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No. of bitstreams: 1 favaro_gs_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2997134 bytes, checksum: 94fefaf51da45c497e6f0cfd3bb1e21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo objetiva realizar o mapeamento e a análise da estrutura morfológica no processo da flexão verbal das formas imperativas em Português Arcaico (PA), a partir das Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), com a finalidade de mostrar se a situação que encontramos hoje (ou seja, variação entre formas indicativas e subjuntivas para expressar ordens e pedidos), que leva à dúvida quanto ao imperativo ser um modo independente ou não, já ocorria no PA. A metodologia constitui-se no mapeamento das formas verbais do imperativo nas CSM. Contamos, também, com glossários e vocabulários como auxílio na categorização das formas verbais. Após a coleta dos dados, são analisadas as estruturas morfológicas das formas verbais imperativas encontradas, comparando-as com a estrutura morfológica das formas verbais do presente do indicativo e do subjuntivo mapeadas no corpus, a fim de explicar se critérios, tais como ordem, presença ou ausência do sujeito e contextos relacionados a atos de fala (ordem ou pedido), podem ser utilizados para considerar uma forma imperativa ou não. Foram coletadas 189 formas verbais imperativas conjugadas nas 2ªpp e 2ªps. Verificamos a alta produtividade da supressão da vogal temática em um estágio inicial da língua. Podemos comprovar que o modo imperativo preservava sua estrutura morfológica no PA, já que os indíces de variação começam a surgir apenas em meados do século XVIII, quando há as primeiras manifestações do processo de substituição do pronome tu por você nas relações de tratamento. Discorremos, também, a partir de uma perspectiva diacrônica, sobre os fatores de natureza linguística e social que interferiram e continuam interferindo no processo de variação das formas pronominais de tratamento em PB e como este fenômeno está associado à provável perda da morfologia do modo imperativo. Assim, esta tese visou a contribuir para a compreensão da história do português, no sentido de que a retomada de fatos do passado linguístico da língua portuguesa pode trazer uma maior compreensão da estrutura do português atual. / This study aims to map and analyze the morphological structure in the process of verb inflection of imperative forms in Archaic Portuguese (AP) in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM). The objective of the study is to show if the situation we find today (i.e., variation among indicative and subjunctive forms to express orders and requests), which leads to the question if the imperative was an independent mood or not, already occurred in the AP. The methodology consists in mapping the imperative verb forms in the CSM. We have also used glossaries and vocabularies as a support in categorization of verb forms. After data is collected, the morphological structure of the imperative verb forms found are analyzed in comparison with the morphological structure of the simple present and subjunctive mapped in the corpus, in order to explain if criteria, such as order, presence or absence of the subject and contexts related to speech acts (order or request), can be used to consider if a form is imperative or not. One hundred eighty-nine imperative verb forms conjugated in the secondperson plural and second-person singular were collected and at the end of the analysis of the data we verified the high productivity of the suppression of the thematic vowel at an early stage of the language. We can prove that the imperative form preserved its morphological structure in the AP, since the variation indices start to emerge only in mid-eighteenth century, when there are the first manifestations of the process which replaces tu by você in treatment relations. We have also discussed, from a diachronic perspective, by the factors of linguistic and social nature that interfered and continue to interfere in the process of change in pronoun forms of address in BP and how this phenomenon is associated with the probable loss of the morphology of the imperative form. Thus, this thesis aimed to contribute to the history of the Portuguese language, considering that the resumption of facts of the linguistic past of the Portuguese language can bring greater understanding of the structure of the current Portuguese.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T11:33:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique da Silva - 2018.pdf: 1060988 bytes, checksum: 97cffe5c7c821fa644ab07d1722acfe6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T12:54:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique da Silva - 2018.pdf: 1060988 bytes, checksum: 97cffe5c7c821fa644ab07d1722acfe6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-02T12:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Henrique da Silva - 2018.pdf: 1060988 bytes, checksum: 97cffe5c7c821fa644ab07d1722acfe6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this work, our goal was to describe and analyze the role of the imperative mode and of the imperativeness in the process of acquisition of the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil. For such, we used as theoretical basis studies of linguistics, psychology, psychoanalysis and other sciences that also seek to explain the process of language acquisition. The main authors consulted were De Lemos (1992, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006); Goldgrub (2001); Milani (2011; 2016); Saussure (2002; 2012); Silva and Lima (2014); Chaves (2013), among others. The methodology employed was that of the bibliographical research, on which we focused our search for speech data available in dissertations and theses of the Bank of Thesis and Dissertations of CAPES and in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations between the years 2010 to 2015. We used the key word “acquisition of language” for the data search. In the sequence, we reanalyzed the data describing them in a new perspective, that of the enunciative scene, because the context of speech production is of fundamental importance for our work. As results, we observed that (1) the imperative mode and imperativeness have a suggestion-obligation character when used by the adult in relation to the child, (2) and of the expression of desire and emotion when used by the child in relation to the adult; (3) both, the imperative mode and the imperativeness contribute to reveal that the infant, speaking subject, does not use the language merely to communicate, but mainly uses it to act on the adult in order to get what she/he wants, (4) while the adult uses the language in order to regulate and control the desires of the child through orders and commands. / Neste trabalho objetivamos descrever e analisar o papel do modo imperativo e da imperatividade no processo de aquisição da língua portuguesa falada no Brasil. Para tanto, usamos como base teórica estudos da linguística, da psicologia, da psicanálise e de outras ciências que também buscam explicar o processo de aquisição da língua. Os principais autores que consultamos foram De Lemos (1992; 1995; 1998; 1999; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2006); Goldgrub (2001); Milani (2011; 2016); Saussure (2002; 2012); Silva e Lima (2014); Chaves (2013), entre outros. A metodologia empregada foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica, na qual centramos nossa busca por dados de fala disponíveis em dissertações e teses do Banco de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES e na Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações entre os anos de 2010 a 2015. Usamos a palavra chave ‘aquisição de linguagem’ para a busca dos dados. Na sequência, reanalizamos os dados descrevendo-os sob uma nova óptica, a da cena enunciativa, porque o contexto de produção de fala é de fundamental importância para nosso trabalho. Como resultados, observamos que (1) o modo imperativo e a imperatividade possuem um caráter de sugestão-obrigação quando é usado pelo adulto em relação à criança, (2) e de expressão do desejo e emoção quando usado pela criança em relação ao adulto; (3) Tanto o imperativo quanto a imperatividade contribuem para revelar que a criança, sujeito falante, não usa a língua apenas para se comunicar, mas, principalmente, para agir sobre o adulto no intuito de obter o que deseja, (4) enquanto o adulto usa a língua na intenção de regular e controlar os desejos da criança por meio de ordens e comandos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Antonius de Castro Tavares, Marcellus; Pierre Louis Robin, Jacques. Behavioral java code generation from imperative object constraint language expressions in plataformindependent UML models. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 2011.

Approximation algorithms are widely used for problems related to computational geometry, complex optimization problems, discrete min-max problems and NP-hard and space hard problems. Due to the complex nature of such problems, imperative languages are perhaps not the best-suited solution when it comes to their actual implementation. Functional languages like Haskell could be a good candidate for the aforementioned mentioned issues. Haskell is used in industries as well as in commercial applications, e.g., concurrent applications, statistics, symbolic math and financial analysis. Several approximation algorithms have been proposed for different problems that naturally arise in the DNA clone classifications. In this thesis, we have performed an initial and explorative study on applying functional languages for approximation algorithms. Specifically, we have implemented a well known approximate clustering algorithm both in Haskell and in Java and we discuss the suitability of applying functional languages for the implementation of approximation algorithms, in particular for graph theoretical approximate clustering problems with applications in DNA clone classification. We also further explore the characteristics of Haskell that makes it suitable for solving certain classes of problems that are hard to implement using imperative languages. / Muhammad Imran Shafi: 29A Sodergatan 19547 Marsta, 0737171514, Muhammad Akram C/O Saad Bin Azhar Folkparksvagen 20/10 Ronneby, 0762899111

L’analyse des injonctions en polonais est placée dans une perspective pragmatico-énonciative. L’injonction est définie comme un acte illocutoire directif qui vise l’accomplissement ou le non accomplissement de l’action par l’allocutaire. L’auteur de ce travail part du constat qu’il n’existe pas de forme d’énoncé qui véhicule en soi la valeur injonctive. Seule l’actualisation d’un énoncé dans un contexte donné permet de définir la valeur injonctive qui se présente comme un continuum allant de l’injonction douce à l’injonction catégorique. Cela suppose une interaction entre la situation d’énonciation, divers marqueurs sémantico-syntaxiques, métainformatifs, expressifs ainsi que la prise en compte des facteurs extralinguistiques. Le concept de l’injonction permet de constater la suprématie du critère fonctionnel (le but de l’injonction) par rapport au critère purement formel (la structure de l’injonction). La notion d’honorification offre un cadre de description capable de rendre compte des différences qui existent entre le domaine non distant et le domaine distant ce qui conduit à établir une hiérarchie entre divers emplois injonctifs. / The analysis of the injunctions in Polish is carried out within the pragmatic and enunciation theoretical framework. The injunction is defined as an illocutionary directive act which aims at the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the action by the hearer. The author starts by presupposing that there is no shape of statement which conveys in itself the injunctive value. Only the actualizing of a statement in a given context allows to define the injunctive value which appears as a continuum going from soft injunction to categorical injunction. The actualizing in question asks for combination and interaction between the situation of speaking, the various semantic, syntactic, meta-informative and expressive markers, and the taking into account of the extra-linguistic factors. The concept of injunction allows to notice the supremacy of the functional criterion (the purpose of the injunction) over the purely formal criterion (the structure of the injunction). The notion of honorification offers a frame of description allowing to acknowledge the differences between the not-distant domain and the distant domain, which leads to establishing a hierarchy between diverse injunctive uses.

This essay tries to lay the transcendental foundations to a notion of “pure evil”, pure in the Kantian sense of the term, which means to find the necessary conditions for the concept and establish which criteria must be in place for such a concept to be justified. This essay tries to show the importance of thinking evil on its own terms instead as a secondary concept derived from ”the Good”. The prevailing philosophical stance from Platon until Kant has been to treat evil as either privation or unreason; this paper instead seeks to formulate a substantive notion of evil as pure evil, showing how it can be thought in its own right as an independent and self-sufficient concept. From a Kantian perspective it is only practical reason that can ground a moral action or maxim as free and self-determined, therefore a true concept of evil is only possible at level of the moral law i.e. the source of reason itself. Hence this paper argues that pure evil is intimately linked to the functioning of pure reason itself. In contrast to the traditional thinking regarding the issue of evil, I argue that reason is the sole source of pure evil and that no other factors such as pathology, affect or bad faith can account for events or actions that demonstrates the characteristics of pure evil. With help from the groundbreaking work of Kant, Arendt, Lacan and Sade I hope to point towards a new understanding of the concept of evil as a product of reason itself. Hopefully this work manages to show how and why such a perspective is needed and makes clear what we might gain from such an analysis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), moral and religion are bound up in some way, becoming different just by the fact that while moral, the duties are enacted as fundamental principles of every thinking human being, and by the fact that this one must act as a member of an ends universal system; while religion, those duties are seen as commandments of a supreme holy will, so that, the moral laws are the only ones which are in accordance with the idea of a supreme perfection. In the preface to the first edition of the Religion within the Boundaries of mere Reason Kant opens it with a claim moral is self-sufficient. Nevertheless, if morality in no way needs religion whether objectively (as regards willing) or subjectively (as regards capability), but it is self-sufficient; it is asked: why does religion consider the moral law as a commandment of a supreme holy will? Or yet, why is there a correlation between moral and religion? In this sense, its objective is to show how moral can reach its plenitude only in the absolute autonomy within the practice reason, which becomes law to itself as an unconditional and pure duty, and which can, then, indicate an inevitable relation existing between moral and religion. The connection between moral and religion, besides being fundamental and structural information of pure reason, it is the progressive recognition of a universal plan in which, despite all the liberty abuses by men, will reach in the end the highest possible degree of perfection of humankind. / Para Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), moral e religião estão ligadas de modo estreito, diferenciando-se apenas pelo fato de que na moral os deveres são praticados como princípios fundamentais de todo ser racional, e pelo fato de que esse último deve agir como membro de um sistema universal de fins, enquanto que na religião esses deveres são vistos como mandamentos de uma suprema vontade santa, pois que, as leis da moral são as únicas que estão de acordo com a idéia de uma suprema perfeição. No prólogo à primeira edição de A Religião nos Limites da simples razão (1793) Kant o abre com a afirmação de que a moral basta-se a si mesma. No entanto, se a moral de nenhum modo precisa da religião tanto objetivamente (com relação ao querer) quanto subjetivamente (com relação à capacidade) mas basta-se a si mesma; pergunta-se: porque a religião vê a lei moral como mandamento de uma suprema vontade santa? Ou ainda, porque existe uma relação entre moral e religião? Nesse sentido, o objetivo é o de mostrar como a moral atinge a sua plenitude somente na absoluta autonomia da razão prática, a qual se torna lei para si mesma como dever puro e incondicional, e que chegará então a indicar uma inevitável relação existente entre moral e religião. A conexão entre moral e religião, além de ser um dado fundamental e estrutural da razão pura, é o reconhecimento progressivo de um plano universal segundo o qual, a despeito de todos os abusos da liberdade por parte dos homens, alcançará no final o mais alto grau possível de perfeição do gênero humano.

Using a case study of the Italian spirit grappa, we examine status recategorization - the vertical extension and reclassification of an entire market category. Grappa was historically a low-status product, but in the 1970s one regional distiller took steps that led to a radical break from its traditional image, so that in just over a decade high-quality grappa became an exemplar of cultured Italian lifestyle and held a market position in the same class as cognac and whisky. We use this context to articulate "theorization by allusion", which occurs through three mechanisms: category detachment-distancing a social object from its existing category; category emulation-presenting that object so that it hints at the practices of a high-status category; and category sublimation-shifting from local, field-specific references to broader, societal-level frames. This novel theorization is particularly appropriate for explaining change from low to high status because it avoids resistance to and contestation of such change (by customers, media, and other sources) as a result of status imperatives, which may be especially strong in mature fields. Unlike prior studies that have examined the status of organizations within a category, ours foregrounds shifts in the status and social meaning of a market category itself. (authors' abstract)

The purpose of this study was to observe and analyze the process of regional climate adaptation planning and the role of stakeholder deliberation in decision making about adaptation actions. It employed a case study approach based on one of three total study sites of an international, multidisciplinary grant titled, “METROPOLE: An Integrated Framework to Analyze Local Decision Making and Adaptive Capacity to Large-Scale Environmental Change”. The purpose of the case study of this project was to analyze stakeholder deliberation at two workshops at the grant’s Broward County, Florida site regarding two adaptation options: elevation/floodproofing and voluntary buyouts. Analyzing stakeholder deliberation about these two options allowed for the identification of specific barriers to adaptation for stakeholders in this region. These barriers were then used to suggest values regarding adaptation priorities and planning. The primary idea driving this project was that deliberation provides a pragmatic approach to determining stakeholder values and preferences – which ought to be used to inform planning and decision making about climate policy. The ultimate goal of this project was to demonstrate how the rhetorical concepts of situated judgment, persuasion, and deliberation can be applied in adaptation planning processes and therefore, how applied rhetoric contributes to the production of “usable” science, or science that takes decision makers’ preferences and needs into account when making policy decisions. The problem that this project responds to involves three interrelated parts: framing, communication, and policymaking. Currently, climate change framing in the US is largely characterized by “debate” and emphasizes only one aspect of the climate change problem: cause. The second part of the problem pertains to communication and in particular, the way in which scientific and economic data about climate change/adaptation is typically delivered to non-scientific audiences. The third part of the problem as it is addressed in this project pertains to policymaking, or what enables or prevents progress toward effective policymaking. Data collected for this project include: surveys, 10 in-depth interviews, and field notes. The first layer of analysis was facilitated through Decision Explorer, a qualitative software commonly used in strategic management and decision sciences. For this project, Decision Explorer was used to cognitively map and analyze data from the 10 in-depth interviews. The second layer of analysis used NVivo, a qualitative coding software, to organize and code data collected from all sources. The findings of this project concluded that for stakeholders in this region, the four primary barriers to adaptation were: leadership, resources, invisibility/timing, and the limitations of modeling processes. Stakeholders’ primary values about climate adaptation reflected their strong sense of place attachment. These values were expressed in terms of altruistic values, or concerns about how the local implications of climate may affect humans (e.g., how vulnerably located critical infrastructure and weakening transportation infrastructure will affect citizens’ safety and community resilience) and “scientific” values, such as the inclusion of regional scientific factors in climate modeling and adaptation planning. One of the most significant contributions of this project was the development of an approach that leverages the application of rhetorical concepts in science policy planning/decision making. This unique strategy embedded the rhetorical components of deliberation, situated judgment, phronesis and persuasion within the three framing tasks of collective action framing (i.e., diagnostic, prognostic and motivational framing) to illustrate a unique approach for engaging stakeholders in adaptation planning. More broadly, this project responded to calls for social science research to provide useful recommendations about how to facilitate more effective stakeholder engagement and communication about climate adaptation planning and policy.

Epistemology in its contemporary post-modern ethos is generally believed to be inseparably hinged upon language. This of course ensures a major paradigm shift in the disciplined human conceptions of reality. It has been stated and is widely acknowledged that the Kantian Noumenal barrier has, in this recent shift, been proved to be looming far closer than it was ever previously considered. This new barrier to the world of ‘objective absolutes’ comprises a barrier of semantics and syntax, and calls for a radical restructuring of all the human sciences. There is surely no discipline in the humanities that can claim immunity to this colossal shift in epistemology, and theology (particularly of the Evangelical variety) is no exception to the rule. The impact of post-modern epistemological assumption upon contemporary Evangelicalism presents to those who adhere to this school’s position, a profound challenge. Conservative Christians, who hold to the propositional universality and the objectivity of biblical truth, find in the post-modern ethos little sympathy and no rational justification granted for their ‘metaphysical objectivity’. A major challenge therefore to Evangelical Christianity at the present time is this: Is there, in the light of the challenge of post-modern epistemology, any reasonable justification for continuing to adhere to the evangelical claim that God has spoken in unchanging propositional terms that are universally valid and binding? It would seem that in this regard many evangelicals are feeling pressured. Evidence of the pressure of this challenge can readily be found either in the growing contemporary evangelical tendency towards advocating a more cooperative attitude to the post-modern ethos, or in the reactionary theology of schools of thought like the Spiritual Warfare Movement. The writings of Clive Staples Lewis (1898 – 1963) have been proven effective in the countering of negative challenges to Christian faith for the past sixty years. Lewis, as an apologist, in the opinion of many intellectual searchers, positively and convincingly countered modernistic objections to faith in his own time. Modernistic assumptions prevailed in the Western world in Lewis’ day that tended to discredit a rational belief in the supernatural. Lewis was widely held to be an effective apostle to counter this modernistic scepticism. It is the conviction of the present writer that C. S. Lewis apologetics can be just as effectively utilised today in addressing post-modern challenges, as it was fifty years ago used to answer the questions raised by modernism. Lewis in all of his Christian writings, reveals an underlying epistemology that I believe (because it is based firmly upon Christian orthodoxy), has stood the test of time. The apologetics of C. S. Lewis may serve to answer post-modern challenges just as rationally as it did modernism. In this thesis, Lewis’ underlying epistemology will be examined. This will comprise the first part of my work. The second part of the thesis deals with the post-modern epistemological challenge to Evangelicalism as a world-view. The final part of this thesis consists of a dialogue between the most common post-modern challenges to evangelical thinking, and rationally compelling answers thereto that are found in Lewis’ writings. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / Unrestricted