abstract: This archaeological study analyses households at the Postclassic site of Calixtlahuaca (State of Mexico, Mexico), to evaluate the directness and collectiveness of local and imperial Aztec rule based on their effects on the commoner population. Scholars are divided as to whether Aztec rule was generally positive (due to opportunities for economic and cultural interaction) or negative (due to taxation and loss of autonomy). Contexts at Calixtlahuaca date to three periods, the Dongu (AD 1130-1370), Ninupi (1370-1450), and Yata (1450-1530) phases. The first two phases show the pre-Aztec trajectory, which is compared to the final period under Aztec rule to disentangle general trends toward regional integration from Aztec effects. Each phase includes six excavated households. I assess economic changes on three dimensions: foreign trade, local craft production, and household wealth. Trade is evaluated for obsidian and ceramics (INAA, petrography, type classification) and local crafting is evaluated for ceramic, lithic, textile, and molded ceramic items. Wealth is measured using all excavated artifacts, with the relative values of artifact classes based on Colonial Nahuatl wills. Prior to Aztec rule, trade was increasing and diversifying, but craft production was low. Under Aztec rule, trade reoriented toward the Basin of Mexico, craft production remained low, and household wealth stabilized. Pre-Aztec inter-household variation for all dimensions is low, before increasing during the Yata phase. Cultural changes are evaluated for ritual activities and foodways. I evaluate the degree of interhousehold variability, the overall similarity to other parts of Central Mexico, the degree of change under Aztec rule, and immigration versus emulation as potential explanations for that change. Evaluation is based on the distinction between high and low visibility objects and practices. The Dongu and Ninupi phase households at Calixtlahuaca were culturally homogeneous and regionally distinctive. During the Yata phase, the site became moderately more Aztec, but this change was unevenly distributed among households. Together, the economic and cultural patterns at Calixtlahuaca indicate that the pre-Aztec local organization of power was relatively collective, but that this was partially overlaid by relatively indirect and non-collective Aztec imperial rule, with mildly negative effects. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo uma análise do filme Nunca aos Domingos (1960), de Jules Dassin. Para a realização deste estudo, foi adotado um esquema de observação atenta de cada uma das cenas do filme, incluindo a análise de diversos fotogramas que revelam elementos interessantes não apenas no conteúdo, como também na forma do objeto. Durante o desenvolvimento do estudo, identificou-se o diálogo da obra em questão com outras obras, tais como a tragédia Medeia (431 a.C.), de Eurípedes; a peça Pigmaleão (1913), de George Bernard Shaw; e o filme Stella (1955), de Michael Cacoyannis, dentre outras. Assim, fez-se necessária a apreciação dessas obras, embora de forma menos detalhada. O intuito deste texto é demonstrar como, através de Nunca aos Domingos, Jules Dassin intencionou promover um debate sobre a arte, mais precisamente, o fazer cinematográfico. Também pretendemos demonstrar que o filme encontra na dialética sua principal força organizadora, sempre oferecendo ao menos duas interpretações para um mesmo objeto ou fenômeno. Além disso, identificaremos no filme algumas peculiaridades da Grécia dos anos 1960, tais como aspectos culturais; sua posição enquanto colônia inglesa/estadunidense; e a relação dialética travada entre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo (impulsionado pela Doutrina Truman) e uma estrutura socioeconômica ainda baseada na ruralidade, no escambo e etc. / The aim of the present work is to analyse the film Never on Sunday (1960), directed by Jules Dassin. The chosen methodology includes the alert observation of each one of the films scenes, including the examination of several frames, which reveal interesting elements concerning not only the content, but also the form of the object. During the development of the study, the dialogue of Never on Sunday with other works of art has been identified. The tragedy Medea (431 b.C.), by Euripides; the play Pygmalion (1913), by Bernard Shaw; and the film Stella (1955), by Michael Cacoyannis, are among these. Therefore, they have also been analysed, even though in a less detailed way. The goal of this text is to show how, through Never on Sunday, Jules Dassin attempted to promote a debate about art, more specifically about cinema. We shall also endeavour to demonstrate that the film is organized dialectically, always offering at least two interpretations to the same object or phenomenon. Finally, we will identify in the movie some particularities of Greece in the 1960s, such as some cultural aspects; its position as an English/American colony; and the dialectic relation established between the development of capitalism (reinforced by the Truman Doctrine) and a socioeconomic structure based on agriculture, bartering, etc

A pesquisa que ora se apresenta ocupou-se do debate sobre o imperialismo como modo de ser do capitalismo contemporâneo e sua relação com o espaço urbano olhado a partir da indústria do amianto e, consequentemente, perpassando por temas como trabalho, saúde dos trabalhadores expostos ao amianto e movimentos sociais que defendem o banimento deste mineral. A forma genérica/universal do imperialismo expressa-se concretamente sob formas diversas nos diferentes lugares/partes do mundo. Cada parte anuncia o mundo no lugar e compõe o mosaico de lugares que forma a totalidade social imperialista. Portanto, do ponto de vista do método de interpretação, adota-se a dialética universal-particular refletida no modo pelo qual o imperialismo efetivamente se realiza. Este procedimento analítico coloca o desafio de fazer as reflexões necessárias relacionando teorias e fatos, de modo a identificar e compreender como os processos de ordem geral realizam-se em âmbito particular. E, em contrapartida as teorias e os conceitos, enquanto instrumentos de análise, permitiram que esse particular elucidado iluminasse a generalidade dos processos estudados relativos a exploração do amianto em Minaçu-Goiás. O recorte empírico da pesquisa é a indústria do amianto no que ela tem de mais universal e a cidade de Minaçu em Goiás no que ela tem de particular. A primeira relação entre estes dois fenômenos é justamente o fato de a cidade de Minaçu-GO abrigar a terceira maior mina de amianto do mundo e única da América Latina e do Brasil em atividade. Portanto, a indústria do amianto no Brasil tem sua base nesta pequena cidade do interior do Estado de Goiás à que pouca importância é dada nos mapas. No entanto, a cidade de Minaçu está no centro dos debates sobre os malefícios causados pelo amianto à saúde humana. A pergunta que se faz é: que espaço urbano é esse instituído pela indústria do amianto que domina e controla várias dimensões do viver na cidade de Minaçu-GO? Para tentar responder a esta pergunta propõe-se a tese da urbanização autoritária. / This research starts with the analysis of the Imperialism as a stage of the todays capitalism and goes on the establish its relation with urban space and asbestos mining industry. Other topics connected to the asbestos industry are put together in this study such as: labor, worker`s health condition exposed to asbestos and social movements that defend a ban on asbestos mining and commercial activity. The generic/universal form of the Imperialism express itself concretely in many diverse way in different places/portions of the World. Every single portion reveals the World in that place and compounds the mosaic of places which forms the imperialist social totality.This analytical procedure puts the challenge of making the necessary reflexions with theories and facts in order to identify an understand how general process are translated to particular contexts. By doing so, theories and concepts as analytical tools helped that from a particular case study in light in Minaçu, a more general process regarding asbestos were better apprehended.This research empirical context is the asbestos mining industry in general and the city of Minaçu in Goias State (Brazil) a particular site. The linkage between particular and general is the fact that Minaçu town (GO) is has in its site the third largest asbestos mining ore in the World and the only in activity in Latin America and Brazil. Therefore, the mining industry in Brazil has its base in this small town in Goias countryside. This city is almost unseen in national map. Thats why, Minaçu Town is the center of many debates concerning the risks asbestos causes to human health care. The main question cast here is: what kind of urban space completely dominated by this mining industry was created in Minaçu-GO? In order to address this question this study proposes the theory of authoritarian urbanization.

This dissertation defends an account of oppression and supports a specific means of engaging with oppression cross-culturally. The project examines whether it is defensible to interfere in other cultures at all. Both the cultural relativist and the neo-imperialist approaches are argued to be an inadequate response to the question of whether it is defensible to interfere in other cultures, as both these approaches neglect the autonomy of the agents concerned. This project has two related goals. It first advances an answer to the question ‘what is oppression?’ An account of oppression is developed which will enable oppression to be identified cross-culturally. In order to start constructing an approach which will be adequate to respond to the question of interference, it is necessary to consider a means of identifying oppression crossculturally. The second objective is to examine the possibility of non-imperialistic and nonpaternalistic cross-cultural liberation projects. The first aim (advancing an account of oppression), is executed through arguing for an ethical framework which will be helpful in this context, and arguing for an account of oppression derived from this framework. The second aim (examining the possibility of non-imperialistic and non-paternalistic liberation), is carried out in two parts. The first part responds to two standard objections from cultural relativism, which would accuse a universal account such as mine of imperialism and paternalism. The first objection claims that a universalist account neglects historical and cultural difference, while the second objection claims that it neglects autonomy. In responding to these objections, it is noted that while my responses prove, theoretically, that a universal account of oppression need not lead to imperialism or paternalism, there is a danger that the account could become imperialistic and paternalistic in its application. With the intention of dealing with this problem, I advance a methodology of cross-cultural understanding which would reduce the likelihood of imperialism and paternalism in liberation projects. This notion of cross-cultural understanding is the most important contribution of this project. The objective is not to give practical judgments on when a specific liberation project is in fact paternalistic or imperialistic, but rather to propose guidelines which would need to be applied to each particular instance.

The aim of this research is primarily to examine and explore how imperialism/colonialism is depicted in teaching material from 1929 through to the present day and the changes which may or may not have occurred. This research’s point of departure is postcolonial theory and Edward Said’s harrowing critique of other cultures inaccurate representations in literature; reinforced with the West’s tendencies to portray the East as culturally and intellectually inferior. Previous research has indicated that Western perspectives still dominate textbooks and even suggests that old prejudices are alive and well. This investigation has even a dual-purpose, that is, to determine if the teaching aids meet the requirements of a good textbook, as stipulated by didactic researcher Tom Wikman. Wikman has devised principles to interpret the quality of a textbook which will thus be applied as analytical tools in conjunction with this research. The results of this study reveal, in correlation with previous research that Western perceptions of other cultures are still an issue in modern teaching aids. Despite the exception of one textbook’s attempt to incorporate a more sympathetic viewpoint, a rigid dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’ is nonetheless upheld in the texts. Furthermore, the results allude to that outdated ethnocentric tendencies are seemingly ubiquitous in recent teaching materials, whether the authors are conscious or unconscious of this. To conclude, based on Wikman’s interpretation principles none of the teaching aids fulfil all the requirements of a good textbook.

This thesis examines the nexus of politics, ideology, and identity among Anglo-Canadian liberal intellectuals during Wilfrid Laurier's leadership of the Canadian Liberal party from 1887 to 1919. This 'Laurier era' was characterised by explosive demographic and economic expansion, the consolidation of Canada's political and constitutional order, and its rising international stature within British Empire. But it also witnessed divisive disputes over the nature and development of the new Confederation. These debates over 'Dominion nation-building' were central to Canadian political and intellectual life, shaping the evolution of liberal ideology and the growth of national and imperial sentiment. In particular, the thesis focuses on a group of liberal intellectuals and politicians who resided in or originated from the province of Ontario and associated with Laurier during his reign as Prime Minister and leader of the Opposition. It reinterprets their debates in global and local contexts, specifically through the lens of a 'Greater Ontario' - a virtual province of Canada and the British world comprised of 'Old' Ontario, with its metropolis at Toronto, and the 'neo-Ontarian' settler empire of the Prairie West. Its argument is threefold. First, it argues these liberals envisaged Canada, with 'Greater Ontario' at its heart, as a 'British nation' rooted in North America. Their growing sense of Canadian nationalism was distinctly 'Britannic' - indeed, 'British-American' - and drew upon civic as well as racial ideas of 'Britishness.' Second, it maintains that the political, ideological, and regional fault lines within Ontario's liberal tradition consequently shaped their competing visions of the Dominion, the British Empire, and the wider Anglo-world. And third, it contends that these debates illuminate the rise and subsequent disintegration of Wilfrid Laurier's Liberal party in 'Greater Ontario.' The thesis thus contributes a new perspective to the political and intellectual history of Canada and the British world.

Through an examination of the letters, reports and published writings of the missionaries of two distinctive Protestant missions active in the Kurdish region during the nineteenth century, this thesis explores the Orientalist and imperialist qualities of missionary knowledge production. It demonstrates the diversity of Protestant missionary thought on the subject of the Orient and the individual nature of missionary knowledge production during this period. Equally importantly the study allows for a critical examination of the Orientalist critique in the context of missionary activity and a contextualised assessment of missionary complicity with imperialism. The findings of the study show that the Orientalism of the Anglican ‘Assyrian Mission’ and that of the American Presbyterian ‘West Persia Mission’ share common characteristics but, importantly, diverge diametrically in the meanings ascribed to the differences perceived to separate ‘Oriental’ from ‘Occidental’. This diversity in the representative style of the two missions can be linked to their opposed objectives in relation to proselytisation and thus suggests that their knowledge production was not solely determined by Orientalist discourse but also influenced by other discursive factors. Given Edward Said’s recognition of the diversity of the phenomenon of Orientalism it is therefore of great value to attempt to map some of this vast and divergent terrain of ideas. My thesis thus suggests that a meaningful division can be made within the Orientalist discourse between expressions of an Orientalism of essential difference and that of an Orientalism of circumstantial difference. Concerning imperialism, the study argues that, although these missionaries can be considered imperialists in an unwitting and indirect sense, care needs to be taken in the application of this label. My argument is that association with and contribution to textual attitudes which promote ideas of ontological or cultural superiority are a very different activity to conscious engagement in projects of imperial expansion; and that this needs to be recognised. Furthermore the standard model of a political metropolitan center determining the fate of its activities in the periphery is reversed in the case of these missionaries, where religious concerns drove engagement against political interests.

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Magister Artium - MA / This thesis analysed the historical productions of Rhodes in 20th century Cape Town. The critique of this study was that Cape Town embodies the history of imperialism in maintaining the memory of Rhodes. The thesis examined the following sites: Rhodes Cottage Museum, Rhodes Groote Schuur minor house, Rhodes Memorial and two statues, one in the Company Gardens at Cape Town and the other at the University of Cape Town. / South Africa

This thesis is concerned with jurisdictionally evasive European corporations in the Atlantic region. In the wake of renewed interest in trading companies in the historical literature on empires and colonies, this study explores the claims of corporations to foreign lands, the dispossession of pre-existing populations, and the emergence of legal conflicts out of these events and other related extra-European processes. To that end, this thesis engages with medieval legal and economic history, to explain the origin of the modern corporate form, the changing patterns of landholding and commerce across Europe, and the response of canonistic and civilian legal traditions to these developments. After emphasising the importance of the coastal region stretching from Lisboa to St. Petersburg, where trading companies thrived, each of the individual corporations involved in the colonisation of America is introduced. An intellectual history is then presented, covering relevant legal thought; here, the focus moves from patents and jurisdiction to the Roman law of property and in particular the idea of prescription, to contracts, and finally to war. These, I argue, are the ideological contexts most relevant in a legal history of corporations and early modern imperialism. The narrative which then follows is based upon primary research conducted in archives from across the globe. Here, special attention is given to English, French, Dutch, and Swedish corporate activity in the early modern ‘Atlantic World’ (1603-1673). Regionally, the main focus is drawn towards Ireland, North America, and South Africa, where corporations established their claims against other Europeans and against indigenous communities through a combination of separate means. Private law was more practical on the ground, while public law justifications tended to be more spurious and ambivalent, even if there was never a clean formula adoptable when it came to the acquisition of territory by European corporations away from Europe, and might was invariably right. This argument is presented before returning, finally, to the European context. The legal history of colonialism in the seventeenth-century Atlantic has never been presented so stringently from the corporate perspective for the purpose of contrast to the European diplomatic context; the result of such an approach is a new way to consider the origins of private international law in world history.