Previously threats were conceived as being connected to wars and armed attacks on other countries. But if we observe the world today there are financial situations that, if they got out of hand, could cause severe problems for large parts of a countries population. The environment is another area where severe consequences can be expected. Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (1998:2) work from the premises that security can, and should, be applied to a wider selection of areas in society. From this stand point this Bachelor thesis will cover the discourse of threats in the inaugural addresses of USAs five most recent presidents: Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama and Trump. The inaugural address` were chosen because it is the presidents opportunity to outline their strategy and ‘set the tone’ for their term in office (Brownell 2016).Throughout the analysis there is a focus on the five sections outlined in Buzans (1991:116) analysis model: military, politics, economy, ecology and societal. The analysis frame is based on both traditional realism and more alternative security theory. There is also a comparing element to examine whether there have been any changes in the discourse, connected to threats, since the 9/11 attacks. Furthermore, the study sets out to see if any of the subjects have shown signs of becoming securitized.The result of this study shows that the discourse of threat is mainly focused around the military section. There has been a general increase in the number of threats mentioned since 9/11, although some sections have decreased. Terrorism and immigration are the two questions that meets the criteria to have undergone securitization.

Character of Inaugural Addresses. Research concerning the character of the Inaugural Address reveals great diversity of opinion among writers. The New York Herald Tribune, after President Kennedy’s address, concluded that the function of an Inaugural address “to express… the essence of what (the President) proposes to do in the White House.” Dr. Claudius O. Johnson, in his book Government in the United States - after reviewing President Franklin Roosevelt’s first inaugural, wrote that in his address, the President “usually tries to smooth over some of the ill-feeling which recent partisan strife may have caused, appeals to all good citizens to help him in his task, and outlines his programs, sometimes rather specifically.” Conversely, it is pointed out by Wilfred E. Binkley in The Man In The White House. His Powers and Duties that “there have been presidents elected who entered the office on inauguration day almost utterly innocent of what the election signified and what was expected of them - Ulysses S. Grant, for example.” Today Americans accept and anticipate the elaborate inaugural ceremony of which the inaugural address is a part. Author Binkley points to the feelings of the post-revolutionary “purists,” who thought it to be “a conspicuous violation of Republican simplicity and an inexcusable aping of monarchy.” Furthermore, it is noted that George Washington was deeply concerned “as to what the public expected of him…” Mr. Binkley’s conclusion, with which this writer concurs, is that “while the inauguration itself has no legal force, it nevertheless symbolises the fact that the president is… chief executive.” There are three reasons for writing on this topic. First, the inaugural address is the first Presidential policy statement and may be compared with policies actually carried out. Second, they have popular audiences in this country and abroad who may be affected by their policies. And, thirs, they are the oldest of our official presidential statements. Furthermore, the United States’ Presidents have the longest history without charge of any of the heads of state in the world. Therefore, a study of inaugural addresses provides consistent information on a type of address for a longer period of time then is possible for any other head of state.

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University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T19:47:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annyelle de Santana Araújo - 2015.pdf: 8117346 bytes, checksum: 27c0a5e79c828ba5582c51ffcd56b145 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-15T13:56:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annyelle de Santana Araújo - 2015.pdf: 8117346 bytes, checksum: 27c0a5e79c828ba5582c51ffcd56b145 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T13:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annyelle de Santana Araújo - 2015.pdf: 8117346 bytes, checksum: 27c0a5e79c828ba5582c51ffcd56b145 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Thinking about the statements is to think about what has been actually said. The statements occupy a place which only belongs to them and exclude all the other possibilities. And they are still capable to constitute many things, including identities. In this assignment, we analyzed how the statements which form the presidential inauguration speeches constitute identities as of the enunciator (the one who occupies, in the moment of the statement, the position – President of the Republic) as of the Brazilian people. For the analyses, we selected two Brazilian historical moments: Military Dictatorship and after-dictatorship. From the first moment, we selected two inauguration statements : Castello Branco (1964), for being the first military to be appointed to president and João Batista Figueiredo (1979) for being the last general who assumed the position in the period, in other words, we selected the beginning and the ending of the militarism. From the second moment we selected three statements: Fernando Collor (1990) for having been the first president elected by the direct vote after the dictatorship, Lula (2003) who represents the first time his party elected a candidate to the function and because of the social claim which he always had and Dilma Rousseff (2011) for having been the first woman elected to the presidency and because she represented the continuation of the last government. For we do these identity analysis, we started from the notion proposed by Michel Foucault and from the notion of identity of Bauman. We worked with the hypothesis that the enunciator when saying his statement launches identities which are fundamental for the maintenance of the Biopower and this is just what we identified. Each one of the statements constitute different identities (although we have found some irregularities like the exaltation of positive and negative aspects) which are reflexes of the emergencies of the society in that social-historical moment and they work as a warranty of the good execution of the proposals of the government. / Pensar nos enunciados é pensar naquilo que foi efetivamente dito. Os enunciados ocupam um lugar que só pertence a eles e exclui todas as outras possibilidades. E ainda são capazes de constituir muitas coisas, inclusive identidades. Neste trabalho, analisamos como os enunciados que formam os pronunciamentos de posse presidencial constituem identidades tanto do eu enunciador (o sujeito que ocupa no momento da enunciação a posição-presidente da República) quanto do povo brasileiro. Para a análise selecionamos dois momentos da história brasileira: a Ditadura Militar e a Pós-ditadura. Do primeiro momento, selecionamos dois pronunciamentos de posse: Castello Branco (1964), por ser o primeiro militar nomeado a presidente e João Baptista Figueiredo (1979) por ser o último general a assumir a posição no período, ou seja, selecionamos a abertura e o fechamento do militarismo. Do segundo momento selecionamos três pronunciamentos: Fernando Collor (1990) por ter sido o primeiro presidente eleito pelo voto direto após o fim da Ditadura, Lula (2003) por representar a primeira vez que o seu partido elegeu um candidato à função e pelo apelo social que sempre teve e Dilma Rousseff (2011) por ter sido a primeira mulher eleita à Presidência e significar uma continuidade do governo anterior. Para fazermos estas análises identitárias, partimos das noções propostas por Michel Foucault e da noção de identidade de Bauman. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que o eu enunciador ao proferir o seu pronunciamento lança identidades que são fundamentais para a manutenção do Biopoder e é justamente isso que identificamos. Cada um dos pronunciamentos constitui identidades diferentes (embora tenhamos encontrado algumas regularidades, como a exaltação de aspectos positivos e negativos) que são reflexos das emergências da sociedade naquele momento sócio-histórico e funcionam como uma garantia da boa execução das propostas de governo.

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