<p> In this thesis, we undertake a study of imperative reasoning. Beginning with a philosophical analysis of the distinction between imperative and functional language features, we define a (pure) imperative language as one whose constructs are inherently referentially opaque. We then give a definition of a reasoning language by identifying desirable properties such a language should have.</p> <p> The rest of the thesis presents a new pure imperative reasoning language, Assignment Calculus AC. The main idea behind AC is that R. Montague's modal operators of intension and extension are useful tools for modeling procedures in programming languages. This line of thought builds on T. Janssen's demonstration that Montague's intensional logic is well suited to dealing with assignment statements, pointers, and other difficult features of imperative languages.</p> <p> AC consists of only four basic constructs, assignment 'X := t', sequence 't; u', procedure formation 'it' and procedure invocation '!t'. Three interpretations are given for AC: an operational semantics, a denotational semantics, and a term-rewriting system. The three are shown to be equivalent. Running examples are used to illustrate each of the interpretations.</p> <p> Five variants of AC are then studied. By removing restrictions from AC's syntactic and denotational definitions, we can incorporate L-values, lazy evaluation, state backtracking, and procedure composition into AC. By incorporating procedure composition, we show that AC becomes a self-contained Turing complete language in the same way as the untyped λ-calculus: by encoding numerals, Booleans, and control structures as AC terms. Finally we look at the combination of AC with a typed λ-calculus.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis deals with the issue of the imperative and its periphrastic forms. It points out the options of expression of this phenomenon and its usage. The theoretical part of the thesis also deals with imperative sayings; they are then compared to the Czech language. Chapters on methodology follow because they are necessary to process the practical part. The work refers to principles of choosing a good textbook and mentions approaches to grammar instruction. The second part analyses nine textbooks for teaching German as a second foreign language. The analysis is divided into three parts; for each of them the criteria for its evaluation were set. The analysis focuses not only on a teacher´s language but also on how the grammar is presented in the textbooks. Moreover, the differences between the books are mentioned.

À rebours d’une croyance solidement installée, il n’existe pas d’ordre public inhérent au droit patrimonial de la famille. L’ordre public est une notion juridique singulière qu’il ne faut pas galvauder en la confondant avec d’autres limites à la liberté contractuelle : les bonnes mœurs, les droits fondamentaux et, en particulier, les lois impératives. Si toutes les lois d’ordre public sont impératives, la réciproque n’est pas vérifiable : toutes les lois impératives ne sont pas nécessairement d’ordre public. Bien qu’il se dérobe depuis toujours à l’exercice d’une définition, l’ordre public est par nature attaché à la sauvegarde de l’intérêt général. Par conséquent, il est proscrit d’y renoncer par anticipation et sa violation demeure fermement sanctionnée. Dans sa mise en œuvre judiciaire, le ministère public dispose d’une action pour poursuivre toute atteinte à l’ordre public et le juge a le pouvoir – sinon le devoir – de soulever d’office ce moyen. En l’absence de ces caractéristiques traditionnelles (qui sont autant d’éléments de définition), il devient téméraire de retenir la présence d’un ordre public ; sauf à prendre le risque de dévoyer la notion en la contorsionnant et en effaçant ses marqueurs distinctifs. Aucun de ces traits n’étant identifiable en droit patrimonial de la famille, l’idée selon laquelle il existerait un « ordre public patrimonial » (parfois qualifié de « matrimonial » ou de « successoral ») mérite d’être repoussée. En cette matière, les règles qui s’affirment de façon péremptoire sont des règles simplement impératives, qui ne participent pas à la mise en œuvre d’un quelconque ordre public. La distinction entre l’ordre public et les lois impératives n’est pas que théorique, ni même sémantique : elle emporte aussi (et surtout) d’importantes conséquences pratiques. Ce faisant, la thèse défendue permet de renouer avec les évolutions récentes observables en droit patrimonial de la famille (contractualisation, déjudiciarisation, subjectivisation, fondamentalisation...), tout en permettant de mieux comprendre les transformations qui affectent la société et la famille. Plus généralement, elle contribue à repenser les rapports entre la liberté contractuelle et la règle de droit, en montrant qu’il peut exister en droit civil des règles qui – bien qu’impératives – ne procèdent pas de la réalisation d’un ordre public. / Unlike a strongly held belief, there exists no public order inherent in family property law. Public order is a significant legal concept which should not be overused by confusing it with other limits of contractual freedom : accepted standards of behaviour, fundamental rights and, especially, imperative laws. If all public order laws are imperative, reciprocity cannot be verified : all imperative laws are not necessarily public order laws. Though it is always evasive when attempting to find out a definition, public order is inherently related to safeguarding the general interest. Accordingly, it is forbidden to give it up by anticipation and infringing it is strongly punished. Through its legal proceedings, the public prosecution is acting to prosecute any breach of public order and the judge holds the power – and further the duty – to institute ex-officio such legal proceedings. In absence of such traditional features (which are so many elements of definition), it becomes rash to retain the presence of a public order ; unless taking the risk of diverting the concept by twisting it and cancelling its distinctive landmarks. As none of such features is identified in family property law, the idea upon which a "patrimonial public order" (sometimes referred to as "matrimonial" or "succession-related") would exist, deserves to be rejected. In this respect, rules peremptorily asserted are simply imperative rules, which are not involved in any whatsoever public order implementation. Distinction between public order and imperative laws is not only theoretical, nor even semantic : it further (and especially) entails significant practical consequences. In doing so, defended thesis helps reviving the latest developments being observed in family property law (contractualisation, diversion, subjectivization, "fundamentalisation"...), while allowing to better understand shifts affecting society and family. In more general terms, it helps reconsidering relations between contractual freedom and the rule of law, by showing that there may exist, in civil law, rules which – though being imperative – do not result from the achievement of a public order.

In the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant gives several formulations of the categorical imperative, one being the universal law of nature formulation. One question that can be raised is why Kant formulates the categorical imperative in terms of universal laws of nature at all. In this paper, I will argue that it is necessary for Kant to formulate the categorical imperative in terms of universal laws of nature in order to demonstrate the applicability of the moral law to our maxims and hence the possibility of the moral law as a functional practical principle.

This thesis examines the role of the helping imperative in Canadian foreign aid discourse. After weaving together post-development and decolonial theory and applying these theories to cosmopolitanism, I propose a reconstructed cosmopolitan theory - delinked cosmopolitanism - as a theoretical orientation for this analysis. In applying the discourse legitimation framework as an analytical tool, I conclude that the current discursive orientations of the Government of Canada are focused on helping while believing that Western ways of being, knowing and doing are the only way to live in the world. I then suggest possible applications of delinked cosmopolitanism and discourse analysis for future research, both in Canada and abroad, in order to support a possible shift in thinking and an improved ability to work across difference.

Due to the recent increase of computer programmers, and asa result, sufferers from Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI),programming by voice is becoming an important alternativeto keyboard-based input. Using speech recognition softwareis more difficult for programming tasks than naturallanguage. This is because writing code requires punctuation,symbols, and abbreviations that need to be spelled out. It isalso not limited to writing code, but also includes navigation,editing, and error correction. Therefore, an easy and flexibleway of working with code by voice is therefore. This studyexamines the efficiency of vocal programming in differentparadigms (namely, the imperative and reactive paradigm).We survey which advantages and challenges the reactiveand imperative paradigm have within this field. Bydiscussing if and how the reactive paradigm could beincorporated into future tools and covering the mostcommon challenges, we hope to provide a base for furtherstudies on programming reactively by voice. A brief surveyof tools for vocal programming is carried out. Using TalonVoice, examples written in Java and RxJava, we measure theperformance of the respective paradigms, by recording thenumber of words, syllables, and necessary pauses used whenproducing code vocally. The results vary in vocal load, butboth paradigms have advantages in vocal programming. Theresults also show that reactive programming, thoughgenerally requiring more code for the same tasks asimperative code, does not require the vocal programmer toutter as many words per character as within the imperativeparadigm. The authors discuss the effects of cognitive load inrelation to the presented findings.

No description available.

O presente trabalho propõe uma análise funcionalista-cognitivista sobre construções imperativas do Português Brasileiro (PB). Ao contrário do que ocorre na tradição gramatical, não nos limitamos a analisar um grupo pré-definido de formas verbais, optando então por tratar de um conjunto mais amplo de atos de fala diretivos. Para tanto, amparamos nossa investigação em dados concretos extraídos de obras cinematográficas , o que explica em parte o caráter funcionalista do trabalho, uma vez que abordamos a língua como um instrumento de interação social (cf. TRASK, 2004). Já o aspecto cognitivista subjaz nossa principal hipótese, segundo a qual a imperatividade se constrói como um evento metaforicamente estruturado (cf. LAKOFF, 1992), cujas bases principais são as categorias cognitivas FORÇA e MOVIMENTO. Procuramos então contribuir com os estudos do PB defendendo que as construções imperativas são um conjunto variado de artefatos simbólicos por meio dos quais um enunciador-antagonista pode aplicar determinada força sobre um enunciatário-agonista cf. TALMY (2000) , pelo que postulamos que IMPERATIVIDADE É FORÇA. / This paper proposes a cognitive-functionalist analysis about imperative constructions in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Different from what happens in grammatical tradition, we do not just look at a pre-defined group of verb forms, opting for dealing with a broader set of directive speech acts. To do so, we hold our study on evidence extracted from cinematographic , which partly explains the functionalist character of the work, as we approach the language as a social interaction tool (cf. TRASK, 2004). However, the cognitive aspect underlies our main hypothesis, according to which the imperative is constructed as a metaphorically structured event, whose main bases are the cognitive categories FORCE and MOVEMENT. Then we seek to contribute with the BPs researches securing that the imperative constructions are an assorted ensemble of symbolic artifacts, through which an antagonist-enunciator can apply certain force on an enunciatee-agonist cf. TALMY (2000), therefore we postulate that IMPERATIVE IS FORCE.

O presente trabalho propõe uma análise funcionalista-cognitivista sobre construções imperativas do Português Brasileiro (PB). Ao contrário do que ocorre na tradição gramatical, não nos limitamos a analisar um grupo pré-definido de formas verbais, optando então por tratar de um conjunto mais amplo de atos de fala diretivos. Para tanto, amparamos nossa investigação em dados concretos extraídos de obras cinematográficas , o que explica em parte o caráter funcionalista do trabalho, uma vez que abordamos a língua como um instrumento de interação social (cf. TRASK, 2004). Já o aspecto cognitivista subjaz nossa principal hipótese, segundo a qual a imperatividade se constrói como um evento metaforicamente estruturado (cf. LAKOFF, 1992), cujas bases principais são as categorias cognitivas FORÇA e MOVIMENTO. Procuramos então contribuir com os estudos do PB defendendo que as construções imperativas são um conjunto variado de artefatos simbólicos por meio dos quais um enunciador-antagonista pode aplicar determinada força sobre um enunciatário-agonista cf. TALMY (2000) , pelo que postulamos que IMPERATIVIDADE É FORÇA. / This paper proposes a cognitive-functionalist analysis about imperative constructions in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Different from what happens in grammatical tradition, we do not just look at a pre-defined group of verb forms, opting for dealing with a broader set of directive speech acts. To do so, we hold our study on evidence extracted from cinematographic , which partly explains the functionalist character of the work, as we approach the language as a social interaction tool (cf. TRASK, 2004). However, the cognitive aspect underlies our main hypothesis, according to which the imperative is constructed as a metaphorically structured event, whose main bases are the cognitive categories FORCE and MOVEMENT. Then we seek to contribute with the BPs researches securing that the imperative constructions are an assorted ensemble of symbolic artifacts, through which an antagonist-enunciator can apply certain force on an enunciatee-agonist cf. TALMY (2000), therefore we postulate that IMPERATIVE IS FORCE.

No description available.