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Estruturas de indexação para domínios métricos são úteis para agilizar consultas por similaridade sobre dados complexos, tais como imagens, onde o custo computacional da comparação de dois itens de dados geralmente é alto. O estado da arte para executar consultas por similaridade está centrado na utilização dos chamados \"Métodos de Acesso Métrico\" (MAM). Tais métodos consideram os dados como elementos de um espaço métrico, onde apenas valem as propriedades fundamentais para que um espaço seja considerado métrico, onde a única informação que os MAMs utilizam é a medida de similaridade entre pares de elementos do domínio. No campo teórico, espaços métricos são extensamente estudados e servem de base para diversas áreas da Matemática. No entanto, a maioria dos trabalhos que têm sido desenvolvidos em Computação se restringem a utilizar as definições básicas desses espaços, e não foram encontrados estudos que explorem em mais profundidade os muitos conceitos teóricos existentes. Assim, este trabalho aplica conceitos teóricos importantes da Teoria de Espaços Métricos para desenvolver técnicas que auxiliem o tratamento e a manipulação dos diversos dados complexos, visando principalmente o desenvolvimento de métodos de indexação mais eficientes. É desenvolvida uma técnica para realizar um mapeamento de espaços métricos que leva à atenuação do efeito da maldição da dimensionalidade, a partir de uma aplicação lipschitziana real baseada em uma função de deformação do espaço das distâncias entre os elementos do conjunto. Foi mostrado que uma função do tipo exponecial deforma as distâncias de modo a diminuir os efeitos da maldição da dimensionalidade, melhorando assim o desempenho nas consultas. Uma segunda contribuição é o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para a imersão de espaços métricos, realizada de maneira a preservar a ordem das distâncias, possibilitando a utilização de propriedades no espaço de imersão. A imersão de espaços métricos no \' R POT. n\' possibilita a utilização da lei dos cossenos e assim viabiliza o cálculo de distâncias entre elementos e um hiperplano métrico, permitindo aumentar a agilidade à consultas por similaridade. O uso do hiperplano métrico foi exemplificado construindo uma árvore binária métrica, e também foi aplicado em um método de acesso métrico, a família MMH de métodos de acesso métrico, melhorando o particionamento do espaço dos dados / The access methods designed for metric domains are useful to answer similarity queries on any type of data, being specially useful to index complex data, such as images, where the computacional cost of comparison are high. The main mecanism used up to now to perform similarity queries is centered on \"Metric Acess Methods\" (MAM). Such methods consider data as elements that belong to a metric space, where only hold the properties that define the metric space. Therefore, the only information that a MAM can use is the similarity measure between pairs of elements in the domain. Metric spaces are extremelly well studied and is the basis for many mathematics areas. However, most researches from computer science are restrained to use the basic properties of metric spaces, not exploring the various existing theorical concepts. This work apply theoretical concepts of metric spaces to develop techniques aiding the treatment and manipulation of diverse complex data, aiming at developing more efficient indexing methods. A technique of mapping spaces was developed in order to ease the dimensionality curse effects, basing on a real lipschitz application that uses a stretching function that changes the distance space of elements. It was shown that an exponential function changes the distances space reducing the dimensionality curse effects, improving query operations. A second contribution is the developing of a technique based on metric space immersion, preserving the distances order between pairs of elements, allowing the usage of immersion space properties. The immersion of metric spaces into \'R POT. n\' allow the usage of the cossine law leading to the determination of distances between elements and a hiperplane, forming metric hiperplanes. The use of the metric hiperplanes lead to an improvement of query operations performance. The metric hiperplane itself formed the binary metric tree, and when applied to a metric access method, lead the formation of a family of metric access methods that improves the metric space particioning achieving faster similarity queries

Estruturas de indexação para domínios métricos são úteis para agilizar consultas por similaridade sobre dados complexos, tais como imagens, onde o custo computacional da comparação de dois itens de dados geralmente é alto. O estado da arte para executar consultas por similaridade está centrado na utilização dos chamados \"Métodos de Acesso Métrico\" (MAM). Tais métodos consideram os dados como elementos de um espaço métrico, onde apenas valem as propriedades fundamentais para que um espaço seja considerado métrico, onde a única informação que os MAMs utilizam é a medida de similaridade entre pares de elementos do domínio. No campo teórico, espaços métricos são extensamente estudados e servem de base para diversas áreas da Matemática. No entanto, a maioria dos trabalhos que têm sido desenvolvidos em Computação se restringem a utilizar as definições básicas desses espaços, e não foram encontrados estudos que explorem em mais profundidade os muitos conceitos teóricos existentes. Assim, este trabalho aplica conceitos teóricos importantes da Teoria de Espaços Métricos para desenvolver técnicas que auxiliem o tratamento e a manipulação dos diversos dados complexos, visando principalmente o desenvolvimento de métodos de indexação mais eficientes. É desenvolvida uma técnica para realizar um mapeamento de espaços métricos que leva à atenuação do efeito da maldição da dimensionalidade, a partir de uma aplicação lipschitziana real baseada em uma função de deformação do espaço das distâncias entre os elementos do conjunto. Foi mostrado que uma função do tipo exponecial deforma as distâncias de modo a diminuir os efeitos da maldição da dimensionalidade, melhorando assim o desempenho nas consultas. Uma segunda contribuição é o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para a imersão de espaços métricos, realizada de maneira a preservar a ordem das distâncias, possibilitando a utilização de propriedades no espaço de imersão. A imersão de espaços métricos no \' R POT. n\' possibilita a utilização da lei dos cossenos e assim viabiliza o cálculo de distâncias entre elementos e um hiperplano métrico, permitindo aumentar a agilidade à consultas por similaridade. O uso do hiperplano métrico foi exemplificado construindo uma árvore binária métrica, e também foi aplicado em um método de acesso métrico, a família MMH de métodos de acesso métrico, melhorando o particionamento do espaço dos dados / The access methods designed for metric domains are useful to answer similarity queries on any type of data, being specially useful to index complex data, such as images, where the computacional cost of comparison are high. The main mecanism used up to now to perform similarity queries is centered on \"Metric Acess Methods\" (MAM). Such methods consider data as elements that belong to a metric space, where only hold the properties that define the metric space. Therefore, the only information that a MAM can use is the similarity measure between pairs of elements in the domain. Metric spaces are extremelly well studied and is the basis for many mathematics areas. However, most researches from computer science are restrained to use the basic properties of metric spaces, not exploring the various existing theorical concepts. This work apply theoretical concepts of metric spaces to develop techniques aiding the treatment and manipulation of diverse complex data, aiming at developing more efficient indexing methods. A technique of mapping spaces was developed in order to ease the dimensionality curse effects, basing on a real lipschitz application that uses a stretching function that changes the distance space of elements. It was shown that an exponential function changes the distances space reducing the dimensionality curse effects, improving query operations. A second contribution is the developing of a technique based on metric space immersion, preserving the distances order between pairs of elements, allowing the usage of immersion space properties. The immersion of metric spaces into \'R POT. n\' allow the usage of the cossine law leading to the determination of distances between elements and a hiperplane, forming metric hiperplanes. The use of the metric hiperplanes lead to an improvement of query operations performance. The metric hiperplane itself formed the binary metric tree, and when applied to a metric access method, lead the formation of a family of metric access methods that improves the metric space particioning achieving faster similarity queries

This thesis consists of three scientific papers dealing with invariants of Legendrian and Lagrangian submanifolds. Besides the scientific papers, the thesis contains an introduction to contact and symplectic geometry, and a brief outline of Symplectic field theory with focus on Legendrian contact homology. In Paper I we give an orientation scheme for moduli spaces of rigid flow trees in Legendrian contact homology. The flow trees can be seen as the adiabatic limit of sequences of punctured pseudo-holomorphic disks with boundary on the Lagrangian projection of the Legendrian. So to equip the trees with orientations corresponds to orienting the determinant line bundle of the dbar-operator over the space of Lagrangian boundary conditions on the punctured disk. We define an  orientation of this line bundle and prove that it is well-defined in the limit. We also prove that the chosen orientation scheme gives rise to a combinatorial algorithm for computing the orientation of the trees, and we give an explicit description of this algorithm. In Paper II we study exact Lagrangian cobordisms with cylindrical Legendrian ends, induced by Legendrian isotopies. We prove that the combinatorially defined DGA-morphisms used to prove invariance of Legendrian contact homology for Legendrian knots over the integers can be derived analytically.  This is proved using the orientation scheme from Paper I together with a count of abstractly perturbed flow trees  of the Lagrangian cobordisms. In Paper III we prove a flexibility result for closed, immersed Lagrangian submanifolds in the standard symplectic plane.

Ce travail est relatif à la théorie des immersions et utilise des méthodes issues de la géométrie spinorielle, para-complexe et para-quaternionique. Les deux premières parties sont consacrées aux immersions conformes de surfaces pseudo-Riemanniennes. D'une part, nous étudions ce type d'immersions dans l'espace pseudo-Euclidien de dimension trois. Avec des méthodes de géométrie para-complexe et des représentations spinorielles réelles, l'équivalence entre les données d'une immersion conforme d'une surface de Lorentz dans $\mathbb{R}^{2,1}$ et de spineurs satisfaisant une équation de type Dirac est prouvée. D'autre part nous considérons des surfaces de Lorentz dans la pseudo-sphère $\mathbb{S}^{2,2}$: une bijection entre ces immersions et des sous-fibrés en droite para-quaternioniques du fibré $M\times\mathbb{H}^2$ est établie. Considérant une structure (para-)complexe particulière de ce fibré, la congruence pseudo-sphérique, et les champs de Hopf para-quaternioniques, nous définissons la fonctionnelle de Willmore de la surface et exprimons son énergie comme la somme de cette fonctionnelle et d'un invariant topologique. La dernière partie, plus générale, traite des fibrés vectoriels et immersions affines para-complexes. Nous introduisons la notion de fibré vectoriel para-holomorphe, et les sous-fibrés para-holomorphes et de type $(1,1)$ en termes de connections associées induites et de secondes formes fondamentales. Les équations fondamentales pour des décompositions générales de fibrés vectoriels munis d'une connexion sont étudiées dans le cas où certains des fibrés sont para-holomorphes afin d'obtenir des théorèmes d'existence et d'unicité pour des immersions affines para-complexes.

In the thesis we investigate two problems on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) in differential geometry and fluid mechanics. First, we prove the weak L^p continuity of the Gauss-Codazzi-Ricci (GCR) equations, which serve as a compatibility condition for the isometric immersions of Riemannian and semi-Riemannian manifolds. Our arguments, based on the generalised compensated compactness theorems established via functional and micro-local analytic methods, are intrinsic and global. Second, we prove the vanishing viscosity limit of an incompressible fluid in three-dimensional smooth, curved domains, with the kinematic and Navier boundary conditions. It is shown that the strong solution of the Navier-Stokes equation in H^r+1 (r > 5/2) converges to the strong solution of the Euler equation with the kinematic boundary condition in H^r, as the viscosity tends to zero. For the proof, we derive energy estimates using the special geometric structure of the Navier boundary conditions; in particular, the second fundamental form of the fluid boundary and the vorticity thereon play a crucial role. In these projects we emphasise the linkages between the techniques in differential geometry and mathematical hydrodynamics.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 666060 bytes, checksum: 1ad661f6cc42df5f3ee67db9a939af86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we obtain Weierstrass-type representations for immersed surfaces in Heisenberg space, endowed with a left-invariant metric. We will consider the Riemannian and Lorentzian case. We will define two complex functions (spinors) satisfying a linear Dirac-type equation, obtaining thus a representation for immersed surfaces with prescribed mean curvature. The same will enable us write a representation of minimal immersion in terms of a harmonic Gauss map. / Neste trabalho obtemos uma representações tipo Weierstrass para superfícies imersas no espaço de Heisenberg, dotado com uma métrica invariante à esquerda. Consideraremos os casos Riemanniano e Lorentziano. Definimos duas funções complexas (spinors), satisfazendo uma equação linear tipo Dirac que usamos para obter uma representação para superfícies imersas com curvatura média prescrita. A mesma possibilita escrever uma representação de imersões mínimas em termos de uma aplicação de Gauss harmônica.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le spectre conforme d'une surface fermée et le spectre de Steklov conforme d'une surface compacte à bord et leur application à la géométrie conforme et à la topologie. Soit (Σ, c) une surface fermée munie d'une classe conforme c. Alors la k-ième valeur propre conforme est définie comme Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), où λ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de l'operateur de Laplace-Beltrami de la métrique g sur Σ. Notons que nous commeçons par λ_0(g) = 0. En prennant le supremum sur toutes les classes conformes C sur Σ on obtient l'invariant topologique suivant de Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. D'après l'article [65], les quantités Λ_k(Σ, c) et Λ_k(Σ) sont bien définies. Si une métrique g sur Σ satisfait λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ), alors on dit que g est maximale pour la fonctionnelle λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). Dans l'article [73], il a été montré que les métriques maximales pour λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) peuvent au pire avoir des singularités coniques. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que les métriques maximales pour les fonctionnelles λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) et λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), où T^2 et KL dénotent le 2-tore et la bouteille de Klein, ne peuvent pas avoir de singularités coniques. Ce résultat découle d'un théorème de classification de classes conformes par des métriques induites d'une immersion minimale ramifiée dans une sphère ronde aussi montré dans cette thèse. Un autre invariant que nous étudions dans cette thèse est le k-ième invariant de Friedlander-Nadirashvili défini comme: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. L'invariant I_1(Σ) a été introduit dans l'article [34]. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que pour toute surface orientable et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre impaire I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre paire I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Ici S^2 et RP^2 dénotent la 2-sphère et le plan projectif. Nous conjecturons que I_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes des surfaces fermées. Le spectre de Steklov conforme est défini de manière similaire. Soit (Σ, c) une surface compacte à bord non vide ∂Σ, alors les k-ièmes valeurs propres de Steklov conformes sont définies comme: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, où σ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de Steklov de la métrique g sur Σ. Ici nous supposons que σ_0(g) = 0. De façon similaire au problème fermé, on peut définir les quantités suivantes: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} et I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. Les résultats de l'article [16] impliquent que toutes ces quantités sont bien définies. Dans cette thèse on obtient une formule pour la limite de σ*_k(Σ, c_n) lorsque la suite des classes conformes c_n dégénère. Cette formule implique que pour toute surface à bord I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), où D^2 dénote le 2-disque. On remarque aussi que les quantités I^σ_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes de surfaces à bord. De plus, on obtient une borne supérieure pour la fonctionnelle σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), où Σ est non-orientable, en terme de son genre et le nombre de composants de bord. / In this thesis, we study the conformal spectrum of a closed surface and the conformal Steklov spectrum of a compact surface with boundary and their application to conformal geometry and topology. Let (Σ,c) be a closed surface endowed with a conformal class c then the k-th conformal eigenvalue is defined as Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), where λ_k(g) is the k-th Laplace-Beltrami eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Note that we start with λ_0(g) = 0 Taking the supremum over all conformal classes C on Σ one gets the following topological invariant of Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. It follows from the paper [65] that the quantities Λ_k(Σ, c) and Λ_k(Σ) are well-defined. Suppose that for a metric g on Σ the following identity holds λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ). Then one says that the metric g is maximal for the functional λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). In the paper [73] it was shown that the maximal metrics for the functional λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) at worst can have conical singularities. In this thesis we show that the maximal metrics for the functionals λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) and λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), where T^2 and KL stand for the 2-torus and the Klein bottle respectively, cannot have conical singularities. This result is a corollary of a conformal class classification theorem by metrics induced from a branched minimal immersion into a round sphere that we also prove in the thesis. Another invariant that we study in this thesis is the k-th Friedlander-Nadirashvili invariant defined as: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The invariant I_1(Σ) was introduced in the paper [34]. In this thesis we prove that for any orientable surface and any non-orientable surface of odd genus I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) and for any non-orientable surface of even genus I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Here S^2 and RP^2 denote the 2-sphere and the projective plane respectively. We also conjecture that I_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of closed manifolds. The conformal Steklov spectrum is defined in a similar way. Let (Σ, c) be a compact surface with non-empty boundary ∂Σ then the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalues is defined by the formula: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, where σ_k(g) is the k-th Steklov eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Here we suppose that σ_0(g) = 0. Similarly to the closed problem one can define the following quantities: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} and I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The results of the paper [16] imply that all these quantities are well-defined. In this thesis we obtain a formula for the limit of the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalue when the sequence of conformal classes degenerates. Using this formula we show that for any surface with boundary I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), where D^2 stands for the 2-disc. We also notice that I^σ_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of surfaces with boundary. Moreover, we obtain an upper bound for the functional σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), where Σ is non-orientable, in terms of its genus and the number of boundary components.

Un problema clásico en geometría lorentziana es la descripción de las inmersiones isométricas entre los espacios lorentzianos de curvatura constante. En este trabajo nos centramos en la clasificación de las inmersiones isométricas del plano lorentziano en el espacio anti-de Sitter tridimensional. Damos una fórmula de representación de estas inmersiones en términos de pares de curvas (con posibles singularidades) en el plano hiperbólico. Esto nos permite resolver los problemas propuestos por Dajczer y Nomizu en 1981. De entre todas las inmersiones isométricas del plano lorentziano en el espacio anti-de Sitter, algunas de ellas corresponden a toros lorentzianos (los ejemplos más sencillos son los toros de Hopf). Como aplicación de nuestra anterior descripción, probamos que todos estos toros pueden obtenerse a partir de dos curvas cerradas en el espacio hiperbólico. Finalmente, demostramos que los toros de Hopf son los únicos toros llanos lorentzianos inmersos en una amplia familia de sumersiones de Killing lorentzianas tridimensionales. / A classical problem in Lorentzian geometry is the description of the isometric immersions between Lorentzian spaces of constant curvature. We investigate the problem of classifying the isometric immersion from the Lorentz plane into the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space, providing a representation formula of these isometric immersions in terms of pairs of curves (possibly with singularities) in the hyperbolic plane. We then give an answer to the open problems proposed by Dajczer and Nomizu in 1981. Among all isometric immersions of the Lorentz plane into the anti-de Sitter space, some of them are actually Lorentzian tori (the basic examples are the Hopf tori). As an application of our previous description, we prove that any such torus can be recovered from two closed curves in the hyperbolic plane. Finally, we prove that Lorentzian Hopf tori are the only immersed Lorentzian flat tori in a wide family of Lorentzian three-dimensional Killing submersions.

Previous studies have shown that teachers and students using English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in science classrooms encounter many language challenges with teaching and learning processes. Problems include the limited English communication skills of science teachers, the lack of EMI training for science teachers, the students' different language abilities and science teachers' beliefs that they are not responsible for addressing students' language needs in science. Teachers' lack of language awareness has led to poor teaching practices and limited interactions in the classrooms. This lack of language awareness, in turn, suggests that there are limited opportunities for students to learn English as a second language in the science classroom. This study extends the research on EMI classroom interactions in Hong Kong (Lo and Macaro, 2012) to the previously unexamined context of senior secondary science classrooms. A total of 19 teachers and 545 students from grades 10 and 11 EMI science class were recruited in Hong Kong from 'early-full EMI' schools (full EMI instruction from grades 7 to 12) and 'late-partial EMI' schools (Chinese medium from grades 7 to 9 and partial EMI instruction from grades 10 to 12). The project used multiple sources of qualitative data (i.e. semi-structured interviews and 33 videotaped classroom observations) to explore the similarities and differences in classroom interactions during the first and second years of the senior science curriculum (grades 10 and 11) in the two types of EMI schools. This project also investigated these science teachers' and students' perceptions of EMI teaching and learning processes, their preference of instructional language and their beliefs about teaching and learning in the EMI environment. Interviews also probed teachers' language awareness, teachers' and students' belief about EMI, students' self-concepts in science (students' perceptions or beliefs about their ability to do well in science, see Wilkins, 2004)) and their perceptions of language challenges and coping strategies in EMI classrooms. The results from the observational data show similar interactional patterns in both early-full and late-partial EMI science classrooms when measured as percentages of interaction time, distribution of time between teacher and student talk and frequency of pedagogical functions. However, the nature of the interactions is different. In late-partial EMI schools, overall, there are more (but shorter) student initiations and responses, more use of higher-order questions from the teachers but less direct feedback to students. Both teachers and students tend to use their L1 more. In both types of schools, there was less interaction time and a lower maximum length of student turns and more L1 use in grade 11 than in grade 10. The discourse analysis of the four biology lesson transcripts also shows that both early-full and late-partial EMI students predominantly produced incomplete sentences consisting of short, technical nouns or noun phrases referring to scientific items. Science teachers rarely made any attempts to correct their students' language mistakes, nor did they encourage students to produce a complete sentence. This lack of teacher feedback on students' L2 language production perhaps reflects the fact that EMI science teachers rarely provide comprehensible input to facilitate students' L2 language learning. These findings suggest the important role of the teacher's modified input in teacher-student interaction in developing students' content knowledge and language skills. The adoption of EMI appears to lead to the development of students' comprehension of content knowledge more than development of their language production skills. As a result of their language shortfalls, the students' L2 productive skills remain under-developed despite English instruction. This lack of language support by teachers appears to indicate a gap between the aims of the EMI policy and its implementation. The interview and questionnaire data show that the science teachers from both the early-full and late-partial EMI schools held many of the same views about their EMI teaching experiences, but they differed in their attitudes towards the value of English language skills and their language awareness. The early-full EMI teachers believed English language skills were important and these early-full teachers have a higher language awareness than the late-partial EMI science teachers. Students from both types of schools also held similar views about their EMI learning, indicating that they welcome the adoption of EMI instruction. However, while the late-partial EMI students see EMI as an opportunity to improve their English, those in the early-full EMI schools believe that EMI discouraged them from learning. By providing an evidence-based, pedagogically focused analysis of teacher and student classroom interactions and their perceptions, this research sheds light on ways to improve the quality of instructional practices in different EMI classrooms in Hong Kong and in similar contexts around the world.