Aquesta tesi (mitjançant cinc estudis) va ser destinada a investigar factors que tenen un efecte potencial sobre la salut materna durant la gestació i el postpart temprà, tenint en compte la melatonina com una possible millora de la salut i el rendiment de les vaques. En el primer estudi, els factors que afecten els leucòcits perifèrics de la mare, com un indicador d'estat immune, entre els dies 90-210 de gestació van ser, la interacció entre l'edat de la vaca i Neospora caninum, l'estació, la gestació gemelar, la producció de llet i el temps de mostreig. Seguint el sistema immune matern més enllà en la seva fase més crítica, el segon i el tercer estudis resumeixen els diferents factors que afecten el sistema immunològic de la mare des del dia 220 de gestació fins a 30 dies postpart. El toro d'IA, les glicoproteïnes associades a la gestació (PAG), la interacció N. caninum-C. burnetii, l'estació, l'edat, la gestació gemelar i el temps de mostreig afectaven significativament els leucòcits materns. L'objectiu del quart estudi va ser avaluar la dosi adequada de la melatonina, per provar els seus possibles efectes en la millora de la salut de la mare durant el peripart i la dosi de 332 mg / kg era la més adequada. Finalment, els possibles efectes de la melatonina en millorar la salut materna durant el peripart van ser avaluats en el cinquè estudi. Les vaques tractades amb melatonina tenien menys probabilitat de ser repetidores i de perdre la gestació, i, per tant, tenien menys dies oberts. / Esta tesis (mediante cinco estudios) fue destinada a investigar factores que tienen un efecto potencial sobre la salud materna durante la gestación y el posparto temprano, teniendo en cuenta la melatonina como una posible mejora de la salud y el rendimiento de las vacas. En el primer estudio, los factores que afectan a los leucocitos periféricos de la madre, como un indicador de estado inmune, entre los días 90-210 de gestaion fueron, la interacción entre la edad de la vaca y Neospora caninum, la estación, la gestación gemelar, la producción de leche y el tiempo de muestreo. Siguiendo el sistema inmune materno más allá en su fase más crítica, el segundo y el tercer estudios resumen los diferentes factores que afectan al sistema inmunológico de la madre desde el día 220 de gestación hasta 30 días posparto. El toro de IA, las glicoproteínas asociadas a la gestación (PAG), la interacción N. caninum-C. burnetii, la estación, la edad, la gestación gemelar y el tiempo de muestreo afectaban significativamente los leucocitos maternos. El objetivo del cuarto estudio fue evaluar la dosis adecuada de la melatonina, para probar sus posibles efectos en la mejora de la salud de la madre durante el periparto y la dosis de 332 mg/kg era la más adecuada. Por último, los posibles efectos de la melatonina en mejorar la salud materna durante el periparto fueron evaluados en el quinto estudio. Las vacas tratadas con melatonina tenian menos probabilidad de ser repetidoras y de perder la gestación, y, por lo tanto, tenian menos días abiertos. / This thesis (by means of five studies) aimed at investigating factors that have potential effect on the maternal health during gestation and the early postpartum, plus considering melatonin for improving cows’ health and performance. In the first study, factors affecting maternal peripheral leukocytes, as an indicator to immune status, between Days 90-210 of gestaion were, the interaction between cows’ age and Neospora caninum-seropositivity, season, twin-pregnancy, milk production and time. Following the maternal immune system further in its most critical phase, the second and third studies summarize different factors affecting maternal immune system from gestation Day 220 till 30 days postpartum. Artificial inseminating bull, plasma pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs), N. caninum-C. burnetii interaction, season, age, twin-pregnancy and time were found to significantly affect maternal peripheral leukocytes during that stage. The aim of the forth study was to evaluate proper melatonin dose as subcutaneous implants, for testing its possible effects in enhancing maternal health during the peripartum. Melatonin dose of 332 μg/kg was the most adequate. Finally, possible melatonin effects on enhancing maternal health during the peripartum were evaluated in the fifth study. Melatonin treated cows were found to have less likelihood of repeat breeding syndrome and pregnancy loss, and, therefore, less days open.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurological condition, clinically characterized by memory deficits, cognitive and physical impairment, and personality changes. Traditionally, AD was considered a type of protein folding disorder. Here, the concept of AD as an autoimmune disease of the innate immune system was developed. After exploring evolutionary connections between the AD peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) and known antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and elucidating the structural similarities between Aβ and AMPs, a mechanism of action for Aβ’s antimicrobial activity is proposed that is based on the compromise of bacterial membranes. Following these theoretical considerations, experimental evidence is presented for the production of Aβ by cells in response to infection, and for Aβ’s antibacterial and antiviral activity. Rooted in similarities of the cell membranes of neuronal and bacterial cells in terms of lipid composition and transmembrane potential, it is hypothesised that Aβ’s neurotoxicity is caused by its misguided attack on neurons as an AMP. In reversing the concept of Aβ as an AMP, the similarity of AMPs to Aβ is demonstrated in experiments revealing the neurotoxicity of two AMPs, LL 37, and cecropin A. To determine a mechanism for the progressive nature of AD, it was shown that, although apoptosis may be involved in AD, it is actually necrosis that is responsible for the propagation of neuronal cell death so characteristic of AD. With the Vicious Cycle of AD, a scheme was devised, integrating the results obtained here with data and research from other groups, which explains the chronic and progressive nature of AD as a result of Aβ’s physiological role as an AMP and innate immune system effector. Borne from Aβ’s activity as an AMP and its central role in the Vicious Cycle of AD, a question was investigated: do antibiotics, such as penicillin, that cause release of bacterial endotoxins due to their mechanism of action, trigger the Vicious Cycle of AD and thus lead to the development of AD? Preliminary evidence supporting this notion was presented.

Η ανάπτυξη του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος ξεκινά από πολυδύναμα αρχέγονα αιμοποιητικά κύτταρα, τα οποία διαδοχικά δίνουν γένεση σε ενδιάμεσους πληθυσμούς προγονικών κυττάρων οι οποίοι σταδιακά χάνουν την ικανότητά τους για αυτοανανέωση και τελικά δίνουν γένεση στα πλήρως διαφοροποιημένα κύτταρα της μυελικής και λεμφικής σειράς. Η συγκεκριμένη διαδικασία στηρίζεται στο λεπτό συντονισμό της αυτοανανέωσης, αλλά και της διαφοροποίησης, απαιτεί δε την έκφραση διαφορετικών γονιδίων που σχετίζονται με τη ρύθμιση του κυτταρικού κύκλου, τη μεταγραφική ρύθμιση γονιδίων, αλλά και συμπλόκων αναδιοργάνωσης της δομής της χρωματίνης που εμπλέκονται στη διαφοροποίηση. Η geminin έχει προταθεί ότι ρυθμίζει την απόφαση ενός κυττάρου για πολλαπλασιασμό ή διαφοροποίηση. Αλληλεπιδρά με μεταγραφικούς παράγοντες, με σύμπλοκα αναδιάταξης της δομής της χρωματίνης, ρυθμίζοντας την έκφραση γονιδίων που ελέγχουν τη νευρωνική διαφοροποίηση. Παράλληλα, δρα σαν αναστολέας του κυτταρικού κύκλου, προσδενόμενη στο παράγοντα αδειοδότησης της αντιγραφής του DNA, CDT1. Στόχος μας ήταν να διερευνήσουμε τον in vivo ρόλο της Geminin στη διαφοροποίηση και τον πολλαπλασιασμό, στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα. Στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής, βασιζόμενοι στο σύστημα Cre-loxP, δημιουργήσαμε μύες που επιτρέπουν την υπό συνθήκη εξάλειψη (knockout) του γονιδίου της geminin, πλαισιώνοντας τα εξώνια 3 και 4 του γονιδίου της με θέσεις loxP. Η στόχευση του γονιδίου και η παρεμβολή των 3 loxP θέσεων πραγματοποιήθηκε σε pc3 εμβρυικά πολυδύναμα κύτταρα μυός, χρησιμοποιώντας κατάλληλο πλασμιδιακό knockout φορέα, που έφερε τη κασέτα επιλογής TKneo. Μετά από ένεση των ορθά ανασυνδυασμένων pc3 κλώνων σε βλαστοκύστεις, τη δημιουργία χιμαιρικών μυών που εκφράζουν την Cre ρεκομπινάση στη γαμετική σειρά, και την επακόλουθη διασταύρωσή τους με μύες αγρίου τύπου, δημιουργήθηκαν ετερόζυγοι μύες για το πλαισιωμένο με loxP θέσεις αλληλόμορφο της Geminin, που παράλληλα έφερε και τη κασέτα επιλογής TKneo («floxed-ΤΚneo»), το πλαισιωμένο με loxP θέσεις αλληλόμορφο της Geminin, που στερούνταν της κασέτας επιλογής TKneo (floxed), καθώς επίσης και το αλληλόμορφο που στερούνταν των εξωνίων 3 και 4 και είναι το πλήρες knockout (ΔGEM ΚΟ -null) αλληλόμορφο). Από διασταυρώσεις ετερόζυγων για το ΔGEM ΚΟ αλληλόμορφο της geminin, δεν προέκυψαν ομόζυγοι μύες για το ΔGEM ΚO αλληλόμορφο (-/-), τόσο μεταγεννητικά όσο και in utero. Η μειωμένη αντιπροσώπευση των ΔGEM+/- μυών σε συνδυασμό με την αύξηση των Thy1-/B220- κυττάρων σε σπλήνα και λεμφαδένες ενήλικων μυών, η σημαντική αύξηση των Thy1+ και ειδικότερα των CD8+ Τ κυττάρων, καθώς επίσης και η αισθητή μείωση των CD4+ Τ κυττάρων του σπλήνα σε ζώα ηλικίας 5 μηνών, προτείνει ένα είδος απλοανεπάρκειας των ετερόζυγων για Geminin μυών. Σε παραπλήσια αποτελέσματα οδηγηθήκαμε και μετά από την ανάλυση των GT KO για το γονίδιο της Geminin (GT) μυών με τη μεθοδολογία της παγίδευσης γονιδίων. Τα ετερόζυγα GT ζώα διασταυρώθηκαν με ετερόζυγα ζώα για το πλήρες ΚΟ του BRG1 (BRG) και με ετερόζυγα ζώα που υπερεκφράζουν μια επικρατούσα κατασταλτική μορφή του BAF57 (BAFΔΝ, BAF), προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί εάν υπάρχει γενετική αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ της Geminin και των μελών του συμπλέγματος αναδιοργάνωσης της δομής της χρωματίνης SWI/SNF, BRG1 και BAF57 που έχει δειχθεί ότι παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο κατά την ανάπτυξη και διαφοροποίηση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Ιστοειδικά, χρησιμοποιώντας την floxedΤΚneo σειρά μυών σε συνδυασμό με την CD2-Cre, που επιτρέπει την εξάλειψη του γονιδίου από το στάδιο των DN κυττάρων του θύμου και μετά, είδαμε ότι η ανάπτυξη του θύμου δεν φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται κατά την απουσία της Geminin, ενώ αντίθετα ο ολικός αριθμός των σπληνοκυττάρων μειώνεται στα FlTKneo/KO;CD2 σε σχέση με τα WT. Μιτωγονική διέγερση με ConA εναιωρήματος σπληνοκυττάρων από FlTKneo/KO;CD2 και WT ζώα, έδειξε ότι τα FlTKneo/KO;CD2 Τ λεμφοκύτταρα αδυνατούν να διαιρεθούν. Τέλος, έγινε προσπάθεια για ιστοειδική υπερέκφραση στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα της ανθρώπινης Geminin συντηγμένης με τη πράσινη φθορίζουσα χρωστική (GFP). Το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα επιτρέπει την υψηλή έκφραση του διαγονιδίου κυρίως στα Τ κύτταρα. Ενώ προέκυψαν ιδρυτές για όλες τις πιο πάνω σειρές τόσο με χαμηλή όσο και με υψηλή ενσωμάτωση του διαγονιδίου, η έκφραση της GFP δεν κατέστη δυνατόν να ανιχνευθεί με FACS. Συνοψίζοντας, τα αποτελέσματά μας καταδεικνύουν ότι η Geminin είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική κατά τα αρχικά στάδια ανάπτυξης του εμβρύου μυός, ενώ ιστοειδικά στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα η πλήρης εξάλειψή της δεν έχει καμία επίπτωση στην ανάπτυξη του θύμου αδένα, ενώ αντίθετα στη σπλήνα εμφανίζονται μειωμένοι οι πληθυσμοί των ώριμων CD4 και CD8 Τ λεμφοκυττάρων. Τέλος, φαίνεται να συνεργάζεται με το σύμπλεγμα αναδιοργάνωσης της δομής της χρωματίνης SWI/SNF στη ρύθμιση των CD4 κυττάρων του θύμου αδένα και των CD8 του σπλήνα. / Immune system development initiates from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell that consecutively generates intermediate progenitors that concomitantly lose their self-renewal ability and finally generate the fully differentiated cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineage. The whole procedure is based on the fine tuning of the processes of both self-renewal and differentiation, and requires the expression of diverse genes that are implicated in the processes of cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and are constituents of chromatin remodeling complexes that operate during differentiation. Geminin has been proposed to control a cell’s decision to proliferate or differentiate. It interacts with transcription factors, with chromatin remodeling complexes, regulating neurospecific gene transcription. At the same time, Geminin acts as a cell cycle inhibitor through direct binding to the DNA licensing factor CDT1. Our goal was to investigate Geminin’s in vivo role in differentiation and cell cycle regulation in the immune system. In this thesis, using Cre-loxP system, we generated conditional knockout mice for Geminin’s gene, flanking exons 3 and 4 with loxP sites. Gene targeting and the insertion of the three loxP sites was performed in pc3 mouse embryonic stem cells, using a suitable knockout plasmid vector, which bared the TKneo cassette selection marker. Upon injection of the homologously recombined pc3 clones into blastocysts, the generation of chimeric mice that expressed Cre recombinase in their germ line, and their subsequent cross to wild type mice, we were able to generate heterozygote mice for the flanked by loxP sites allele of Geminin that also bared TKneo selection marker (“floxed-TKneo” allele), the flanked by loxP sites allele of Geminin that was deprived of the TKneo selection marker (the floxed allele) and the complete knockout allele of Geminin (ΔGEM KO (null) allele) that was deprived of exons 3 and 4. From ΔGEM+/- intercrosses we didn’t recover any homozygote knockout mice, both postnatally and in utero. The reduced number of the ΔGEM+/- obtained, in combination with the dramatic increase of Thy1-B220- cells from spleen and lymph nodes from ΔGEM+/- adult mice, the significant increase in Thy1+ and CD8+ from lymph nodes and the discernible decrease of spleenic CD4 T cells in ΔGEM+/- aged 5 months suggest that ΔGEM+/- mice are haploinsufficient. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of the GT knockout that we generated, using a gene trap mutagenesis approach. GT heterozygote mice were crossed with heterozygote mice for BRG1 Knockout (BRG mice) and with heterozygote mice that overexpressed a dominant negative form of BAF57 (BAFΔN, BAF mice), so as to investigate whether there is a genetic interaction between Geminin and the two members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex that have significant roles during development and differentiation of the immune system. Upon conditional inactivation of Geminin’s gene in the immune system, using floxedTKneo and CD2-Cre mouse lines, that allowed the deletion of the gene from the DN stage and on, we were surprised to see that in the Geminin conditional knockout mice, thymic development was largely unaffected. On the contrary, spleenic cellularity from Geminin conditional knockout mice was fairly reduced, when compared to WT control littermates. Mitogenic stimulation with ConA of spleenic whole cell extract from Geminin conditional KO (FlTKneo/KO;CD2) and WT mice demonstrated that the mutant T cells were unable to divide. Finally, we tried to overexpress human Geminin tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) specifically in the immune system. This particular system would ensure high expression of the transgene mainly in T cells. We obtained founders for all of the cloned constructs, both with low and high copy transgene integration, but we were unable to detect GFP expression by FACS analysis. Our results show that Geminin has a pivotal role during early mouse embryonic development, whereas tissue specific inactivation in the immune system leaves thymic development largely unaffected, whereas mature CD4 and CD8 T cells in the spleen are drastically reduced. Finally, Geminin seems to operate with SWI.SNF complex for the regulation of thymic CD4 and spleenic CD8.

CAPES / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a proposição de um sistema híbrido baseado em Computação Natural que seja capaz de solucionar, de forma eficiente, diferentes instâncias do problema de Despacho Econômico de Energia Elétrica com efeito de ponto de válvula. Para isso está sendo proposta uma abordagem baseada em um Algoritmo Cultural, o qual tem como espaço populacional um Algoritmo Imunológico Artificial. No espaço de crenças são utilizados quatro tipos de conhecimentos: situacional, normativo, topográfico e histórico. Nos protocolos de comunicação, a função de aceitação e dinâmica e a função de influência e baseada em um Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy, o qual define o possível percentual de aplicação de cada um dos conhecimentos. Para avaliar o paradigma proposto são utilizadas três instâncias do problema do Despacho Econômico de Energia Elétrica. Os resultados mostram que a introdução de um Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy, auxiliando a decisão do tipo de conhecimento a ser aplicado, pode trazer benefícios nos resultados. Na comparação com os resultados reportados na literatura, observa-se que a abordagem, apesar de não ter seus parâmetros otimizados para cada caso, e competitiva com os algoritmos do estado-da-arte. / The main objective of this work is the proposal of a hybrid system based on Natural Computing approaches, which is capable of efficiently solving different instances of the Economic Load Dispatch problem of electrical energy with valve-point effect. For this purpose it is developed a new approach based on Cultural Algorithm, which has as its population space an Artificial Immune System. In the belief space, we use four knowledge types: situational, normative, topographical and historical. In the communication protocols, the acceptance function is dynamic and the principal influence function is based on a Fuzzy Inference System which defines the probable percentage of application of each knowledge type. Three instances of the Economic Load Dispatch with Non-smooth Cost Functions problem are used to evaluate the proposed paradigm. The results show that the introduction of fuzzy systems to support the decision of which type of knowledge must be applied can bring benefits to the obtained results. Although its parameters were not optimized for each case of study, the proposed algorithm performed likewise the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Salmonellosis is a public health problem that involves issues in animal health and food handling practices that require combined actions to minimize its effects. This disease is a zoonosis with the greatest impact on public health throughout the world due to: high endemicity, high mortality and especially by its difficult to control and the development of antimicrobial resistance. This last issue has led the search for alternatives of control which includes probiotics, prebiotics and organic acids. Another important factor is the elucidation of the role of the immune system of the bird which is still largely unknown due to the complexity of this pathogen and the availability of more sensitive immunological techniques. In addition, rapid and accurate diagnoses which can detect all serotypes are utopian today. Therefore the need for more knowledge in this field is critical to a plan to control Salmonella spp. This work - divided into two chapters - aims to establish parameters of immune lymphocytes circulating through the technique of flow cytometry in birds infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and treated with organic acids, as well as evaluate the efficiency of phenotypic diagnosis by conventional microbiological method compared with quantitative methods, and the genotypic method, through the Real-time PCR in poultry samples from naturally and artificially infected with Salmonella spp. Thus, was noticed in the first study that groups not infected had higher average number of lymphocytes T CD4+, CD8β+, MHC IIbright+ and TCRVβ1+ and the infected group had a higher proportion of circulating cells and gradual recovery was observed when treatment was effective in bacterial reduction. In the second study there was variability in the behavior of different samples and there was no significant difference between the phenotypic and genotypic tests used. However no significant difference were note by x2 test between the phenotypic and genotypic methods evaluated in this experiment. / A Salmonelose é um problema de saúde coletiva a qual envolve questões de sanidade animal e de manejo de alimentos que requerem práticas conjugadas para minimizar seus efeitos. Essa enfermidade é uma das zoonoses com maior impacto sobre a saúde pública em todo o mundo devido à: elevada endemicidade, morbidade, difícil controle e, sobretudo, pelo desenvolvimento de resistência a antimicrobianos. Este último tem levado a busca de alternativas no controle as quais incluem probióticos, prebióticos e os ácidos orgânicos. Outro fator importante é a elucidação do papel do sistema imune da ave com relação a este micro- organismo, o qual é ainda pouco conhecido devido à complexidade deste patógeno e a indisponibilidade de técnicas imunológicas mais sensíveis. Além disso, um diagnóstico rápido e preciso capaz de detectar todos os sorotipos de Salmonella spp. ainda são utópicos. Portanto a necessidade de mais conhecimento neste campo é fundamental para estabelecer um plano de controle deste patógeno. Este trabalho - dividido em dois capítulos - teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros imunitários de linfócitos circulantes, através da técnica de citometria de fluxo, em aves contaminadas com Salmonella Enteritidis e tratadas com ácidos orgânicos, bem como avaliar a eficiência do diagnóstico fenotípico, pelo método microbiológico convencional comparado com métodos microbiológicos quantitativos, e com o método genotípico, pela técnica de Real-time PCR, em amostras de aves infectadas com Salmonella spp. de forma natural e experimental. Com isso percebeu-se no primeiro estudo (Capítulo 1) que grupos não infectados apresentaram maior quantidade média de linfócitos T CD4+, CD8β+, MHC IIbright+ e TCRVβ1+ e o grupo infectado apresentou maior proporção de células circulantes e um retorno gradual foi observado quando o tratamento foi eficaz na redução bacteriana. No segundo estudo (Capítulo 2) existiu variabilidade no comportamento das amostras natural e experimentalmente infectadas em relação ao número de aves positivas e a técnica utilizada para a sua detecção. No entanto não houve diferença significativa pelo teste de Qui-quadrado entre os métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos avaliados neste experimento.

O carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal vetor da riquétsia Anaplasma marginale, o agente etiológico da anaplasmose, uma doença que acomete os rebanhos e causa sérios prejuízos econômicos à pecuária no Brasil. Estabelecemos em nosso laboratório o cultivo da linhagem de células BME26 que são originárias do R. (B.) microplus e também a infecção dessas células por A. marginale, um patógeno que é naturalmente transmitido pelo carrapato. Detectamos que a expressão gênica da defensina e da ixodidina nas células é aumentada frente à infecção por A. marginale, embora nenhuma alteração da expressão gênica da microplusina foi constatada. As células foram expostas a microorganismos inativados por calor e LPS, sendo que a expressão gênica da microplusina é aumentada frente a todos os estímulos. Na exposição das células BME26 com a bactéria Microccocus luteus, a expressão gênica da defensina e da ixodidina não foi alterada e no estimulo com leveduras a expressão gênica da ixodidina foi reprimida. Frente à infecção por A. marginale detectamos, aumento expressão da defensina e ixodidina. Os genes da microplusina e defensina foram silenciadas por RNAi em células infectadas por A. marginale, mas não houve alteração no número de riquétsias / The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the main vector of the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, the etiological agent of anaplasmosis, a disease that affects cattle and causes serious economic losses to the Brazilian cattle industry. We established in our laboratory the embryonic cell culture line BME26 from R. (B.) microplus and infection by A. marginale, a pathogen naturally transmitted by R. (B.) microplus. We verified that defensin and ixodidin gene expression increased in these cells after an infection by A. marginale and no alteration in microplusin gene expression was detected. The BME26 cells were exposed to heat-inactivated microorganims or to LPS, microplusin gene expression increased after all stimuli. After exposure of BME26 cells to Micrococcus luteus, expression levels of defensin and ixodidin did not change and ixodidin gene expression reduced after exposure of these cells to yeast. In the infection by A. marginale we detected defensin and ixodidin gene expression. Also, microplusin and defensin genes were silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) in A. marginale-infected BME26 cells, but we did not observe alteration in the number of MSP4 rickettsias

Orientador: Thais Borges César / Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Telma Maria Braga Costa / Resumo: Tem sido mostrado que a hesperidina, um flavonóide encontrado nas frutas cítricas e especialmente no suco de laranja, apresenta atividade antiinflamatória e imunomodulatória, entre outras. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da ingestão do suco de laranja (SL) como fonte natural da hesperidina, da glicosil hesperidina isolada (GH) e da mistura de ambos (SL-GH), sobre o sistema imune inato de camundongos. Para tanto, foram medidos os parâmetros de produção e inibição da produção de óxido nítrico (NO), e de liberação das citocinas IL-10, IL-12 e TNF- em culturas de macrófagos peritoneais ex vivo. Os macrófagos foram obtidos de grupos de animais previamente tratados com GH, SL, SL-GH ou solução salina (SS). Em seguida as células foram tratadas com GH e lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS) in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com suco de laranja estimulou a produção de NO de forma moderada (60μmol de NO- 2) pelos macrófagos, aumentou a liberação da citocina IL-10 e diminuiu significativamente a produção de TNF- . O tratamento com G-hesperidina inibiu completamente a produção de NO em macrófagos mesmo na presença de LPS, aumentou a produção da citocina IL-12 e diminuiu a produção de IL-10. Estes resultados sugerem que a ingestão de suco de laranja é benéfica ao sistema imune, podendo apresentar ação contra possíveis agentes infecciosos. A flavanona Ghesperidina isolada pode ser considerada um composto anti-inflamatório nos casos onde ocorre a intensa liberação de óxido nítrico, tais como as doenças inflamatórias / Abstract: It has been shown that hesperidin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits and especially in the orange juice, has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, among others. This study evaluated the effects of ingestion of orange juice (SL) as a natural source of hesperidin, isolated glucosyl hesperidin (GH) and a mixture of both (SL-GH) on the innate immune system of mice. To this end, it was measured the parameters of production and inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), and release of cytokines IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α in cultures of peritoneal macrophages ex vivo. Macrophages were obtained from groups of animals previously treated with GH, SL, SL-GH or saline solution. Then the cells were treated with GH and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. The results showed that treatment with orange juice stimulated the production of NO in a moderate (60µmol NO- 2) by macrophages, increased the release of cytokine IL-10 and significantly decreased the production of TNF-α. Treatment with G-hesperidin completely inhibited NO production in macrophages, even in the presence of LPS, increased the production of cytokine IL-12 and decreased production of IL-10. These results suggest that ingestion of orange juice is beneficial to the immune system, may bring suit against possible infectious agents. The isolated G-flavanone hesperidin can be considered an anti- inflammatory compound in cases where it occurs intense release of nitric oxide, such as inflammatory diseases / Mestre

The study sought to analyse the perception of HIV/AIDs by clients attending a community clinic in Mutale area in Limpopo province by interviewing them as they are attending the clinic. The study sought to determine ideas, beliefs or images clients have as a result of how they see or understand HIV/AIDS. The major inferences drawn from this study are that clients still need information on the rights of HIV/AIDS client and the immune system. Feedback from the study is indicative of culture and beliefs playing a major role in diseases epidemic. / Health Studies / MA (HEALTH STUDIES)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a spectrum of benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, including acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and immunosuppression-associated B cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD). Immunosurveillance mediated by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is believed to protect immunocompetent hosts from EBV-associated lymphoma and LPD. Due to the lack of an adequate animal model, however, the precise immunologic mechanisms which provide this protection have not been directly demonstrated in vivo. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-reconstituted C.B.-17-scid/scid mice (hu-PBMC-SCID mice) develop EBV-positive LPD following intraperitoneal injection of PBMC from EBV-seropositive donors. The SCID mouse disease mirrors human EBV-associated LPD in morphology, presence of the EBV genome, clonality, and patterns of expression of latent viral cellular differentiation antigens. The hu-PBMC-SCID mouse provides a unique small animal model of EBV+ LPD, and it was used in this study to examine the role of CD8+ CTL in controlling LPD. Survival time increase significantly when EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cell lines (CTL) are adoptive transferred into hu-PBMC-SCID mice, demonstrating suppression of LPD in vivoby a CTL-mediated virus-specific mechanism. Survival time also increases significantly with administration of alloreactive CTL lines, suggesting that a non-virus-specific mechanism also contributes to control of EBV-associated LPD by CTL. NOD-SCID mice reconstituted with PBMC from donors with latent EBV infection develop EBV+ LPD with significantly less frequency than do C.B.17-SCID mice reconstituted with PBMC from the same donors. Administration of anti-CD8 mAb to these mice depletes human CD8+ cells and increases the incidence of LPD to 100%, demonstrating that CD8+ T cells are neccessary for protection from EBV-associated LPD. Adoptive transfer of human CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, prevents LPD in CD8-depleted NOD-SCID mice. In vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells prevents engraftment of human T cells, and LPD does not develop in most mice after CD4+ cell depletion. These studies are the first to directly demonstrate both the protective role of CD8+ T cells and a requirement for CD4+ T cells in EBV -associated LPD in an in vivo model.

The intestine is the largest lymphoid organ in the body, challenged constantly by an enonnous quantity and diversity of antigens. Distinct from peripheral lymphocytes, intestinal lymphocytes have evolved unique mechanisms of tolerance and appear to govern mucosal processes such as "chronic physiologic inflammation" and oral tolerance. Failure of mucosal tolerance has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and even autoimmune diabetes. One population of intestinal lymphocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), exists within the intestinal epithelium itself and remains poorly characterized. IELs respond to unique activation signals and appear to be in part responsible for the maintenance of epithelial integrity and mucosal tolerance. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood illnesses and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that results from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells and is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency. Several animal models are used to study the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, including the BB rat and NOD mouse. BBDP rats spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes mellitus and are severely deficient in peripheral T cells. BBDR rats do not spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, have nonnal numbers of peripheral T cells, and can be induced to become diabetic by injections of a cytotoxic anti-ART2a mAb and low doses of poly I:C. The cause of autoimmune diabetes in BB rats and humans is still unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors appear to participate. I hypothesize that one important class of environmental factors--diet and enteromicrobial agents--participates in this pathogenic process through the mediation of the gut immune system. In this dissertation, I report a new method for the isolation of rat IELs that is based on the selective removal of intestinal epithelial cells under conditions that leave the basement membrane undisturbed. The yield of rat IELs using this method is 5-10 fold greater than that reported for other methods. Morphological and phenotypic analyses demonstrate that the purified cell population is comprised of IELs and is not contaminated with lamina propria or Peyer's patch lymphocytes. Phenotypic analysis reveals 5 major subsets of IELs, including populations of γδ T and natural killer (NK) cells present at levels not previously detected. I also report that rat intraepithelial NK (IENK) and peripheral NK cells are similar in morphology, in their ability to lyse NK-sensitive targets, and in their ability to suppress a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. In contrast, IENK cells differ from splenic NK cells phenotypically, and a substantial fraction of IENK cells appear to spontaneously secrete IL-4 and/or IFN-γ. I conclude that rat IELs harbor a large population of NKR-P1A+ CD3-cells that function as NK cells but display an activated phenotype and unusual cytokine profile that clearly distinguish them from splenic NK cells. Their phenotypic and functional characteristics suggest that these distinctive intraepithelial NK cells may participate in the regulation of mucosal immunity. I next demonstrate that, prior to diabetes, both BBDP and ART2a-depleted BBDR rats have a reduced total number of IELs and exhibit a selective deficiency of IENK cell number and function as compared to control BBDR rats. The deficiency of BBDP rat IELs can be corrected by engraftment of bone marrow from histocompatible WF donors. These results suggest 1) that the peripheral lymphopenia in BBDP rats extends to the IEL compartment, particularly to IENK cells, 2) that in BBDR rats the diabetes-inducing treatment depletes IELs, particularly IENK cells, and 3) that the defect in BBDP rat IELs is intrinsic to hematopoietic cells, not intestinal stromal cells. I also establish that, unlike BBDR and WF rats, BBDP rats are also deficient in γδTCR+IELs, a population of T cells that may play a role in normal mucosal tolerance. In addition, I report preliminary data supporting the hypothesis that systemic autoreactivity may be initiated in the intestine; peripheral autoreactive lymphocyte populations appear to emanate first from mesenteric lymph nodes that drain the intestine, and such cells may initiate a type 2 autoimmune phenomenon driven by IL-4. Collectively, my findings support the hypothesis that a failure of mucosal tolerance in BBDP rats, perhaps secondary to deficiencies in one or more IEL subpopulations, participates in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in these animals by activating peripheral autoreactive T cells. The nature of the autoimmune response in BB rats (driven by IL-4) appears to be distinct from that of NOD mice. Despite the differences between these two well-accepted animal models of autoimmune diabetes, until more is known about the pathogenesis of type 1 DM in humans, lessons learned from both the BB rat and NOD mouse continue to be of tremendous benefit to our understanding of human disease.