is necessary to shed more light on the situatedness of schoolgirl mothers in general and in Venda secondary schools in particular. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has a population of just over 50 million people. However, there are only approximately 260 698 nurses according to the register of the South African Nursing Council. The nursing shortage is not only limited to South Africa, but is a global phenomenon, and this shortage is getting worse every day. Various factors can be blamed for the increasing nursing shortage. Every day nurses face demanding working hours, stressful work environments and a large shortage of resources. Nurses from private hospitals regard themselves as "overworked money-making machines". Nevertheless, the health care needed by the population of South Africa is rapidly increasing. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS is also a challenging contributor, worsening the nursing shortage crisis. The current dysfunctional nursing situation in the healthcare facilities of South Africa reflects a negative image of the nursing profession. Consequently, the number of individuals considering nursing as a profession is decreasing. The nursing shortage is not only a threat to the wellbeing of nurses, but to the lives of millions of South Africans who need health care. A common phenomenon amongst nurses is burnout, which leads to decreased quality of care and high turnover rates and contributes to the nursing shortage. Also, other nurses experience work engagement and display organisational citizenship behaviour in the same working environments than the nurses who experience burnout. Work engagement (WE) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) are ideal outcomes. This study investigated distinguishing factors between nurses that allow them to experience WE and exhibit OCB. The Job Demands-Resources model played an integral role in the study. Therefore, the specific focus of the study was job and personal resources, as well as job demands, as factors contributing to WE and OCB amongst nurses. Servant leadership (SL) as job resource, psychological capital (PsyCap) as personal resource, and IT (Illegitimate tasks) as job demand were identified as possible factors that explain the variance in WE and OCB. A literature review was conducted in which prominent antecedents of WE and OCB were identified. A number of hypotheses were formulated and tested by means of an ex post facto correlation design. The unit of analysis was nurses from two of the largest private hospital groups in South Africa. The nurses were employed at one hospital in Gauteng and three hospitals in the Western Cape. Data was collected from 208 nurses located within the chosen hospitals. Data collection on all five variables, namely work engagement, organisational citizenship behaviour, servant leadership, psychological capital and IT, was conducted by means of self-administered questionnaires. The measurements included in the self-administered questionnaire were selected in terms of their validity and reliability. The following measurements were included; Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), Organisational Citizenship Checklist (OCB-C), Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) and the Bern Illegitimate Task Scale (BITS). The data collected was analysed by means of item analyses and structural equation modelling. A PLS path analysis was conducted to determine the model fit. The most significant findings were that SL, as a job resource, and PsyCap, as a personal resource, were positively related to WE amongst nurses. The results also revealed that PsyCap was positively related to OCB. Lastly, it was found that IT, as a job demand, are negatively related to WE amongst nurses. These results support the assumptions of the JD-R model that specific job and personal resources lead to WE. The results provide guidelines regarding practical managerial implications and strategies to address the challenges experienced by nurses. The results, together with the managerial implications, made it possible to provide valuable insights and recommendations for industrial psychologists, as well as for further studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika het ‘n bevolking van net oor die 50 miljoen mense. Daar is egter volgens die register van die Suid-Afrikaanse Verpleegkunderaad net omtrent 260 698 verpleërs. Die tekort aan verpleërs is nie net tot Suid-Afrika beperk nie, maar is ‘n globale fenomeen, en die tekort word elke dag groter. Verskeie faktore kan vir die toenemende verpleërtekort blameer word. Verpleërs word elke dag gekonfronteer met veeleisende werksure, stresvolle werksomstandighede en ‘n groot tekort aan hulpbronne. Verpleërs by privaat hospitale beskou hulleself as “oorwerkte geldmaakmasjiene”. Nietemin neem die gesondheidsorg wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking benodig word, vinnig toe. Die hoë voorkoms van MIV/VIGS is ook ‘n uitdagende bydraer wat die verpleërtekort vererger. Die huidige wanfunksionele verpleegtoestand in die gesondheidsorgfasiliteite van Suid-Afrika word weerspieël in die negatiewe beeld van die verpleegberoep. Gevolglik verminder die getal mense wat verpleging as ‘n beroep oorweeg. Die verpleërtekort bedreig nie net die welstand van verpleërs nie, maar ook die lewens van miljoene Suid-Afrikaners wat gesondheidsorg benodig. ‘n Algemene verskynsel onder verpleërs is uitbranding (burnout), wat lei tot ‘n afname in die kwaliteit van sorg en hoë omsetkoerse en bydra tot die verpleërtekort. Ander verpleërs ervaar egter werksbetrokkenheid (work engagement) en vertoon organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag (organisational citizenship behaviour) in dieselfde omgewing waar verpleërs uitbranding ervaar. Werksbetrokkenheid en organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag is ideale uitkomstes. Hierdie studie het onderskeidende faktore onder verpleërs ondersoek wat hulle toelaat om werksbetrokkenheid te ervaar en organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag te vertoon. Die model van werkseise en hulpbronne (Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model) het ‘n integrale rol in die studie gespeel. Die spesifieke fokus van die studie was dus op werks- en persoonlike hulpbronne, sowel as werkseise, as faktore wat bydra tot werksbetrokkenheid en organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag onder verpleërs. Dienaarleierskap en sielkundige kapitaal as werkshulpbronne, en illegitieme take as werkseis, is geïdentifiseer as moontlike faktore wat die verskil in betrokkenheid en organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag verklaar. ‘n Literatuuroorsig is onderneem waarin belangrike antesedente van betrokkenheid en organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag geïdentifiseer is. ‘n Aantal hipoteses is geformuleer en deur middel van ‘n ex post facto korrelasie-ontwerp getoets. Die eenheid van analise was verpleërs werksaam by twee van die grootste privaathospitaalgroepe in Suid-Afrika. Die verpleërs was werksaam by een hospitaal in Gauteng en drie hospitale in die Wes-Kaap. Data is by 208 verpleërs in die gekose hospitale versamel. Dataversameling oor al vyf veranderlikes, naamlik werksbetrokkenheid, organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag, dienaarleierskap, sielkundige kapitaal en illegitieme take, is deur middel van selftoepasvraelyste versamel. Die volgende metings is ingesluit: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), Organisational Citizenship Checklist (OCB-C), Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) en die Bern Illegitimate Task Scale (BITS). Die versamelde data is deur middel van item-ontleding en struktuurvergelykingsontleding geanaliseer. ‘n Gedeeltelike kleinstekwadrate-baananalise (partial least squares path analysis) is onderneem om die passing van die model te bepaal. Die belangrikste bevindinge was dat dienaarleierskap, as ‘n werkshulpbron, en sielkundige kapitaal, as ‘n persoonlike hulpbron, positief verband hou met werksbetrokkenheid onder verpleërs. Die resultate toon ook dat sielkundige kapitaal positief verband hou met organisatoriese burgerskapsgedrag. Laastens is bevind dat illegitieme take, as ‘n werkseis, negatief verband hou met werksbetrokkenheid onder verpleërs. Hierdie resultate ondersteun die aannames van die model van werkseise en hulpbronne (J-DR) dat spesifieke werks- en persoonlike hulpbronne lei tot werksbetrokkenheid. Die resultate verskaf riglyne vir praktiese bestuursimplikasies en strategieë om die uitdagings wat deur verpleërs ervaar word, aan te spreek. Die resultate, tesame met die bestuursimplikasies, het dit moontlik gemaak om waardevolle insigte en aanbevelings vir bedryfsielkundiges, asook vir verdere studies, te maak.

It is not an uncommon feature anymore to find young mothers in Venda secondary schools busy with their studies. These young mothers, referred to as schoolgirl mothers in this investigation, do however, battle in general with their studies and experience problems different from those of ordinary schoolgirls. It was, therefore, decided to launch an investigation into the problems related to the learning situation of such schoolgirl mothers. The formation of relationships by the adolescent has been used as a point of departure for this study. Contrary to expectations, the empirical investigation has revealed that schoolgirl mothers maintain basically good relationships with themselves, their studies and others. On the other hand, their academic achievements are significantly lower than those of ordinary schoolgirls. Further research is necessary to shed more light on the situatedness of schoolgirl mothers in general and in Venda secondary schools in particular. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract