After the Cold War, international relationships changed from the Yalta System (emphasis on military alliance and arms race led by both superpowers the U.S. and the former Soviet Union) to the Malta System (emphasis on economic and security cooperation). Multilateral security cooperation mechanisms in the Asia Pacific were established one after another under the transition of the whole international circumstance. For purposes of maintaining regional stability, the PRC fully participates in the following meetings: ASEAN Regional Forum¡BThe Four Party Talks¡BAsia Europe Meeting¡BASEAN+3 Informal Summit¡BASEAN+1 Informal Summit¡BASEAN-China Dialogue Session¡BWorkshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea and Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific. It is a worthy issue to continuously observe whether these mechanisms can indeed shape China as a regional responsible member. On the other hand, we must question whether the PRC's participation is merely a tool that can help achieve other underlying purposes. Accordingly, this thesis will discuss two main subjects. Firstly, we will look into China¡¦s standpoints and strategies for participating in these Asia Pacific multilateral security mechanisms. Secondly, we will examine the Asia Pacific security strategies of the U.S., JAPAN, and ASEAN as well as their standpoints and strategies towards the PRC's participation in the Asia Pacific multilateral security mechanisms.

Unresolved painful emotional experiences such as bereavement, trauma and disturbances in core relationships, are common presenting problems for clients of psychodrama or psychotherapy more generally. Emotional pain is experienced as a shattering of the sense of self and disconnection from others and, when unresolved, produces avoidant responses which inhibit the healing process. There is agreement across therapeutic modalities that exposure to emotional experience can increase the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Moreno proposes that the activation of spontaneity is the primary curative factor in psychodrama and that healing occurs when the protagonist (client) engages with his or her wider social system and develops greater flexibility in response to that system. An extensive case-report literature describes the application of the psychodrama method in healing unresolved painful emotional experiences, but there is limited empirical research to verify the efficacy of the method or to identify the processes that are linked to therapeutic change. The purpose of this current research was to construct a model of protagonist change processes that could extend psychodrama theory, inform practitioners’ therapeutic decisions and contribute to understanding the common factors in therapeutic change. Four studies investigated protagonist processes linked to in-session resolution of painful emotional experiences. Significant therapeutic events were analysed using recordings and transcripts of psychodrama enactments, protagonist and director recall interviews and a range of process and outcome measures. A preliminary study (3 cases) identified four themes that were associated with helpful therapeutic events: enactment, the working alliance with the director and with group members, emotional release or relief and social atom repair. The second study (7 cases) used Comprehensive Process Analysis (CPA) to construct a model of protagonists’ processes linked to in-session resolution. This model was then validated across four more cases in Study 3. Five meta-processes were identified: (i) a readiness to engage in the psychodrama process; (ii) re-experiencing and insight; (iii) activating resourcefulness; (iv) social atom repair with emotional release and (v) integration. Social atom repair with emotional release involved deeply experiencing a wished-for interpersonal experience accompanied by a free flowing release of previously restricted emotion and was most clearly linked to protagonists’ reports of reaching resolution and to post session improvements in interpersonal relationships and sense of self. Acceptance of self in the moment increased protagonists’ capacity to generate new responses within each meta-process and, in resolved cases, there was evidence of spontaneity developing over time. The fourth study tested Greenberg’s allowing and accepting painful emotional experience model as an alternative explanation of protagonist change. The findings of this study suggested that while the process of allowing emotional pain was present in resolved cases, Greenberg’s model was not sufficient to explain the processes that lead to in-session resolution. The protagonist’s readiness to engage and activation of resourcefulness appear to facilitate the transition from problem identification to emotional release. Furthermore, experiencing a reparative relationship was found to be central to the healing process. This research verifies that there can be in-session resolution of painful emotional experience during psychodrama and protagonists’ reports suggest that in-session resolution can heal the damage to the sense of self and the interpersonal disconnection that are associated with unresolved emotional pain. A model of protagonist change processes has been constructed that challenges the view of psychodrama as a primarily cathartic therapy, by locating the therapeutic experience of emotional release within the development of new role relationships. The five meta-processes which are described within the model suggest broad change principles which can assist practitioners to make sense of events as they unfold and guide their clinical decision making in the moment. Each meta-process was linked to specific post-session changes, so that the model can inform the development of therapeutic plans for individual clients and can aid communication for practitioners when a psychodrama intervention is used for a specific therapeutic purpose within a comprehensive program of therapy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaLA_DISSERT.pdf: 1373580 bytes, checksum: b6d1fadb02e71d1c4e9e654613860d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Research about teacher education, carried out in the area of Applied Linguistics (AL), reveals the importance of reflective practices in the professional development of teachers. With the aim of contributing to this area, we present this case study conducted at a technical school in Natal, RN. The corpus of the study is formed mainly from the teacher‟s discourse, generated during a stimulated recall session and the instruments used to collect the data: an initial questionnaire, a video recording of a class and the text transcript of the stimulated recall session. The central objective is to understand the way in which the reflection-on-action (SCH?N, 1983, 1987) can contribute to raise the awareness of an English as a Foreign Language teacher (EFL) about her actions in the classroom. With this proposal, we begin our discussion presenting the origins, the presuppositions and characteristics of the concept of reflection according to Sch?n (1983, 1987), and supported by other authors (PERRENOUD, 2002; G?MEZ, 1995; IMBERN?N, 2009, among others); of critical reflection (LISTON e ZEICHNER, 1993; PIMENTA, 2002; DUTRA e MELLO, 2004, among others); and of the process of critical reflection (SMYTH, 1992). To evidence the reflections that emerge in the teacher‟s discourse, we found support in the theories and methods of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), which was initially proposed by Halliday (1985, 1994), Halliday and Hasan (1989), Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) and followers, such as, Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), among others. We focus mainly on the subsystem of Attitude, an integral component of the system of discourse resources, Appraisal, presented by Martin (2000), Martin and Rose (2003, 2007), Martin and White (2005). The results reveal that the actions of the teacher in the classroom reflect not only her professional experiences, but also her values and concepts about teaching/learning languages. The results also show the teacher‟s awareness of the need for changes in her practices. Faced with these findings, we believe that this study reveals important concepts that can direct teacher educators to rethink new ways of approaching teacher training courses. In addition, it also reveals the importance of discourse analysis based on a systemic functional approach. / Pesquisas sobre forma??o de professores realizadas na ?rea de Lingu?stica Aplicada (LA) revelam a import?ncia da pr?tica reflexiva no desenvolvimento do profissional docente. Visando apresentar contribui??es nessa ?rea, esta pesquisa mostra um estudo de caso desenvolvido em uma escola t?cnica na cidade de Natal/RN. Seu corpus ? formado principalmente do discurso de uma professora, gerado durante uma sess?o de visionamento. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram um question?rio inicial, a grava??o de uma aula em v?deo e o texto transcrito da sess?o de visionamento. O objetivo central ? compreender o modo pelo qual a reflex?o-sobre-a-a??o (SCH?N, 1983, 1987) pode contribuir para a tomada de consci?ncia de uma professora de Ingl?s como L?ngua Estrangeira (ILE) sobre suas a??es em sala de aula. Com esse prop?sito, iniciamos nossa discuss?o apresentando as origens, os pressupostos e as caracter?sticas do conceito de reflex?o de acordo com Sch?n (1983, 1987), e complementado por outros autores (PERRENOUD, 2002; G?MEZ, 1995; IMBERN?N, 2009, dentre outros); de reflex?o cr?tica (LISTON e ZEICHNER, 1993; PIMENTA, 2002; DUTRA e MELLO, 2004, entre outros) e do processo de reflex?o cr?tica (SMYTH, 1992). Para evidenciar as reflex?es que emergem no discurso da professora, buscamos suporte te?rico-metodol?gico na Gram?tica Sist?mico-Funcional (GSF), proposta inicialmente por Halliday (1985, 1994), Halliday e Hasan (1989), Halliday e Mathiessen (2004) e seguidores, tais como Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), entre outros. Focamos especificamente no subsistema de Atitude, parte integrante do sistema de Avaliatividade apresentado por Martin (2000), Martin e Rose (2003, 2007), Martin e White (2005). Os resultados revelaram que as a??es da professora em sala de aula refletem n?o apenas sua experi?ncia profissional, mas tamb?m seus valores e concep??es de ensino-aprendizagem de l?nguas. Eles tamb?m demonstram sua conscientiza??o para a necessidade de mudan?as de sua pr?tica pedag?gica. Diante desses achados, acredita-se que este estudo revela concep??es importantes que podem levar os formadores de professores a repensar novas formas de abordar os cursos de forma??o docente, al?m de revelar a import?ncia da an?lise do discurso sob a perspectiva sist?mico-funcional.

Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized as an anxiety disorder without spontaneous remission, which causes numerous impairments in the lives of those affected. This study aimed to describe, in terms of frequency and duration, the themes present in behavioral therapy sessions of consultations with university students with social anxiety. The study participants were two clients diagnosed with the disorder and a therapist. The sessions were videotaped and categorized according to the theme of the session. The results were grouped according to the moment of the therapy: Beginning, Development and Termination. The study made it possible to evaluate the implementation of the procedure adopted and the themes that were developed with greater emphasis, relating the diagnosis to the complaints of the client. / El trastorno de ansiedad social se caracteriza como un trastorno de ansiedad sin remisión espontánea que implica numerosos daños en las vidas de sus pacientes. Este trabajo se propone describir, en términos de frecuencia y duración, los temas presentes en las sesiones de terapia comportamental con estudiantes universitarios con ansiedad social. Los participantes fueron dos clientes diagnosticados con el trastorno y un terapeuta. Las sesiones fueron grabadas en vídeo y categorizadas de acuerdo con el tema de la sesión. Los resultados se agruparon de acuerdo a la época de la terapia: Inicio, Desarrollo y Cierre. Esta investigación nos permitió evaluar la ejecución del procedimiento adoptado y qué temas se abordaron con mayor énfasis, relacionando el diagnóstico con las quejas de los clientes. / O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social é caracterizado como um transtorno de ansiedade, sem remissão espontânea que acarreta inúmeros prejuízos a vida de seus portadores. Este trabalho se propôs a descrever em termos de frequência e duração os temas presentes em sessões de terapia comportamental no atendimento com universitários com transtorno de ansiedade social. Participaram da pesquisa dois clientes diagnosticados com o transtorno e uma terapeuta. As sessões foram gravadas em vídeo e categorizadas de acordo com a temática da sessão. Os resultados foram agrupados de acordo com o momento da terapia: Início, Desenvolvimento e Encerramento. A pesquisa possibilitou avaliar a execução do procedimento adotado, avaliar quais temas foram trabalhados com maior ênfase, relacionando o diagnóstico com as queixas do cliente.

Dans cette thèse, nous investiguons ce que l’on peut entendre, dans le champ de la psychologie clinique d’inspiration psychanalytique, par le terme d’atmosphère, et de ceux d’ambiance ou de climat qui lui sont proches. Cette recherche a été rendue nécessaire afin de parvenir à mieux penser ce que recouvre le phénomène d’atmosphère en séance, notamment lorsque l’on prend en soin des sujets réputés psychotiques ou en situation traumatique. En effet, pour ces patients, c’est souvent à travers une sensation de changement catastrophique d’atmosphère que s’inscrivent en eux les effets des épisodes psychotiques et traumatiques. Au-delà de l’apparence d’un effet pathogène des atmosphères au cours de la rencontre clinique avec ces sujets, nous avons pu observer et analyser que l’atmosphère de la séance pouvait constituer pour les patients une forme représentative de leur vécu de changement subjectif catastrophique. L’atmosphère apparaît alors comme un médium permettant que se reflètent et se répètent les éprouvés traumatiques qui restent en souffrance d’intégration et de symbolisation. Mais la représentation de l’atmosphère n’est pas qu’une formation statique et elle sera également investiguée dans ses fonctions dynamiques, transférentielles et interactionnelles. Par les mouvements des atmosphères, se révèlera une dynamique d’échanges et de contacts relationnels propres aux dimensions originaire et archaïque du psychisme. L’atmosphère implique dans son essence l’effet de présence d’un autre sujet qui ravive d’anciennes traces laissées par les conditions particulières de rencontre avec notre environnement précoce. Dans un cadre thérapeutique, l’atmosphère apparaîtra comme une force d’implication esthésique et affective des différents sujets en présence, qui nous amènera ainsi à ne pas seulement la percevoir comme un cadre-écran statique, mais comme un agent de transformation des expériences traumatiques. En favorisant l’accordage des sujets dans une même tonalité affective et esthesique, elle permettra également que les premières formes du sentiment d’être-avec-l’autre, proches des éprouvés d’être-informe, et que nous qualifions d’identité sensorielle atmosphérique, puissent être modelées et transformées plus harmonieusement. / In this thesis, we investigate how the terms “Atmosphere”, but also “Ambience” and “Climate”, which are related, can be understood in the field of psychoanalysis-inspired clinical psychology. This research was crucial in understanding how the effects of atmosphere apply during a session, especially while treating patients suffering from psychotic disorders, or in a traumatic state. Indeed, for these patients, the effects of psychotic or traumatic episodes often manifest through a feeling of catastrophic change in the atmosphere.Beyond studying the pathogenic effect of atmospheres during the clinical encounter with these subjects, we observed and analyzed that the session atmosphere could represent, for patients, a form of their subjective catastrophic change experience. Thus, atmosphere appears to be a medium allowing the reflection and repetition of traumatic feelings that have yet to be integrated and symbolized.But atmosphere representation is not only a static formation, and we will also study its dynamic, transferential and interactional functions.The variation of atmospheres will show a dynamic of dialogue and exchange, specific to the primal and archaic dimensions of psyche. In its essence, atmosphere involves the effect of another subject’s presence, that rekindles old feelings left by the particular conditions in which we met our early environment. In a therapeutic framework, atmosphere will appear to motivate the different subjects’ involvement on an esthesis and affective level. Thus, we will see that atmosphere is not only a static frame-screen, but that it also serves as a transformative agent of traumatic experiences. By helping subjects align on the same esthesis and affective tonalities, atmosphere will allow the first forms of the be-with-the-other feeling, close to the being-formless feelings, and that we call atmospheric sensory identity, to be more harmoniously shaped and transformed.

[EN] We research the possible relationships between the arts of movement, animation and dance. During our speech we will understand those processes and techniques in this way, by animation we focus in the traditional animation, motion graphics and video postproduction.The dance we attent corresponds to the contemporary discipline in the term close to body expression or body composition, characterized by respect to all body complexions. The possible relationships between animation and dance appear in his alternating practice, by the same person, who is at time, student, practitioner and researcher. This research applies the techniques of animation and video to record and amplify the two-dimensional movement from dance. The dance techniques will serve to experience movement in the three spatial dimensions. In this alternation's technique we see the conceptions of the time dimension that phenomenology makes through the 'duration' concept . This concept is discussed in the second chapter of the second part of this thesis. A priori, work in animation corresponds to the chronological idea of 'Duration' by Bergson. The dance we understand is related to a global temporary organization in which energies are modulated, without forms draw, by the idea of 'Rhythms' by Bachelard. Our task is to combine each temporal conception, to get born a technique with both durations-disciplines included. Getting this integrated technique we realize that representation processes occurs beyond the visual understanding. The dance gives us skills in the energy control, achieving representation from internal perception. We will see how to make formal representations in which energy and durations ideas are cohabiting, that is, integrate external and internal perceptions. We get separate and specialized training in each discipline; the doctorate course 'Expressive - Formal and Temporal - Spacial Components in Animation' at the Fine Arts School from the (U.P.V.) Polyvalent Valencia University and the official Master degree in 'Dance and Movement Arts' at the Faculty of Sports Science of Murcia. Animation practice or dance are not the same occupation, without missing this difference our task is to promote contact points between them. These points or approaching places are fixed in the design of teaching practices, workshops and courses, such as the ' 1st. course in video postproduction: V. J. video jockey and videoclip' under the program of the Graduate School of the University of Málaga that we impart in 2014 at the Fine Arts School from the same city. This course begins with the nickname 'expanded training' terms that were part of the first thesis title. This concepts combination is abandoned coinciding with the return to training in contemporary dance through intensive workshops organized by 'La Buena Aventura' in the Dance Conservatory of Málaga. Attention is now directed towards the body and its internal representations against digital representations proposed by the term 'expanded'. It is then that the proposal of the current title 'Reversible Representation. Animation and dance: Audiovisual productions & teaching transfers' in which there is not an emphasis on digital but yes an agreement with it. In the experiments proposed on our conclusion block we see how the dance and body composition is filtered through the graphic expression and vice versa. From the two video camera places, in front and behind it, we go towards paper and drawing, in a process of dissolution of the human figure, of his contact and support surface. / [ES] Investigamos las posibles relaciones entre las disciplinas artísticas del movimiento, la animación y la danza. A lo largo de este discurso vamos a entender por animación aquellos procesos y técnicas creativas de animación tradicional más la postproducción e infografía de video. La danza a la que nos aproximamos corresponde a la disciplina contemporánea en sus estadios próximos a la expresión-composición corporal, caracterizados por el respeto por cualquier condición física. Las posibles relaciones entre la animación y la danza aparecen en la práctica y alternancia de ambas por el mismo sujeto que es, a su vez, estudiante, practicante e investigador. Desde este estudio se aplicarán las técnicas de la animación y el video para registrar y amplificar el movimiento en danza en el plano bidimensional. Las técnicas de la danza van a servir para experimentar el movimiento en las tres dimensiones espaciales. Encontramos que implícita en esta alternancia están las concepciones de la dimensión temporal que hace la fenomenología a través del concepto de duración. Este concepto queda expuesto en el capítulo segundo del segundo bloque de esta tesis. A priori, el trabajo en animación corresponde a un minucioso orden cronológico y formal ('Durée' de Bergson) y el trabajo en danza se relaciona con una organización temporal global en el que se modulan energías y no formas ('Ritmos' de Bachelard). Nuestra tarea es otorgar el turno a cada concepción temporal, confiando en que la técnica integradora de ambas (duraciones-disciplinas) aparezca. Con la adquisición de esta técnica integradora notamos que los procesos de representación se producen más allá de lo visual. La danza confiere habilidades en el control duracional de lo energético logrando la representación de procesos cognitivos internos. Veremos cómo lograr representaciones en las que duraciones formales y energéticas cohabitan, esto es, integrar percepciones externas e internas. Para llegar a este punto integrador han sido necesarias formaciones separadas y especializadas en cada disciplina; concretamente el curso de doctorado Componentes expresivo formales y espacio-temporales en la animación en la Facultad de BB. AA. de Valencia y el Máster oficial Danza y Artes del Movimiento en la Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de Murcia. Practicar animación o danza no son la misma ocupación, nuestrao objetivo es diferenciarlas sin dejar de detectar y propiciar lugares de contacto entre ellas. Estos lugares de aproximación quedan fijados con el diseño de prácticas docentes por medio de talleres y cursos, como por ejemplo el I curso de especialización en postproducción de video: VJ video jockey y videoclip bajo el programa de la Escuela de postgrado de la Universidad de Málaga que imparto en 2014 en la Facultad de Bellas Artes de la misma ciudad. Este curso se inicia con el sobrenombre de 'entrenamiento expandido' términos que formaban parte del título de esta tesis en su periodo inicial. Esta combinación de conceptos se abandona coincidiendo con la vuelta a la formación en danza contemporánea a través de los talleres intensivos organizados por La Buena Aventura en el Conservatorio de Danza también de Málaga. La atención se dirige ahora hacia el cuerpo y sus representaciones internas frente a las representaciones digitales propuestas por el término 'expandido'. Es en ese momento cuando surge la propuesta del actual título 'Representación reversible. Animación y danza: Colaboraciones audiovisuales y transferencias docentes' en el que no existe un énfasis por lo digital pero si acuerdo. En las experiencias propuestas en nuestro bloque de conclusiones observamos cómo la 'expresión corporal' es filtrada a través de la expresión gráfica y viceversa. De los dos lugares a cámara de video, delante y tras ellas, pasamos al papel y al dibujo, en un proceso de disolución de la figura humana, su superficie de contacto y apoyo. / [CA] Estudiem les possibles relacions entre les disciplines artístiques del moviment, l'animació i la dansa. Al llarg d'aquest discurs entendrem per animació aquells processos i tècniques creatives d'animació tradicional a més de la postproducció i infografia de vídeo. La dansa a la qual ens aproximem correspon a la disciplina contemporània en els seus estadis propers a l'expressió-composició corporal, caracteritzats pel respecte per qualsevol condició física. Les possibles relacions entre l'animació i la dansa alternen en la pràctica d'ambdues pel mateix subjecte, que és, al seu torn, estudiant, practicant i investigador. Des d'aquest estudi s'aplicaran les tècniques de l'animació i el vídeo per registrar i amplificar el moviment en dansa en el plànol bidimensional. Les tècniques de la dansa van a servir per a experimentar el moviment en les tres dimensions espacials. Trobem que, implícita en aquesta alternança, estan les concepcions de la dimensió temporal que fa la fenomenologia a través del concepte de durada. Aquest concepte queda exposat en el capítol segon del segon bloc d'aquesta tesi. A priori, el treball en animació correspon a un minuciós ordre cronològic i formal (la 'Durée' de Bergson) i el treball en dansa es relaciona amb una organització temporal global en el qual es modulen energies i no formes ('Ritmes', en Bachelard). La nostra tasca és atorgar el torn a cada concepció temporal, confiant que la tècnica integradora d'ambdues (durades-disciplines) aparega quan siguem capaces de generar intervals d'alternança cada vegada més curts. En el domini d'aquesta tècnica integral notem que els processos de representació es produeixen més enllà del visual. La dansa confereix habilitats en el control de duració de l'energètic aconseguint la representació de processos cognitius interns. Veurem com aconseguir representacions en les quals durades formals i energètiques cohabiten, això és, integrar percepcions externes i internes. Per arribar a aquest punt integrador han estat necessàries formacions separades i especialitzades en cada disciplina; concretament el curs de doctorat Components expressiu formals i espai-temporals en l'animació en la Facultat de BB.AA. de València i el Màster oficial Dansa i Arts del Moviment en la Facultat de Ciències de l'Esport de Múrcia. Practicar animació o dansa no són la mateixa ocupació, diferenciar-les sense deixar de detectar i propiciar llocs de contacte és la tasca descrita al llarg d'aquestes pàgines. Aquests llocs d'aproximació queden fixats amb el disseny de pràctiques docents per mitjà de tallers i cursos, com per exemple l'I curs d'especialització en postproducció de vídeo: VJ vídeo jockey i videoclip sota el programa de l'Escola de postgrau de la Universitat de Màlaga que vaig impartir el 2014 en la Facultat de Belles arts de la mateixa ciutat. Aquest curs s'inicia amb l'àlies de 'entrenament expandit' termes que formaven part del títol d'aquesta tesi en el seu període inicial. Aquesta combinació de conceptes s'abandona coincidint amb la volta a la formació en dansa contemporània a través dels tallers intensius organitzats per la Bona Aventura en el Conservatori de Dansa també de Màlaga. L'atenció es dirigeix ara cap al cos i les seues representacions internes enfront de les representacions digitals propostes pel terme 'expandit'. És en aquest moment quan sorgeix la proposta de l'actual títol 'Representació reversible. Animació i dansa: Col·laboracions audiovisuals i transferències docents' en el qual no existeix una èmfasi pel digital però si acord. En aquestes experiències podem observar com la 'expressió corporal' filtrada a través de l'expressió gràfica i viceversa, en un primer moment, troben en la càmera de vídeo i en la taula d'edició la seua superfície de contacte, posteriorment, en un procés de dissolució de la superfície de contacte passa a ser el paper i el dibuix. / Mesa García, S. (2016). Representación reversible. Animación y danza: producciones audiovisuales y transferencias docentes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62828 / TESIS

The Translation of the Passive Voice in Simultaneous Interpreting Using Czech-German Material Abstract This thesis examines the transfer of passive diathesis from German to Czech in the process of simultaneous interpreting. The aim of the research in the empirical section of my thesis is to describe the main tendencies within the language transfer of the passive diathesis. The analysis is based on the records and transcripts of the European Parliament Plenary sessions. The analysis of the speeches focuses on three aspects 1) preserving or changing of the diathesis 2) expression of the agent 3) interference. The initial passive diathesis is mostly preserved. The target speech in Czech language contains more passive diathesis than common written or spoken Czech. If the agent in the original speech is expressed, in most cases it is preserved in the target speech. In case when the agent in the original speech is not stated and it is expressed only implicitly, in the target speech it is expressed directly. The occurrence of interference can be stated thanks to the overall high level of passive diathesis in the target speech compared with common written or spoken Czech. Most of the choices made by interpreters are examples of a positive language transfer.

Variabilita kanálu a hovoru je velmi důležitým problémem v úloze rozpoznávání mluvčího. V současné době je ve velkém množství vědeckých článků uvedeno několik technik pro kompenzaci vlivu kanálu. Kompenzace vlivu kanálu může být implementována jak v doméně modelu, tak i v doménách příznaků i skóre. Relativně nová výkoná technika je takzvaná eigenchannel adaptace pro GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models). Mevýhodou této metody je nemožnost její aplikace na jiné klasifikátory, jako napřílad takzvané SVM (Support Vector Machines), GMM s různým počtem Gausových komponent nebo v rozpoznávání řeči s použitím skrytých markovových modelů (HMM). Řešením může být aproximace této metody, eigenchannel adaptace v doméně příznaků. Obě tyto techniky, eigenchannel adaptace v doméně modelu a doméně příznaků v systémech rozpoznávání mluvčího, jsou uvedeny v této práci. Po dosažení dobrých výsledků v rozpoznávání mluvčího, byl přínos těchto technik zkoumán pro akustický systém rozpoznávání jazyka zahrnující 14 jazyků. V této úloze má nežádoucí vliv nejen variabilita kanálu, ale i variabilita mluvčího. Výsledky jsou prezentovány na datech definovaných pro evaluaci rozpoznávání mluvčího z roku 2006 a evaluaci rozpoznávání jazyka v roce 2007, obě organizované Amerických Národním Institutem pro Standard a Technologie (NIST)

This thesis explores the possibility of using session-based customers data from Svenska Handelsbanken AB to detect fraudulent sessions. Tools within Topological Data Analysis are employed to analyse customers behavior and examine topological properties such as homology and stable rank at the individual level. Furthermore, a RNN-LSTM model is, on a general behaviour level, trained to predict the customers next event and investigate its potential to detect anomalous behavior. The results indicate that simplicial complexes and their corresponding stable rank can be utilized to describe differences between genuine and fraudulent sessions on individual level. The use of a neural network suggests that there are deviant behaviors on general level concerning the difference between fraudulent and genuine sessions. The fact that this project was done without internal bank knowledge of fraudulent behaviour or historical knowledge of general suspicious activity and solely by data handling and anomaly detection shows great potential in session-based detection. Thus, this study concludes that the use of Topological Data Analysis and Neural Networks for detecting fraud and anomalous events provide valuable insight and opens the door for future research in the field. Further analysis must be done to see how effectively one could detect fraud mid-session. / I följande uppsats undersöks möjligheten att använda sessionbaserad kunddata från Svenska Handelsbanken AB för att detektera bedrägliga sessioner. Verktyg inom Topologisk Dataanalys används för att analysera kunders beteende och undersöka topologiska egenskaper såsom homologi och stabil rang på individnivå. Dessutom tränas en RNN-LSTM modell på en generell beteende nivå för att förutsäga kundens nästa händelse och undersöka dess potential att upptäcka avvikande beteende. Resultaten visar att simpliciella komplex och deras motsvarande stabil rang kan användas för att beskriva skillnader mellan genuina och bedrägliga sessioner på individnivå. Användningen av ett neuralt nätverk antyder att det finns avvikande beteenden på en generell nivå avseende skillnaden mellan bedrägliga och genuina sessioner. Det faktum att detta projekt genomfördes utan intern bankkännedom om bedrägerier eller historisk kunskap om allmäna misstänksamma aktiviteter och enbart genom datahantering och anomalidetektion visar stor potential för sessionbaserad detektion. Därmed drar denna studie slutsatsen att användningen av topologisk dataanalys och neurala nätverk för att upptäcka bedrägerier och avvikande händelser ger värdefulla insikter och öppnar dörren för framtida fortsätta studier inom området. Vidare analyser måste göras för att se hur effektivt man kan upptäcka bedrägerier mitt i sessioner.

Abstract Introduction In order to evaluate aerobic, power and strength abilities coaches typically has performed all the physical tests at the same testing session. Today there is a lack of instruments tested for reliability in that kind of setting. Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate intra-session reliability for countermovement jump (CMJ) and Isometric Midthigh Pull (IMTP) after a fatiguing cycle-ergometer VO2-maxtest. Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study design where 25 Swedish elite athletes, 11 women (age 26.9 ± 8.3 year, weight 63.3 ± 7.4 kg, length 169.8 ± 7.4 cm and BMI 21.9 ± 1.4) and 14 men (age 23.4 ± 2.9 year, weight 77.9 ± 12.4 kg, length 179.0 ± 8.3 cm and BMI 24.2 ± 2.0), from different sports were recruited through a stratified comfort selection from the initial survey study within the project: Relative Energy Deficit in Swedish Athletes (the REI-project). The study-participants performed physical testing in one test session, the test-protocol consisted of a incremental VO2-max cycle-ergometer test to fatigue followed by 3 attempts CMJ and 3 attempts IMTP. Results The relative reliability was excellent for both CMJ and IMTP (Intraclass correlation (ICC) 0,948 and 0,983 respectively), not surprisingly due to the heterogeneous population.  The absolute reliability was excellent as well (percentage of typical Error (TE%) 5,84 and 4,02, percentage of coefficient of variation (CV%) 6,81 and 7,63 respectively). Conclusion The CMJ and IMTP are intra-session reliable in measuring jump hight and isometric strength in a state of fatigue. / Abstrakt Introduktion I syfte att utvärdera såväl aerob kapacitet, spänst och styrka utför tränare ofta dessa fysiska tester vid ett och samma testtillfälle. Idag saknas det testinstrument som reliabilitetstestats i en sådan kontext.Syfte Avsikten med denna studie var att undersöka intra-session reliabiliteten i Countermovement Jump (CMJ) och Isometriskt Mid Thigh Pull (IMTP) utförda efter ett utmattande cykelergometertest för VO2-max. Metod En kvantitativ, deskriptiv, tvärsnittsstudie valdes där 25 svenska elitidrottare, 11 kvinnor (ålder 26.9 ± 8.3 år, vikt 63.3 ± 7.4 kg, längd 169.8 ± 7.4 cm and BMI 21.9 ± 1.4) och 14 män (ålder 23.4 ± 2.9 år, vikt 77.9 ± 12.4 kg, längd 179.0 ± 8.3 cm and BMI 24.2 ± 2.0), inom olika idrotter rekryterades genom ett stratifierat bekvämlighetsurval från projektet Relativ energibrist i svensk idrott (REI-projektet) initiala enkätstudie. Forskningspersonerna utförde fysiska tester vid ett tillfälle, testprotokollet bestod av ett stegrat VO2-max cykelergometertest till utmattning följt av 3 maximala försök CMJ och 3 maximala försök IMTP. Resultat Relativ reliabilitet visades utmärkt för både CMJ och IMTP (intraclass correlation (ICC) 0,948 respektive 0,983), vilket inte var förvånande med tanke på den heterogena populationen. Absolut reliabilitet visades även den vara utmärkt (typfel uttryckt i procent (TE%) 5,84 respektive 4,02 och variationskoefficient uttryckt i procent (CV%) 6,81 respektive 7,63). Slutsats CMJ och IMTP är reliabla testinstrument, intra-session, för mätning av hopphöjd och isometrisk styrka i ett utmattat tillstånd. / Projekt: Relativ energibrist i svensk idrott (REI-projektet)