O aumento da expectativa de vida é um evento mundial e tem alterado a pirâmide populacional, com aumento da população idosa e redução da população jovem, tanto em países desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. De acordo com projeções das Nações Unidas realizadas em 2012, a população brasileira com idade superior a 65 anos atingirá a média de 50 milhões no ano de 2050. O avanço da idade acarreta mudanças na composição, função fisiológica e competência do sistema imunológico humano, as quais são definidas pelo termo imunossenescência. Essas mudanças são importantes, pois contribuem para um aumento da incidência e gravidade das doenças infecciosas, diminuição da eficácia das vacinações, e possivelmente o surgimento de autoimunidade e câncer. Diminuição da população de linfócitos T \"naive\" com o aumento da população de linfócitos de memória, perda da molécula coestimulatória CD28, encurtamento do telômero e a presença de um background inflamatório são as principais alterações associadas à imunossenescência. No Brasil, o aumento da população idosa e consequente aumento da procura de serviço de saúde sobrecarregará o Sistema Único de Saúde. Assim, o estudo de intervenções que visem atenuar a imunossenescência é altamente relevante. Uma possível intervenção estudada é a atividade física, porém, a maior parte dos estudos avalia o impacto imediato da atividade física, e quando avaliam o impacto de atividade física regular e prolongada, o fazem com pequeno intervalo de tempo. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o impacto da prática da atividade física moderada regular no retardo da imunossenescência em homens idosos. Trinta e um idosos do sexo masculino (65-85 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos, um com histórico de treinamento moderado por 15 ( ± 3) anos e outro sem histórico de treinamento, avaliados quanto à porcentagem de linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ \"naive\" e de memória, perda da molécula coestimuladora CD28, comprimento do telômero, capacidade linfoproliferativa, expressão de marcadores pró e anti-apoptóticos, background inflamatório e produção de anticorpos anti-influenza. Os grupos foram equiparáveis quanto à idade, capacidade cognitiva, funcional e índice de massa corpórea. Todos os idosos apresentaram bom estado nutricional e não possuíam depressão. Os idosos moderadamente treinados apresentaram um maior gasto calórico semanal (aumento dos METs, p < 0,0001) e um maior consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max, p < 0,001), mostrando o seu maior condicionamento físico.Os idosos moderadamente treinados apresentaram uma maior porcentagem de linfócitos TMC e menor frequência de linfócitos Temra,maior capacidade de resposta linfoproliferativa dos linfócitos T CD8+ estimulados com mitógeno,menor expressão de marcador de apoptose na subpopulação de linfócitos T CD8+ CD28neg e produção de maiores títulos de anticorpos anti-influenza séricos antes e pós-vacinação. Os dados mostraram que a prática da atividade física moderada regular como estilo de vida contribuiu para a atenuação de alguns aspectos característicos da imunossenescência / Increase of life expectancy is a global event and has changed the population pyramid, with increasing elderly population and reducing young population, both in developed and developing countries. According to the United Nations in the 2012 Revision of the World Population Prospects, the Brazilian elderly population will reach 50 million people in 2050. Aging leads to marked detrimental changes in the composition, function, and competence of the human immune system, a phenomenon termed immunosenescence. These changes are associated with increased incidence and severity of infections, poor vaccine efficacy, and possibly the developing autoimmunity and cancer. Immunosenescence is associated with decreased number of naïve T cells and increased of memory T cells, loss of CD28 costimulatory molecule, telomere shortening and Inflamm- aging. In Brazil, the increase in the elderly population and the consequent increased demand for health care will encumber the Sistema Único de Saúde. Thus, the study of interventions to attenuate the immunosenescence is highly relevant. A possible intervention that has been studied is physical activity. However, the majority of studies evaluated the acute impact of physical activity or assessed the impact of short periods of chronic physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of regular moderate aerobic exercises in delaying immunosenescence in elderly people. Thirty one elderly men (65-85 years) were divided in two groups, one with history of moderate regular physical activity for 15 ( ± 3) years and the other without history of physical activity, were evaluated for percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ naïve and memory T cells, loss of CD28 costimulatory molecule, telomere length, lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis markers, cytokine synthesis (TH1/TH2), serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and anti-influenza antibodies production. The groups were comparable regarding age, cognitive and functional abilities and body mass index. All elderly had good nutritional status and did not have depression. The moderately trained elderly had a higher weekly caloric expenditure (increase in METs, p < 0.0001) and a higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, p < 0.001), showing its higher fitness. The moderately trained elderly had a higher percentage of TMC lymphocytes and lower frequency of Temra lymphocytes, higher lymphoproliferative responsiveness of CD8 + T lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen, lower expression of apoptosis markers in the subpopulation of T CD8 + CD28neg cells and production of higher titles serum anti-influenza antibodies before and after immunization. The data showed that the practice of regular moderate physical activity as a lifestyle contributed to reduce of the some typical features of immunosenescence

No description available.

The yeasts Pichia pastoris and Kluyveromyces lactis were used to express several recombinant human proteins for further biochemical characterization. Two substitution variants of recombinant human enteropeptidase light chain (rhEPL) were engineered to modify the extended substrate specificity of this serine protease. Both were secreted as active enzymes in excess of 1.7 mg/L in P. pastoris fermentation broth. The substitution variant rhEPL R96Q showed significantly reduced specificities for the preferred substrate sequences DDDDK and DDDDR; however, the rhEPL Y174R variant displayed improved specificities for these substrate sequences relative to all other reported variants of this enzyme. The neutrophil serine proteases human cathepsin G (hCatG) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) were expressed in P. pastoris and HNE was also expressed in K. lactis. The recombinant variants rhCatG and rHNE, with intact C-terminal extensions, were expressed as fusion proteins with the soluble heme-binding domain of cytochrome B5 (CytB5) and an N-terminal hexahistidine (6xHis) tag for purification. The CytB5 domain was linked to the native N-termini of active rhCatG and rHNE by the EPLcleavable substrate sequence DDDDK~I, where ~ is the sessile bond. These fusion proteins were directed for secretion. The yeast P. pastoris expressed up to 3.5 mg/L of EPL-activable rHNE in fermentation broth; however, only 200 μg/L of rhCatG could be produced by this method. Recombinant expression in K. lactis never surpassed 100 μg/L of activable rHNE. The CytB5 fusion domain was present in the heme-bound form, conferring a red color and 410 nm absorbance peak to solutions containing the fusion proteins. This absorbance pattern was most readily visible during the purification of CytB5-rHNE from P. pastoris. Human C-reactive protein (hCRP) and the substitution variant CRP E42Q were expressed in recombinant form and secreted by P. pastoris. Both products were found to bind phosphocholine (PCh) in the same manner as native hCRP. Difficulties encountered during purification revealed that wild type recombinant CRP (rCRP) was produced at 2 different molecular masses. The P. pastoris recombinant expression system yielded better results than K. lactis. Bioreactor-scale fermentation in a 5 L vessel facilitated expression and characterization of these recombinant proteins.

Introduits au début des années 1990, les systèmes immunitaires artificiels visent à adapter les propriétés du système immunitaire biologique, telles que sa scalabilité et son adaptivité, à des problèmes informatiques : sécurité, mais également optimisation et classification. Cette thèse explore une nouvelle direction en se concentrant non sur les processus biologiques et les cellules elles-mêmes, mais sur les interactions entre les sous-systèmes. Ces modes d’interaction engendrent les propriétés reconnues du système immunitaire : détection d’anomalies, reconnaissance des pathogènes connus, réaction rapide après une exposition secondaire et tolérance à des organismes symbiotiques étrangers. Un ensemble de systèmes en interaction formant un écosystème, cette nouvelle approche porte le nom d’Écosystème Immunitaire Artificiel. Ce modèle est mis à l’épreuve dans un contexte particulièrement sensible à la scalabilité et à la performance : la supervision de réseaux, qui nécessite l’analyse de séries temporelles en temps réel avec un expert dans la boucle, c’est-à-dire en utilisant un apprentissage actif plutôt que supervisé. / Since the early 1990s, immune-inspired algorithms have tried to adapt the properties of the biological immune system to various computer science problems, not only in computer security but also in optimization and classification. This work explores a different direction for artificial immune systems, focussing on the interaction between subsystems rather than the biological processes involved in each one. These patterns of interaction in turn create the properties expected from immune systems, namely their ability to detect anomalies, memorize their signature to react quickly upon secondary exposure, and remain tolerant to symbiotic foreign organisms such as the intestinal fauna. We refer to a set of interacting systems as an ecosystem, thus this new approach has called the Artificial Immune Ecosystem. We demonstrate this model in the context of a real-world problem where scalability and performance are essential: network monitoring. This entails time series analysis in real time with an expert in the loop, i.e. active learning instead of supervised learning.

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is one of the most common endocrine diseases affecting senior horses. PPID causes abnormally high concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the plasma and a very distinct, long, shaggy haircoat (hypertrichosis). At present, the recommended treatment for PPID is daily oral administration of pergolide mesylate. Due to the increased ACTH levels associated with PPID, it is commonly thought that these horses are immunosuppressed and at increased risk of opportunistic infections, although current research in this area is sparse. Additionally, it is not well-understood how treatment with Prascend® (pergolide tablets) affects endocrine measures other than ACTH and if it also impacts the immune response. To better understand how PPID influences endocrine and immune function in the horse, Non-PPID horses (n=10), untreated PPID horses (n=9), and PRASCEND-treated PPID horses (n=9) were followed over 15 months. Endocrine measures assessed included basal ACTH, ACTH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests, basal insulin, insulin responses to oral sugar tests (OST), total cortisol, and free cortisol. Systemic immune function measures included basal and stimulated whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) cytokine and receptor expression, plasma myeloperoxidase levels, and complete blood counts. Localized immune function measures within the lung included cytokine and receptor expression after stimulation of cells obtained via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), myeloperoxidase levels in BAL fluid, and BAL fluid cytology. We hypothesized that PPID would affect immune function, but that any alterations would be corrected by treatment with PRASCEND. Results for the endocrine analyses showed that basal ACTH was reduced in the PRASCEND-treated horses to the levels of the Non-PPID horses, but ACTH in response to TRH stimulation was only reduced in the PRASCEND-treated horses at non-fall timepoints. PPID did not affect basal insulin, insulin responses to OSTs, total cortisol, or free cortisol, and PRASCEND treatment did not appear to have an impact on these measures either. These results suggest that PPID and hyperinsulinemia/insulin dysregulation are distinct endocrine conditions, and that the excess ACTH in horses with PPID is inactive, as it is unable to stimulate a normal cortisol response. In the immune function analyses, PPID horses had decreased expression of interferon gamma (IFNγ) from PBMCs stimulated with Rhodococcus equi and Escherichia coli and increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) expression from the E. coli-stimulated PBMCs. TGFβ was also increased in PPID horses in the unstimulated whole blood samples. These results suggest that PPID horses are unable to mount an appropriate Th1 response, and that the regulatory subset of T-lymphocytes may be contributing to this decreased Th1 response. Results for the localized immune function analyses may indicate altered Th2 responses within the lung of PPID horses, although these results were severely limited by the sample size available for analyses. PRASCEND did not appear to affect immune function as measured in this study. In summary, PRASCEND successfully reduces basal ACTH in PPID horses and remains the best choice for veterinarians in monitoring dosage and response to PRASCEND treatment. Insulin, total cortisol, and free cortisol were not affected by PPID status or PRASCEND treatment in this study. Immune function was altered in horses with PPID, and it is likely that these horses are indeed at increased risk of opportunistic infection. PRASCEND treatment did not correct the differences in immune function in this study. Additional research is needed to further understand which mechanisms are driving the alterations in immune function for horses with PPID.

Introduction: Current medical treatment for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCHZ) primarily relies on the inhibition of the dopamine D2 receptor that has been shown to be supersensitive in these patients. Treatment occurs through the use of antipsychotic medication which leads to a number of debilitating dose-dependent side effects, such as weight gain, agranulocytosis, and seizures. Patients diagnosed with SCHZ have also been shown to have increased inflammation in their central nervous system (CNS), particularly within specific brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. This is in large part due to the interaction between a pro-inflammatory cytokine called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) and microglia, which are resident CNS defense cells. TNFa is a cell-signaling protein, regulates a variety of immune cells, and is involved in the acute phase reaction of inflammation. Upon activation by TNFa secretion, microglial cells switch from being anti-inflammatory (M2) to pro-inflammatory (M1), thereby resulting in neuroinflammation as well as synaptic loss and neuronal death. In this project, we hypothesized oral administration through the diet of a novel TNFa modulator (PD2024) developed by P2D Biosciences, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) would significantly reduce microglia activation in rats neonatally treated with Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Methods and Results: To test our hypothesis, four groups (Neonatal Poly I:C/TNFa, Neonatal Poly I:C/Control, Neonatal Saline/TNFa, and Neonatal Saline/Control) were intraperitoneally injected with either poly I:C or saline during postnatal days (P)5-7. Poly I:C is an immunostimulant that mimics neonatal infection in humans, which also has been found to be a factor for the development of SCHZ later in life. Between days (P)30-(P)60, the Neonatal Poly I:C/TNFa and Neonatal Saline/TNFa groups were orally administered PD2024 through the diet. After (P)60, brain tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to label microglial cells in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus with a green fluorescent dye attached to Iba1, a protein that specifically binds to these cells. Upon completion of IHC, tissue was evaluated using a confocal microscope and then analyzed with NIH ImageJ software. Analysis parameters included cell count, sampled cell body fluorescence, and overall image fluorescence. The results obtained showed a significant decrease in microglia activation for the Poly I:C/TNFa group when compared to the Poly I:C/Control group, as well as similarities in activation levels with the Saline/Control group. These results were demonstrated in both sampled cell body fluorescence and overall image fluorescence measurements. Conclusion: This data supports the hypothesis that PD2024 is successful in reducing microglia activation through the modulation of TNFa. Therefore, treatment with a TNFa modulator such as PD2024 alongside of current antipsychotic medication could mediate neuroinflammation and reduce the dose-dependent side effects. This approach could be a promising therapeutic treatment option for those diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as potentially for other neurocognitive and behavioral disorders.

The first aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of IBV in broilers within the Canterbury province, New Zealand, in late winter and to search for associations with management or environmental factors. The second aim was to study how ambient stressors affect the immune system in birds, their adaptive capacity to respond, and the price that they have to pay in order to return to homeostasis. In a case control study, binary logistic regression analyses were used to seek associations between the presence of IBV in broilers and various risk factors that had been linked in other studies to the presence of different avian pathogens: ambient ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity and litter humidity. Pairs of sheds were selected from ten large broiler farms in Canterbury. One shed (case) from each pair contained poultry that had a production or health alteration that suggested the presence of IBV and the other was a control shed. Overall, IBV was detected by RT-PCR in 50% of the farms. In 2 of the 5 positive farms (but none of the control sheds) where IBV was detected there were accompanying clinical signs that suggested infectious bronchitis (IB). Ambient humidity was the only risk factor that showed an association (inverse) with the prevalence of IBV (p = 0.05; OR = 0.92). It was concluded within the constraints of the totally enclosed management systems described, that humidity had an influence on the presence of IBV, but temperature, ammonia, carbon dioxide, oxygen or litter humidity had no effect. In another study environmental temperatures were changed in order to affect the biological function and adaptive capacity of chickens following infection with IBV. The 'affective states' of the animal were assessed by measuring levels of corticosterone (CORT) in plasma and tonic immobility (TI). It was found that low (10 +/- 2°C) and high (30 +/- 2°C) temperatures exacerbated the respiratory signs and lesions in birds infected with IBV as compared to those housed at moderate (20 +/- 2°C) temperatures. The chickens housed at high temperatures showed significantly decreased growth, a higher proportion of hepatic lesions (principally haemorrhages) and a longer tonic immobility period, but there was no significant alteration in the plasma levels of CORT. The birds housed at low temperatures developed a higher proportion of heart lesions (hydropericardium, ventricular hypertrophy) and had significantly higher levels of plasma CORT than birds housed under moderate and/or high temperatures. The specific antibody response to IBV decreased in birds housed under high temperatures. Interestingly the birds housed at high temperatures developed significantly higher levels of haemagglutinin antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) than those birds housed under low or moderated temperatures. Cell mediated immunity was not significantly affected by heat or cold stress in the first 13 days of treatment but at 20 days the levels of interferon gamma in the birds subjected to low temperatures were lower than in the high temperature group. In other trials, the exogenous administration of low physiological doses of oral CORT (as compared to high pharmacological doses typically used in such experiments) to birds resulted in suppression or enhancement of the immune response depending on duration of treatment and/or dose and nature of the antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that exogenous CORT can produce an enhancement in the immune response in chickens. iv In conclusion, environmental stressors such as high or low temperatures do affect the physiology of the fast-growing broiler. The adjustments the birds have to make to maintain homeostasis impacts on the course of common infectious diseases, such as IB, that normally is mild in the New Zealand poultry industry. The administration of exogenous CORT showed that this hormone may be part of the physiological stress response and acts as a messenger to prepare the immune system for potential challenges (e.g., infection).

Strontium 90 (90Sr) is a radionuclide of anthropogenic origin released in large quantities in the environment as a result of nuclear atmospheric tests or accidents at nuclear facilities. 90Sr persists on a long-term basis in the environment, leading to chronic contamination by ingestion of populations living on contaminated territories. The induction of bone tumours associated with the fixation of 90Sr has been widely described. However, the occurrence of non-cancer effects is much less known. We used a mouse model with chronic contamination by ingestion of water containing 20 kBq/l of 90Sr. A biokinetic study confirmed the accumulation of 90Sr in the bones, with an increased rate of accumulation during bone growth. This accumulation was higher in the bones of females than in males. The whole-body absorbed doses ranged from 0.33 ± 0.06 mGy (birth) to 10.6 ± 0.1 mGy (20 weeks). The absorbed dose for the skeleton was up to 55 mGy. Ingestion of 90Sr induced a change in the expression of genes inducing an imbalance in favour of bone resorption, but without effect on bone morphology. No significant effect was observed for the hematopoietic system. On the other hand, minor modifications were observed for the immune system. To evaluate the functionality of the immune system, a vaccination test with TT and KLH antigens was used. Results showed in contaminated animals a significant decrease in the production of specific immunoglobulins, changes in the Th1/Th2 balance in the spleen and a disrupted B lymphocyte differentiation. These results improve the understanding of some of the non-cancerous consequences of chronic exposure at low dose of radionuclides with a long half-life, which can be accidentally released.

Regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Regulation atopischer Erkrankungen. Die Voraussetzungen für eine allergische Reaktionslage werden schon während der intrauterinen Entwicklung geschaffen. Über den Einfluss der intrauterinen Umgebung auf die Tregs zur Geburt ist bisher wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte in der prospektiven Geburtskohorten-Studie LINA (Einfluss von Lebensstil und Umweltfaktoren auf das Allergierisiko Neugeborener) geklärt werden, inwiefern der Immunstatus der werdenden Mutter, eine atopische Familienanamnese sowie Umweltexpositionen während der Schwangerschaft den Immunstatus der Neugeborenen beeinflussen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt wurde dabei auf Tregs gelegt. Weiterhin sollte die Relevanz der Tregs zur Geburt für das Allergierisiko im ersten Lebensjahr des Kindes analysiert werden. Die Messung der Anzahl und Funktionalität der Tregs im Blut der werdenden Mutter in der 34. Schwangerschaftswoche und im Nabelschnurblut erfolgte sowohl durchflusszytometrisch in einer Subkohorte (n=24 Mutter-Kind Paare), als auch durch eine methylspezifische qPCR in der gesamten Kohorte der LINA-Studie (n=346 Mutter-Kind Paare). Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit deuten erstmals darauf hin, dass mütterliche Tregs möglicherweise einen regulatorischen Einfluss hinsichtlich der Programmierung des fötalen Immunsystems haben (Hinz et al., Clin Exp Allergy 2010). Die durchflusszytometrische Charakterisierung der Tregs der Mutter-Kind Paare zeigte beim Vergleich der Expression von CD4, CD25, CD127 und FOXP3, dass der Anteil der CD4+CD25high Tregs im Nabelschnurblut deutlich höher war, der Anteil FOXP3 positiver Zellen innerhalb der CD4+CD25high Tregs Population war zur Geburt jedoch signifikant geringer, verglichen mit den werdenden Müttern. Weiterhin war eine geringe Anzahl mütterlicher Tregs während der Schwangerschaft und eine erhöhte Produktion der TH2-Zytokine IL-4, IL-5 und IL-13 mit erhöhten Gesamt-IgE-Spiegeln im Nabelschnurblut verbunden (Hinz et al., 2010). Durch die Quantifizierung der Tregs auf Basis des TSDR-Methylierungsstatus` im FOXP3 Gen, einer spezifischen und zuverlässigen Methode zum Nachweis stabiler Tregs, konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen einer Vielzahl pränataler Faktoren, Tregs zur Geburt und dem Allergierisiko in der gesamten Geburtskohorte geklärt werden (Hinz et al., Allergy 2011). Das männliche Geschlecht des Kindes, die Atopie der Eltern, Rauchen und Desinfektionsmittel-Exposition während der Schwangerschaft sowie eine erhöhte mütterliche Produktion von IFN-γ, IL-13 und IL-17E war mit einer geringeren Treg-Anzahl im Nabelschnurblut assoziiert. Für Kinder mit einer geringeren Treg-Anzahl im Nabelschnurblut war das Risiko für eine atopische Dermatitis und einer Sensibilisierung gegen Nahrungsmittelallergene im ersten Lebensjahr signifikant höher (Hinz et al., 2011).

Los resultados del trasplante renal a largo plazo están limitados por la pérdida a largo plazo del injerto y la muerte con injerto funcionante. Los inmunosupresores tienen gran importancia por su efecto sobre el injerto (control de la respuesta inmunológica y nefrotoxicidad) y sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el desarrollo de neoplasias. Los nuevos inmunosupresores apuntan a un mejor perfil en este sentido para reducir estos dos tipos de complicaciones y prolongar la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente, siendo los fármacos del grupo mTOR los más prometedores en este sentido. La presente tesis doctoral analiza los efectos de este grupo de fármacos inmunosupresores (Sirolimus y Everolimus) en pacientes trasplantados renales.Se analizan los efectos del uso de inhibidores de mTOR en pacientes trasplantados renales sobre el daño crónico del injerto en biopsias de protocolo, sobre la aparición de proteinuria como complicación de su uso en pacientes estables y sobre la formación de células T reguladoras circulantes en sangre periférica. / Long-term results of kidney transplantation are limited by the chronic graft failure and the death of the patient with a functioning kidney. Immunosuppressive drugs have an important role due to its effects on the graft (control of immune response and nephrotoxicity) and on vascular risk factors and the development of neoplasms. New immunosuppressive drugs, specially mTOR inhibitors have a better profile and are able to reduce both types of complications, increasing graft and patient survival. The present doctoral thesis analyzes the effects of this group of immunosuppressive drugs (Sirolimus and Everolimus) in renal transplant recipients.The effects of mTOR inhibitors over chronic graft damage in protocol kidney biopsies, on the appearance of proteinuria as a complication of its use in stable patients and on the formation of circulating regulatory T-cells in renal transplant patients are analyzed