Worker motivation is relevant to public sector leaders because motivated workers are more efficient and productive, demonstrate positive behaviors, and are happier. Scholars have focused on differing approaches on how to incentivise public service employees using extrinsic or intrinsic incentives. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the value and effectiveness of mission valence and other intrinsic means used to influence employee motivation and productivity. Using Festinger'€™s cognitive dissonance theory as a guide, a homogeneous group of key participants was interviewed with the intent of answering research questions. The research questions focused on mission valence deployment and on the incentive preferences of 11 purposely selected members of a public sector executive management team. The study incorporated the Giorgi method of data analysis. Following inductive coding procedures, the findings were synthesised into five themes. Findings suggested that mission valence has theoretical appeal to public service leaders, but the antecedent conditions, such as current mission statements have not been implemented. Thus, mission valence within PSGD is a conceptual intrinsic incentive at this point in time. Public service leaders prefer fluidity in crafting blended extrinsic and intrinsic incentive models that are unique to each employee. Consequently, opportunities exist for development of targeted skills development training to supplement existing leadership skills. This aligns with the implications for positive social change because the findings of this study yielded information concerning social, psychological, and motivational nuances and learning that may shape the next generation of public service leaders.

An increasing number of mainland Chinese tourists are coming to Taiwan and offer material benefits for many vendors on Taipei's night markets. Using in-depth interviews, this thesis examines the effect of mainland Chinese tourists on attitudes of the night market vendors at Ningxia Night Market in Taipei on China related topics. The difference in economic transactions with Chinese tourists offers a possibility to study the influence of the related rational incentives and contact on policy attitudes and opinions toward: Chinese tourists, cross-Strait economic integration and the alienation from the PRC. Taking into account the variables of business transactions and identity, the study analyzes 22 interviews of night market vendors and suggests that vendors with more business transactions with Chinese tourists tend to have more favorable views on two of the three investigated attitudes. Vendors with more benefits from the increase in tourists also show a considerable amount of pragmatism in their opinions, which leads the study to assume a strong positive influence of economic incentives when compared to another possible factor like contact. While negative effects can be caused by identity, contact and incentives, the positive influence in this framework seems to be mainly affected by the incentives.

Organizational Ambidexterity är ett relativt nyuppkommit begrepp och få undersökningar har gjorts kring ämnet. De tidigare undersökningar som har bedrivits har främst fokuserat på hur ledarskap framkallar Organizational Ambidexterity. Tidigare undersökning har även forskat i hur dess komponenter, utforskande och bearbetande, kan samexistera i en organisation då de två komponenterna konkurrerar om samma resurser. För att vända blicken bort från ledarens roll i en organisation att inverka på Organizational Ambidexterity, har studien fokuserat på belöningssystemets inflytande på Organizational Ambidexterity med bankorganisationer som objekt.   Belöningssystem förekommer i både finansiell och icke-finansiell form. Finansiella belöningar kan tillkännages som en transaktion utav finansiell ersättning vid utfört arbete. Icke-finansiell belöning är ersättning vilket inte medför direkta kostnader för en organisation. Det kan ske i form av utbildning eller beröm från chefen.   Studien har genomförts på så vis att de empiriska material som frambringats ska förklara om och i så fall vilka belöningssystem som motiverar organisationen att arbete i både en utforskande och bearbetande kapacitet för att uppnå Organizational Ambidexterity. Detta för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar på marknaden.   Teorin stödjer sig på att finansiella belöningar leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet och icke-finansiella belöningar framkallar en mer utforskande kapacitet. De empiriska material som samlats in stödjer inte detta resonemang till fullo då det visat sig att finansiella belöningar inte används i en större utsträckning och att det inte heller leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet. Emellertid användes de icke-finansiella belöningarna i en större utsträckning och har till viss del påvisat att det inverkar över organisationens förmåga att arbeta i en utforskande kapacitet. / Organizational Ambidexterity is a relatively new concept and few studies have been done on the subject. Previous studies have focused on how leadership develops Organizational Ambidexterity. Previous investigations have also done research into how its components, exploration and exploitation, can co-exist in an organization where the two components compete for the same resources. To turn your gaze away from the leaders’ role in organizations and how they affect Organizational Ambidexterity, this study has focused on the reward systems influence on Organizational Ambidexterity with the banking organizations as an object.   Reward systems are present in both financial and non-financial terms. Financial rewards are transactions of financial compensation for work performed. Non-financial rewards are compensation which does not involve direct costs to an organization. It may take the form of training or appreciation from the boss.   This study was conducted in such a way that the empirical material that has emerged will explain if and how the reward systems motivate the organization to work in both an exploration and exploitation capacity to achieve Organizational Ambidexterity. This is done in order achieve competitive advantages in the market.   The theory relies on that financial rewards will lead to more exploitative capacity and non-financial rewards elicit more exploratory capability. The empirical material collected does not support this argument in full, since it was found that financial rewards are not used to a greater extent and that financial rewards does not lead to a more exploitative capacity. However, the use of non-financial rewards to a greater extent has partially demonstrated an impact on the organizations ability to work in an exploratory capacity.

This dissertation identifies the average treatment effect of state level incentives for hybrid vehicles, identifies individual-level predictors of early adopters, and attempts to understand why states adopt these incentives. These questions are estimated using traditional parametric techniques, logistic regression, difference-in-difference regression, and fixed effects. In particular, this dissertation looks at changes in aggregate demand on two comparison groups: (1) the natural control group, states that did not adopt subsidies, and (2) a constructed control group, states that proposed subsidies during this same time period but did not adopt them. In addition to these parametric models, propensity score matching was used to construct a third comparison group using the models that identified determinants of the policy adoption. These findings were supplemented by exploratory analyses using the individual-level National Household Travel Survey. This multitude of evaluative analyses shows that HOV lane exemptions, if implemented in places with high traffic congestion, were found to impact aggregate demand and an individual's propensity to adopt a hybrid, while traditional incentives had limited impact. These analyses provide insight into why states adopt certain policies and the circumstances in which these incentives are effective. Since people may be motivated by factors other than economic factors, creating effective incentives for energy efficiency technologies may be more challenging than just offsetting the price differential. Instead, customization to the local community's characteristics could help increase the efficacy of such policies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how university students, who are not members of a political party, experiencing existing selective and collective incentives for involvement in a political party. Furthermore, the study will highlight incentives which could help the political parties to increase their membership. The study is based on seven interviews and the respondents were selected after conducting a survey of students’ political involvement. The interviews were analyzed through the theory of selective and collective incentives.  The study shows that the incentives, both selective and collective, for involvement in a political party in general are weak and that the costs in terms of time, money and education are seen as too high. The respondents have a range of suggestions to increase party involvement, including increased party information, better education, increased financial incentives and a more active membership recruitment. The respondents also highlight some collective incentives such as an increased ideological focus and a greater focus on the political party´s own politics. The collective incentives are harder to achieve though they might be most vital for increased involvement. A common feeling amongst the respondents is that they are inclined to become involved in politics if they feel a change is vital for society.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Caption title.

After witnessing the success of Canadian strategies to attract U.S. film production in the 1990s, states and localities began offering financial incentives in an effort to lure film and video production away from their traditional hubs in California and New York (Christopherson & Rightor, 2010). This effort increased dramatically in the 2000s, both in scope and in scale. Production activity can now locate in states offering rebates of up to 40 percent of costs, even if this exceeds their actual tax bills, and all but a handful of states offer some form of tax incentives (Christopherson & Rightor, 2010; Katz & Rosenthal, 2006; National Conference of State Legislatures, 2011; Vock, 2008). While some states may be reducing incentive packages in the current climate of fiscal austerity, others are doubling down on that strategy as an effort to stimulate job growth and increased economic activity. And while most states tout many successes from these programs in both metrics, the question of whether such policies promote long-term sustainable economic development has not been fully answered. First I use theoretical literature to construct a model of sustainable industrial development. I will then test this model using a variety of methods and data sets at the national, and state and county levels. In the following two analytical chapters, I will evaluate the impacts of incentives on state-level employment and firm growth, followed by an assessment of the economic effects of incentives in one such state: Georgia. By using this variety of approaches and units of analysis, I hope to shed light on both the macro- and micro-level impacts such incentives have on the industrial economic development of states. In the first study, I use data from the County Business Patterns (CBP) over the years 2002-2013 to view changes in economic activity by state by the level of incentives offered. Using panel data for industry employment, establishment and occupational employment, I use a fixed and random effects regression models to view the relationship between the presence of incentives and the levels of employment and firms in the film industry of each state. Next, I use Georgia as a case study with which to evaluate the degree to which financial incentives for the motion picture industry can create a sustainable network of local firms and workers. I test these theories by using confidential QCEW data to analyze establishment-level activity and relative locations. The results neither completely confirm nor disprove the hypothesis that attracting mobile productions with state tax incentives can establish a nascent industry and generate long-term employment in a region. However, there is some evidence that the number of years the MPIs are in effect does have a positive impact, especially on establishments and occupations. Additionally, the states’ climate and transportation access relative to Los Angeles and other locations are important factors in building a local industry.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Adequate human resources for health play a crucial role in improving access to services and quality of care. Human resources for health are often inequitably distributed between rural and urban areas within countries. In Rwanda, almost 88% of physicians and 58% of nurses in the country work in urban areas, despite the fact that 82% of the population lives in rural areas. Kabaya is located in a remote rural area in Ngororero District; its health facilities consist of one hospital and four health centers. Living and working conditions are poor for health workers. This results in constant migration out of health workers, which has negative impacts on service delivery and quality of care provided to the population. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess factors that influence the intention to stay in Kabaya amongst health workers currently in Kabaya's health facilities. The specific objectives were to analyze the associations between the following factors and intention to stay among health workers in Kabaya: socio-demographic and job characteristics; working and living conditions; and financial and non-financial incentives. Study design: An analytical, cross-sectional survey of all health workers from five facilities in Kabaya was conducted. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire, adapted from one used in a study in Uganda (Hagopian, Zuyderduin, Kyobutungi & Yunkella, 2006), was used to collect data. Data were entered in Epi- Info 3.4 and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive analyses and inferential statistics (Chisquare,Fisher‟s Exact) were done to test for associations with the main outcome, intention to stay. Results Out of 155 employees working in Kabaya‟s health facilities, 111 (72%) accepted to participate in the study. Of the 111 respondents, 34 (31%) indicated they intended to stay working in Kabaya indefinitely. Intention to stay (bivariate analysis) was associated with:  employment category (p=0.001) and age (p<0.001);  rural background - born in Kabaya (p<0.001); and born (p=0.001), grew up (p=0.001) and studied in a rural area (p<0.001); good quality supervision - encouraging employee development (p=0.029), caring for the employee as a person (p=0.011), and competent and committed facility managers(p=0.039);  presence of workplace friends (p<0.001);  conducive work and living environments - manageable workloads (p<0.001); good infrastructure (p<0.001); access to safe and clean water at work (p<0.001); adequate housing at home (p<0.001); having time to take lunch at work (p=0.001); access to adequate transportation to work (p=0.004); adequate shopping and entertainment(p=0.001);  adequate incentives - sufficient salary (p<0.001); recognition for doing a good work(p<0.001); and adequate training (p<0.001). The small study sample precluded multi-variate analyses and it was therefore not possible to control for potential confounders such as age, sex and profession in the analysis of workplace factors. Conclusions: Intention to stay in Kabaya appears to be influenced by a complex set of factors that include: individual (age, profession, rural background), workplace, human, social, career and salaryrelated factors. Promoting retention in Kabaya‟s health facilities requires multi-faceted interventions, without which the majority of the employees are likely to continue to migrate away from the area.

Under the shadow of the climate change dilemma and its consequence for the human’s future, the need for secured and stable energy sources is vital. Academia, political leaders, and influential business actors play a key role to introduce schemes to facilitate the adaptation of new technologies and energy systems improvement. Hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the solutions to tackle environmental concerns in recent decades. However, hydrogen technology needs constant development to reduce its cost and to find production methods by which fossil fuels can be replaced by clean hydrogen. In this study, five different countries in terms of hydrogen technology introduction, their National Strategy on Hydrogen, influential variables on hydrogen application have been investigated. Along with a comparison between five countries, the differences in policies and political incentives and their effect on hydrogen applications have been studied. Policy incentives work differently according to the various cultural norms. In some countries such as Japan financial incentives work better but in some such as Sweden non-financial incentives work well. Along with policy introduction, collaboration between policy, industry, and academia contribute to the successful introduction, diffusion, and application of new technologies. Regarding hydrogen technology in Sweden, introduction of National Strategy on Hydrogen, a shift from hydrogen application in industry to transport section, and giving less priority to biogas and more to hydrogen fuel, applying suitable policy incentives can be helpful for Sweden to act faster and benefit more from hydrogen.

This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of electric vehicle incentives and investigates their impact on the uptake of electric vehicles within and beyond the European Union over the period of 2010 to 2019. Depending on the kind of benefit they provide and their timing, the incentives are divided into one-time monetary, recurring monetary, and non-monetary incentives. To properly evaluate the effect of incentives, a fixed effects and difference-in-differences methods are employed, allowing us to control for unobserved factors affecting the electric vehicle market. A fixed effects analysis revealed a significant positive effect of one-time monetary incentives on battery electric vehicle sales, and a significant positive effect of both one-time and recurring monetary incentives on plug-in hybrid electric vehicle sales. Additionally, when considering the effect of individual incentives, the most important ones were found to be rebate and point-of-sale tax incentive. A difference-in-differences analysis confirmed a statistically significant effect of rebate on the sale of battery electric vehicles. JEL Classification C33, H71, L62, L98, O31, Q55 Keywords Electric vehicles, Incentives, Tax incentives, Rebates, Technology adoption Title The Impact of Incentives on Electric Vehicle Sales in the...