DNA methylation refers to an addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of the cytosine pyrimidine ring. As the best characterized epigenetic mark, DNA methylation plays an important role in a plethora of biological functions, including gene repression, genomic imprinting, silencing of retro-transposons and X chromosome inactivation. Genomic imprinting refers to the mono-allelic expression of certain genes according to their parent-of-origin. In mammals, the expression of imprinted genes is controlled by the cis-acting regulatory elements, termed imprinted control regions (ICRs). ICRs are marked by parent-of-origin-specific DNA methylation and loss of DNA methylation at ICRs also causes aberrant expression of imprinted genes. Therefore it is believed that the genomic imprinting is a DNA methylation-associated epigenetic phenomenon. As accurate expression of imprinted genes is essential for normal embryonic growth, energy homeostasis, development of the brain and behaviour and abnormal expression of imprinted genes leads to numerous clinical phenotype and human disorders, it is important to investigate how the imprinted DNA methylation is stably maintained in mammals. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are the main enzymes that play a in the establishment and maintenance of imprinted DNA methylation. In primordial germ cells (PGCs), DNMT3A and DNMT3L are involved in the establishment of imprinted DNA methylation. Whereas once established, the imprinted DNA methylation is maintained by DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, but mainly by DNMT1. In addition, some other enzymes and DNA binding proteins also play a role in this process. One of the best examples is ZFP57, which forms a complex with KAP1 and SETDB1. ZFP57 maintains imprinted DNA methylation by recognizing a methylated hexa-nucleotide and recruits DNMTs to the ICRs in mammalian embryonic stem (ES) cells. Interestingly, DNA methylation analysis combined with promoter microarrays carried out in our lab suggested that imprinted DNA methylation is absent from some of the maternal ICRs in ES cells genetically null for G9a, a histone H3 lysine 9 methylase. This indicates that G9a might also play a role in the maintenance of imprinted DNA methylation. In my work, I found that the repressive H3K9me2 and imprinted DNA methylation are absent from several analysed ICRs in embryonic stem (ES) cells genetically null for either G9a or its partner histone methyltransferase GLP. A knockdown of G9a in ES cells reproduced these observations suggesting that G9a/GLP complex is required for the maintenance of imprinted DNA methylation. I also found that neither wild type nor catalytically inactive G9a can restore the loss of imprinted DNA methylation in G9a-/- ES cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with bisulfite DNA sequencing showed that imprinted DNA methylation was present on the H3K9me2-marked allele indicating a direct role for G9a in maintenance of genomic imprinting. Using a pharmacological inhibitor of G9a and mutagenesis analyses, I found that G9a maintains the imprinted DNA methylation independently of its catalytic activity and recruits DNMTs to the ICRs via its ankyrin repeat domain. Dimerization of G9a with GLP is also essential for the maintenance of genomic imprinting in ES cells. In summary, in addition to establish H3K9me2, histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP also play an essential role in the maintenance of genomic methylation imprints in ES cells.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

T. pallidum can survive a primary immune response and continue growing in the host for an extended period of time. T. pallidum is thought to bind serum fibronectin (FN) through Tp0483 on the surface to obscure antigens. A Tp0483 fragment (rTp0483) was adsorbed onto functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with FN. FN capture by adsorbed rTp0483 depended greatly on surface chemistry with COO- groups being best for FN binding. Hemocompatibility was determined by analysis of plasma protein adsorption, intrinsic pathway activation, and platelet activation. rTp0483+FN bound an equal or lesser amount of fibrinogen (Fg), human serum albumin (HSA), and factor XII (FXII) compared to rTp0483 or FN alone and adsorption of rTp0483 prior to FN greatly decreased platelet activation. Inhibition of protein binding and platelet activation suggested an attenuated hematological response. Biocompatibility of rTp0483 and FN coated surfaces was characterized by macrophage uptake of protein coated polystyrene microspheres (PSMs), macrophage adsorption onto protein coated surfaces, cytotoxic effects of adsorbed rTp0483 and FN, and TNF-α and NO2- release in macrophages stimulated with rTp0483 and FN adsorbed and in solution. Addition of FN to rTp0483 on plain and COO- PSMs reduced phagocytosis compared to rTp0483 alone and on plain PSMs compared to FN alone. On plain PSMs addition of FN to adsorbed rTp0483 decreased TNF-α generation. Adsorption of rTp0483 before FN on large, flat COO- surfaces decreased macrophage adsorption and TNF-α and NO2- generation. High concentrations of rTp0483 were mildly cytotoxic to macrophages. FN binding by Tp0483 on T. pallidum likely plays a role in antigenic disguise and rTp0483+FN coatings may potentially inhibit FN and rTp0483 specific interactions with macrophages. Molecularly imprinted polymer coatings were also examined for biomaterial development. Fouling resistant 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was imprinted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein templates to facilitate BSA specific binding. The BSA template was constructed and verified and BSA specific binding quantified using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BSA imprinted coatings were determined to bind significantly more BSA than nonfouling MPC controls demonstrating the feasibility of targeted protein capture.

L'empreinte génomique est un mécanisme épigénétique qui conduit à l'expression d'un seul des deux allèles parentaux pour une centaine de gènes autosomaux chez les mammifères. La majorité des gènes soumis à l'empreinte est regroupée en clusters et tous ces gènes sont sous le contrôle de séquences discrètes appelées ICR (Imprinting Control Region). Les ICRs sont marquées épigénétiquement par une méthylation d'ADN et des modifications des histones alléliques. La méthylation d'ADN au niveau de ces ICRs est un facteur clé de l'empreinte et va être établie dans les lignées germinales suivant le sexe de l'embryon. Après fécondation, le nouvel embryon portera les empreintes paternelles et maternelles, ces empreintes devront alors être maintenues pendant tout le développement et interprétés dans le but de conduire à l'expression allélique des gènes soumis à l'empreinte. Cependant, la méthylation d'ADN ne peut expliquer à elle seule tous les aspects de l'empreinte génomique. Ainsi, d'autres marques épigénétiques doivent agir dans le maintien et la lecture de ces empreintes. Nous avons mis en évidence dans un premier temps que le contrôle de l'expression allélique dans le cerveau de Grb10 repose sur la résolution d'un domaine bivalent allélique spécifiquement dans le cerveau. Ces résultats mettent en avant pour la première fois un domaine bivalent dans le contrôle de l'expression des gènes soumis à l'empreinte et propose un nouveau mécanisme dans l'expression tissu spécifique de ces gènes. D'autre part, bien que des études en cellules ES aient démontré un rôle de G9a dans le maintien des empreintes au cours du développement embryonnaire, nos données suggèrent que G9a ne serait pas essentielle a ce maintien dans un contexte in vivo. / Genomic imprinting is a developmental mechanism which leads to parent-of-origin-specific expression for about one hundred genes in mammals. Most of imprinted genes are clustered and all are under control of sequence of few kilobases called Imprinting Control Region or ICR. ICRs are epigenetically marked by allelic DNA methylation and histone modifications. DNA methylation on ICRs is a key factor which is established in germ cells according to the sex of the embryo. After fecundation, the new embryo will harbored both paternal and maternal imprints which have to be maintained during the development and read to lead to allelic expression of imprinted genes. However, allelic DNA methylation alone cannot explain every aspect of genomic imprinting. Thus, there should be other epigenetic marks which act in the maintaining and reading of the imprints.Our data first indicate that bivalent chromatin, in combination with neuronal factors, controls the paternal expression of Grb10 in brain, the bivalent domain being resolved upon neural commitment, during the developmental window in which paternal expression is activated. This finding highlights a novel mechanism to control tissue-specific imprinting. On an other hand, although previous studies in ES cells show a role for G9a in the maintaining of imprints during embryonic development, our data suggest that G9a would not be essential in an in vivo model.

Les glycosaminoglycannes (GAGs) sont des molécules polysaccharidiques polysulfatées intervenant dans des processus aussi variés que la prolifération, différenciation ou migration cellulaire, la coagulation sanguine ou l‟infection virale. Il est généralement admis qu‟une séquence particulière de GAG doit être associée à une fonction biologique spécifique. Les structures chimiques globales des GAGs sont connues. Cependant, contrairement au séquençage des gènes ou des protéines, la détermination de la séquence saccharidique exacte impliquée dans une fonction biologique particulière n‟est encore pas possible. Le séquençage « glycomique » constitue donc un enjeu majeur. L‟une des technologies les plus novatrices pour aborder ce problème de séquençage des GAGs semble être l‟impression moléculaire. En effet, elle permet d‟obtenir des polymères (MIPs pour Molecular Imprinted Polymer) spécifiquement imprimés par la forme structurale d‟une molécule cible.En nous appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs réalisés avec des modèles saccharidiques sulfatés simples, nous avons appliqué cette technologie à la reconnaissance de glycannes sulfatés complexes d‟intérêt biologique tels qu‟une héparine de bas poids moléculaire ou un mimétique ayant une activité anticoagulante. Il a été démontré une reconnaissance spécifique et sélective selon la molécule étudiée à l‟aide de MIPs spécialement conçus pour chaque GAG. De plus, nous avons obtenu des MIPs qui, en immobilisant temporairement un sucre, permettraient leur substitution de façon stéréospécifique. La détermination des conditions optimales de synthèse des MIPs s‟est avéré une étape nécessaire à l‟obtention d‟une bonne reconnaissance. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives d‟application de la technique d‟impression moléculaire à l‟analyse des séquences de GAGs d‟intérêt biologique / Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysulfated polysaccharide molecules involved in many biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation or migration, blood clotting or viral infection. It is generally admitted that a particular GAG sequence is connected to a specific biological function. Depending on their composition in disaccharides, GAGs are classified into subfamilies whose overall chemical structures are known. Unlike gene or protein sequencing, determination of the exact saccharidic sequence involved in a particular biological function is not yet possible with the available technological tools. "Glycomics" is a real challenge nowadays. One of the most innovative technologies to achieve this goal seems to be the molecular imprinting. Indeed, it provides polymers (MIPs for Molecular Imprinted Polymer) imprinted by the structural form of a target molecule.Based on previous studies performed with simple sulfated saccharides, this technology has been applied to the recognition of complex sulfated glycans. MIPs were achieved demonstrating specific and selective recognition for a Low Molecular Weight Heparin or a synthetic anticoagulant mimetic. Other MIPs were able to temporally immobilize sugars which make them available for stereo-specific modifications. Screening of optimal synthesis conditions of MIPs appeared a necessary step to obtain a specific and selective recognition. These studies open further possibilities to analyze GAG sequences carrying biological functions by the molecular imprinting technology

Le gène H19, soumis à l’empreinte parentale, est fortement exprimé durant le développement embryonnaire, cependant, son expression est réprimée après la naissance dans l’ensemble des tissus à l’exception du muscle squelettique, et plus particulièrement des cellules souches musculaires : les cellules satellites. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer le rôle du gène H19 dans la mise en place et dans la fonction de ces cellules souches durant la myogénèse adulte. En utilisant un modèle murin présentant une délétion du gène H19, les souris H19∆3, notre laboratoire avait montré que le gène H19 est capable de moduler, dans le muscle embryonnaire, l’expression de neuf gènes appartenant à un réseau de gènes soumis à l’empreinte parentale (IGN) impliqué dans la croissance. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié le phénotype des muscles de ces souris mutantes qui présentent une hyperplasie et une hypertrophie des fibres musculaires. Ce phénotype est accompagné d’une diminution du nombre de cellules satellites qui apparait lors de l’entrée en quiescence de ces cellules. De façon étonnante, nous avons observé une meilleure capacité de régénération, malgré le nombre réduit de cellules satellites, dans les muscles H19∆3 comparée à celle des muscles wt. Cela indique que la capacité d’auto-renouvellement des cellules satellites n’est pas influencée par l’absence du gène H19. De même, nous avons observé une surexpression de plusieurs gènes appartenant à l’IGN lors de la régénération musculaire des muscles mutants comparés aux muscles wt. Ces résultats indiquent que le gène H19 module l’expression des gènes de l’IGN durant l’embryogénèse et par la suite, durant les étapes de régénération de la myogénèse adulte. / The imprinted H19 gene is highly expressed during embryonic development. H19 is fully repressed after birth in all tissues, with the exception of skeletal muscle, and especially of the muscle stem cells: the satellite cells. The aim of my thesis was to define the function of the H19 gene in the satellite cells establishment and function during adult myogenesis. Using loss-of-function H19∆3 mice, the laboratory had shown that the H19 gene was able to modulate the expression of several genes belonging to an imprinted gene network (IGN) in the embryonic muscle. During my thesis, I studied the muscle phenotype of these adult mice, which present both fiber hyperplasia and hypertrophy. This phenotype is accompanied by an important reduction of the satellite cell number, probably due to a delay in their entry into quiescence. Unexpectedly, despite the reduction in the number of satellite cells in mutant mice, the self-renewal capacity of the satellite cells is fully retained. In addition, we observe a better regeneration potential of the mutant muscles compared with wt muscles. This is accompanied by the enhanced expression of several genes from the IGN. These results indicate that H19 gene can modulate IGN gene expression both during embryogenesis and after birth, in adult myogenesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Morais Gaspar.pdf: 10529583 bytes, checksum: dedac56911fcf4fd351b9bc574779bf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Among 1962 and 1964, the IPES (Instituto de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais) used the media to promote an ideological campaign materialized in a fighting speech against the labor policy represented by Joao Goulart. The proposal of this research is to study the documentaries mediation process made by IPES, sponsor by the Brazilian industrial elite, in order to alert‟ and mobilize the audience about the communist tendencies that linked to the government. Focusing on the newsreel experience, we seek from the hypothesis that the audiovisual practices were decisive to strengthening a conservative signs system in this society, for the purpose of make it hegemonic and enable the military blow in 1964. It is for this reason that the study of IPES documentaries requires inquire the space production as well as the time and consumption production, both articulated in the everydayness (customs and practices), and the specific technological device in question. Our research strategy avoids analyzes solely focused on the aspects of emission/reception by considering them unsuitable due to its binary simplification in a scenario of multiple overlaps. Therefore, the methodology was built considering that the IPES documentaries used audiovisual practices to strengthen certain themes and values operating in society at the time. This dynamic reduced the culture to an imprinting (Morin), in this case, institutional and ideological. In this sense, concepts such as semiosphere (Lotman), mediation (Martín-Barbero) and semiopragmatic (Odin) are also in this study. Altogether the IPES produced 20 documentaries of which 14 are restored and available at Arquivo Nacional, as well as official documents. Taking advantage of a legal decree nº 21.240, 1932, which required cinemas to stream national productions before the main attractions, in this case, foreign production films and the Jean Manzon network distribution the documentaries had been exhibited all around the country. The research reveals that the convergence of a diachronic axis, located at the practice of newsreel and the political and cultural context, with a synchronic axis that relates the documentary specificities in a certain use was decisive to enhance a speech focus on Nation defense. By strengthening a conservative signs system in this society, the IPES documentaries helped to institutionalize a frightening backdrop against the red menace that triggered on years of military dictatorship in Brazil / Entre 1962 e 1964, o IPES (Instituto de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais) utilizou diversos veículos de comunicação para promover uma campanha ideológica materializada em um discurso que combatia a esquerda trabalhista representada por João Goulart. O objetivo da pesquisa é refletir sobre o processo de mediação dos documentários realizados pelo IPES, financiados pela elite industrial brasileira, para alertar‟ e mobilizar o público sobre as tendências comunistas‟ que associava ao governo. Partimos da hipótese de que as práticas audiovisuais, centradas na experiência do cinejornal, foram determinantes para reforçar um sistema de signos conservadores presente na sociedade, no intuito de torná-lo hegemônico e viabilizar a tomada ilegal do poder no golpe militar de 1964. É por este motivo que pesquisar os documentários do IPES exige pensar tanto o espaço da produção como o tempo do consumo, ambos articulados pela cotidianidade (usos e práticas) e pela especificidade do dispositivo tecnológico em questão. Nossa estratégia de investigação evita análises centradas nos aspectos de emissão/recepção por considerá-las inadequadas, devido sua simplificação binária, para dar conta de um cenário de múltiplas imbricações. Diante disso, a metodologia foi construída considerando que os documentários ipesianos se apropriaram das práticas audiovisuais para fortalecer determinadas temáticas e valores atuantes na sociedade na época que reduziram as instâncias da cultura ao imprinting (Morin), neste caso, institucional e ideológico. Para tanto, conceitos como semiosfera (Lotman), mediação (Martín-Barbero) e semiopragmática (Odin) também permearam este trabalho. Ao todo o IPES produziu 20 documentários dos quais 14 encontram-se restaurados e disponíveis para consulta no Arquivo Nacional, assim como os documentos administrativos. Valendo-se do decreto nº 21.240, de 1932, que obrigava as salas a veicularem produções nacionais antes das atrações principais, no caso, filmes longas-metragens de produção estrangeira e da rede de distribuição do produtor Jean Manzon os documentários foram exibidos nas salas de cinema de todo país. A pesquisa nos revela que a convergência de um eixo diacrônico, localizado nas matrizes culturais da prática do cinejornal e no contexto político-cultural, com um eixo sincrônico que relaciona as especificidades dos documentários com a sugestão de um determinado uso e trajeto de leitura foi determinante para reforçar um discurso pautado pela defesa da Nação. Ao potencializar signos conservadores atuantes na sociedade, os documentários do IPES ajudaram a institucionalizar um cenário de medo frente à ameaça vermelha‟ que deflagrou nos anos de ditadura militar

Le neuroblastome, tumeur embryonnaire d’origine neuro‐ectodermique, représente, après les tumeurs cérébrales, la tumeur maligne la plus préoccupante de l’oncologie pédiatrique. L’extrême hétérogénéité des tumeurs neuroblastiques conduit d’une part, à rechercher les mécanismes de son oncogenèse, d’autre part, à améliorer la prédiction du risque de gravité, au diagnostic de la maladie.Le travail de thèse a consisté, à l’aide d’une cohorte tumorale de patients et de lignées de neuroblastome, à rechercher les microARN impliqués dans la progression tumorale. En comparant des tumeurs de bas risque à celles de haut risque, plusieurs microARN du cluster C14MC, situés au locus 14q32.31, ont été identifiés. L’expression de ces microARN corrèle le pronostic ; les tumeurs de haut risque présentant une perte d’expression différentielle. Ainsi, l’expression de miR‐487b et miR‐410 s’est révélée être un facteur pronostique supérieur à l’algorithme de risque standard actuel (âge, stade, statut de l’amplification de l’oncogène N‐MYC). Le contexte d’empreinte génomique parentale du cluster C14MC a conduit à rechercher d’autres microARN d’intérêt sur le second cluster de microARN du génome, C19MC, lui aussi soumis à empreinte. Dans les tumeurs de haut risque, une hyper‐expression relative du miR‐516a‐5p est significativement associée au pronostic. La combinaison des niveaux d’expression de miR‐487b et miR‐516a‐5p se révèle être un facteur pronostique supérieur aux seuls microARN du cluster C14MC : elle offre une nouvelle stratification de risque.Dans les tumeurs neuroblastiques, la dérégulation d’expression serait circonscrite aux microARN des deux clusters C14MC et C19MC ainsi qu’aux gènes vicinaux DLK1 et MEG3 du locus 14q 32.31, elle résulterait d’anomalies de méthylation. Le traitement de lignées de neuroblastome de phénotype neuronal par des modulateurs de l’épigénome (5‐Azacytidine et acide phényl‐butyrique) lève l’expression des microARN du C14MC et des gènes DLK1 et MEG3. Quant aux gènes cibles des miR‐487b et miR‐516a‐5p, les recherches désignent les gènes N‐MYC, TWIST1 et TWIST2 comme candidats directs ou indirects. Ces résultats et la littérature – rapportant, dans les formes agressives de plusieurs types de cancers de l’adulte, des anomalies d’expression des microARN des clusters C14MC (hypo‐expression) et C19MC (hyperexpression) – suggèrent très fortement l’implication de ces deux clusters dans la carcinogenèse humaine. / Neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumour of neuro‐ectodermal origin, stands up with brain tumours as the most worrying cancer of paediatric oncology. The huge heterogeneity of neuroblastic tumours has led i) to find oncogenic mechanisms, and ii) to refine risk stratification of the disease. In using a tumour cohort of patients as well as human NB lines, we sought for microRNA involved in neuroblastoma tumour progression. Comparison of tumours of low‐risk to those of high‐risk resulted to identifying several microRNA composing the C14MC cluster (located within the 14q32.31 locus), whose expression was associated with prognosis; high risk tumours having a differential lower transcript level.Expression of miR‐487b and miR‐410 was a better prognostic factor than the standard algorithm based on age, stage, and N‐MYC genomic content status. As the C14MC cluster belongs to a imprinted locus, the second cluster of microRNAs so far described in the human genome as imprinted, i.e., the C19MC, was analysed: in high‐risk neuroblastoma, miR‐516a‐5p transcript level was differentially up‐regulated (contrasting to microRNAs from C14MC) and was also associated with prognosis. Combination of transcript levels of miR‐487b and miR‐516a‐5p provides a powerful prognostic factor better than only miR expression from C14MC. Therefore, new risk stratification has been proposed.In neuroblastoma, tumour expression deregulation found to be restricted to C14MC and C19MC as well as the DLK1 et MEG3 harboured by the 14q32.31 locus, should result from methylation anomalies. Epigenetic modulators (5‐AZA and PBA) resulted in a significant increase of miR from C14MC as well as DLK1 and MEG3 genes. With regards to target genes, our results point out N‐MYC, TWIST1 and TWIST2 as direct or indirect targets of miR‐487b & miR‐516a‐5p. Our data and literature – indicating relative underexpression of C14MC microRNAs and hyper‐expression of C19MC microRNAs in aggressive forms of various adult cancers – thus stress the potential involvement of the two clusters in human carcinogenesis.

La différenciation et le développement requièrent une régulation fine de l’expression desgènes, médiée en partie par les modifications épigénétiques. Parmi les modificationsd’histones, la chromatine bivalente, signature chromatinienne atypique associant lesmarques permissive H3K4me2/3 et répressive H3K27me3, est de par sa plasticité, pressentiepour jouer un rôle décisionnel dans l’acquisition d’une identité cellulaire. Pour étudier le rôlede la chromatine bivalente au cours du développement, nous avons choisi d’utiliserl’empreinte parentale. Ce cadre développemental bien caractérisé, conduit à l’expression decertains gènes à partir d’un seul des deux allèles selon son origine parentale. La méthylationdifférentielle de l’ADN d’une région clé, appelée ICR (Imprinting Control Region), bienqu’absolument requise pour l’expression mono-allélique de ces gènes, n’est pas suffisantepour rendre compte de la complexité du profil d’expression de ces gènes suggérantl’implication d’autres mécanismes. Sur 15 ICR méthylés sur l’allèle maternel, nous avonsprécisément mis en évidence que la chromatine bivalente est présente par défaut sur l’allèlenon-méthylé lorsque celui-ci est transcriptionnellement inactif, quel que soit le stadedéveloppemental ou le tissu étudié, participant ainsi à la régulation fine de l’expressiontissu-spécifique à partir de ces régions. Dans leur ensemble, nos données révèlent que lachromatine bivalente joue un rôle moins dynamique que pressentie. Ainsi, au niveau del’empreinte parentale, sa fonction principale serait de protéger l’allèle non-méthylé des ICRcontre l’acquisition de méthylation tout en aidant à le maintenir réprimé dans certainstissus. Nous proposons que la chromatine bivalente joue un rôle similaire sur l’ensemble desîlots CpG du génome, contribuant ainsi à la protection de l’identité cellulaire. Afin decompléter cette première étude, j’ai étudié la régulation de l’expression d’un candidat de larégulation de la dynamique de la chromatine bivalente, l’histone déméthylase pourH3K27me3, JMJD3. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l’induction d’expression observéeau cours de la différenciation neurale s’appuie sur une dynamique de la structuretridimensionnelle de la chromatine qui pourrait elle-même être régulée par la transcriptiond’un eARN (enhancer ARN) et l’hydroxyméthylation. Ce modèle souligne un mode derégulation complexe de ce nouvel acteur épigénétique, impliquant des régionsintragéniques, et pourrait notamment permettre de comprendre les mécanismes impliquésdans sa dérégulation dans les cancers. / Fine-tuned regulation of gene expression is required for cell fate determination anddevelopment. Epigenetics modifications are well documented to be instrumental in thisprocess. Among them, bivalent chromatin, an unusual chromatin signature, which associatesthe permissive mark H3K4me2/3 and the repressive mark H3K27me3, is believed to arbitrategene expression during cell commitment. To study its precise role in development, we haveundertaken to study bivalency in the context of genomic imprinting. This well-defineddevelopmental frame is a process restricting expression of some genes to one parental alleleonly. The constitutive differential DNA methylation at the key region called ICR (ImprintingControl Region), is absolutely required but not sufficient to explain the complexity of themono-allelic expression pattern of imprinted genes, indicating that other mechanisms couldbe involved. Specifically, on 15 maternally methylated ICR, we showed that bivalentchromatin is acquired by default on the unmethylated allele of ICR when it istranscriptionally inactive whatever the developmental stage or the tissue studied and thuscontribute to tissue-specific expression from these regions. Altogether, our results revealthat chromatin bivalency is much less dynamic than proposed. In the context of genomicimprinting, it seems to plays more a safeguard function at ICR by protecting theunmethylated allele against DNA methylation acquisition while keeping it silent in a subsetof tissues. To complete this study, I studied the regulation of JMJD3, a histone demethylasefor H3K27me3, candidate to regulate bivalency dynamic. Our results suggest that theinduction of Jmjd3 expression observed during neural differentiation rely on the dynamic ofthe tridimensional architecture at the locus which could be regulated by the transcription ofan eRNA (enhancer RNA) and by hydroxymethylation. This model highlight a complex way ofregulation for this new epigenetics actor, involving intragenic regions and could help tounderstand how Jmjd3 expression is deregulated in a pathological context such as in cancer.

By using the technology of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), we propose to synthesize a protein conformational imprint that also acts as a plastic enzyme, inducing protein structural transitions. The imprint aims at MIP-induced stabilization and / or formation of bound protein secondary structure and the applications associated with analysis and correction of misfolded proteins. The screening of polymeric functional monomers being able to induce the conformational transitions in proteins is investigated in this report. The fluoro-silanes (3-heptafluoroisopropoxy)propalethoxysilane (7F) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethoxysilane (3F) were employed as functional monomers for synthesis of this catalytic protein conformational imprint via sol-gel reactions. 3F was demonstrated superior to 7F for fluoro-modification of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) gel in terms of retaining gel transparency and increasing hydrophobicity while maintaining a uniform distribution of encapsulated protein. Both hydrolyzed 3F and polymerized 3F exhibited strong influences on structure transitions of three template proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), and bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA). The formation of molten globule intermediates that stabilized by increased alpha-helices was induced by the trifluoro-silane in BLG and BCA. Additionally, 3F was effective at a lower concentration than the benchmark fluoro-alcohol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), validating the application of 3F as a functional monomer for protein conformational imprinting.