In this work I develop an argument which shows that rule-following is impossible, and investigate its impact on the philosophy of language. By way of orientation, I start with a critical evaluation of existing ‘rule-following considerations’, arguments derived from Wittgenstein which purportedly put rule-following under pressure. Having shown that its predecessors are unsound, and with the explicit aim of avoiding their flaws, I then formulate the new ‘indexical’ argument. The conclusion that rule-following is impossible is difficult to accept because we think that the ability to folldiw rules is constitutive of language-mastery. If this is correct, then to show that rule-following is impossible is to show that language is impossible. Such ‘meaning nihilism’ is not a tenable position, and some way of avoiding this conclusion has to be found. Various proposals in the literature have the potential to do this: principally (a) the irrealism suggested by Kripke; and (b) subjective on-gong determination advocated by Wright. I argue that neither strategy is successful. The correct response to the indexical argument is to accept that rule-following is not constitutive of language-mastery. In this case, clearly, the impossibility of rule-following does not entail the impossibility meaning, and the conclusion that rule-following is impossible becomes unproblematic. Nevertheless, it is difficult to see how language could survive without rules. The remainder of this work shows that rule-elimination does permit a respectable notion of linguistic content. The result is distinctively Wittgensteinian: a communitarian, ‘use’-based account of language.

The present study extends previous research on motoric activity and imagery production to the text processing of Native American learning-disabled students and third-grade regular-education students. Two experiments were developed to test predictions derived from Glenberg's (1997) "indexical hypothesis". Experiment 1 was performed with learning-disabled Native American students listening to narrative passages under one of three randomly assigned listening strategies: free-study, visual, and manipulate. Experiment 2 was performed with regular-education Native American third graders reading similar passages under one of three randomly assigned reading strategies: reread, observed manipulation, and manipulation. With the learning-disabled students, statistically significant improvements in memory for story events, locations, objects, and actions were observed on cued- and free-recall outcomes when toys representing story characters and settings were present during encoding. Facilitative strategy transfer was not apparent when the toys were removed. With the third-grade students, similar benefits were found when the toys were present. In addition, students who had access to the toys during a training period performed significantly better on cued- and free-recall measures relative to reread students when the toys were no longer present.

The present study aims to redeem social indexical meanings of language choice and language alternation in the light of indexical order, a notion proposed by Silverstein (2003). Many researchers have agreed that language varieties are indexical of certain macro-social relations and that code-switching even within a speech event can also be socially meaningful. Nonetheless, some issues such as how the indexical associations have been formed and how the associations are dynamically transformed into indexical effects have been less extensively discussed. Based on the framework of indexical order, together with some code-switching approaches and concepts, this thesis examines two opening speeches made for two international sports events held in Taiwan. The two speeches were delivered by the mayors of the host cities. Each speech involved more than one language, including cases of both code-switching and crossing (Rampton, 1998). The notion of indexical order has helped unveil the dialectical nature of how the indexical meanings are produced in code-switching or language-choice practices. Besides, the analyses of this study will demonstrate how the framework of indexical order may enrich the code-switching approaches and general code-switching studies.

I kandidatarbetet granskar vi hur berättande i digitala spel kan ske genom enbart visuella medel, varav text är exkluderat. Syftet med denna artikel är att utforska och skapa en förståelse för hur olika berättarverktyg kan inverka på hur spelaren upplever, tolkar och sammansätter ett narrativ baserat på sin omgivning. För att en undersökning skulle kunna ske utformade vi två gestaltningar i form av spelmiljöer där vi använde oss av olika metoder för berättande i varierande grad. Speltester utfördes med hjälp av medietekniska studenter från olika inriktningar vilket resultaten sammanställdes från, och reflekterades kring effekten de utvalda berättarverktygen haft. / In this bachelor thesis we examine how narration in a digital game can be accomplished through visual means exclusively, written text excluded. The purpose of this article is an exploration in understanding of how different tools for narration can affect how the player experience, interpret and compile a narrative based on their surroundings. The analysis was made possible through the formation of two game environments, to which we applied different methods of narration to varying degrees. Game tests were performed with the help of undergraduates in media technology from different fields, where of the results were compiled from and we reflect upon the effect our chosen narrative tools had. / Far Away

32% of the Archive explores memory, loss, and the power of ephemera through recording and re-presenting objects from a personal archive. Through uniform recording, framing, and treatment of the art objects, 32% of the Archive, attempts to neutrally display personal objects so the audience can objectively investigate the material. The gesture falls short of impartial, though, for the specificity of the subject and the enormity of the act carries an emotional charge. Beyond presenting data, this work reflects a sincere effort to remember and preserve, to puzzle and piece together, to pay homage to what is lost in the transience of life. These re-presentations recall the concept of the indexical image. It is not the thing itself but the trace of the thing. It is not the moment itself but the conjured memory of the moment and the place and the people who inhabited it. Struggling to find the appropriate distance from these personal objects reflects the ambivalence of love, loss, and memory. But this is the true power of the photograph--to preserve and keep present that which is ephemeral.

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Abstrakt Diegetiska effekter, icke diegetiska effekter, indexical -och environmental storytelling i relation till tutorials, vad händer när man introducerar spelets mekaniker med hjälp av dessa?  Denna artikel undersöker hur andra spel har använt sig av ovan begrepp för att introducera mekaniker och spelvillkor. Vi kommer diskutera hur environmental -och indexical storytelling tillsammans med diegetiska och icke diegetiska visuella effekter kan påverka spelarens inlevelse och förståelse av de grundliga mekanikerna i ett spelutrymme. Till följd av ett analysarbete av designexempel undersöker vi detta genom en egen gestaltning. / Abstract Diegetic effects, non-diegetic effects, indexical and environmental storytelling in relation to tutorials, what happens when you introduce the game's mechanics with these concepts? This article examines how other games have used these concepts to introduce mechanics and game conditions. We will discuss how environmental and indexical storytelling together with diegetic and non-diegetic effects can affect the player's perception and understanding of the basic mechanics of a game space. As a result of an analysis of design examples, we investigate this through our own design.

No description available.

Denna undersöknings syfte var att undersöka hur en 3D-scens val av färger skulle kunna påverka spelarens uppfattning av scenens environmental storytelling. I undersökningens bakgrund presenteras olika metoder, teorier och tillvägagångssätt för att skapa environmental storytelling, samt forskning kring färgassociationer, färgers kontext och kulturella skillnader gällande tolkning av färger. För att svara på undersökningens frågeställning skapades två olika 3D-scener med narrativ baserade på environmental storytelling genom spår och ledtrådar. Dessa delades upp i tre färgvarianter vardera. En gul, en röd och en blå scen. Sammanlagt sex scenvarianter. Semi-strukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer utfördes sedan med 18 informanter som fick spela en av scenerna vardera. Detta för att ta reda på om informanterna uppfattade dessa scener olika beroende på scenens färgval. Resultatet visade på en eventuell påverkan av uppfattningen genom färger, men ytterligare informanter och data krävs för att kunna få fram några storskaliga slutsatser.

The present dissertation set out to investigate how the linguistic environment affects speech perception. Three sets of studies have explored effects of bilingualism on word recognition in adults and infants and the impact of first language linguistic knowledge on rule learning in adults. In the present work, we have found evidence in three auditory priming studies that bilingual adults, in contrast to monolinguals have developed mechanisms to effectively overcome interference from irrelevant information in the speech signal. Preliminary results on toddlers indicate no differences in the recognition of mispronounced words between bilinguals and monolinguals. Additionally, knowledge about rules in the first language was shown to have an impact on general rule learning abilities, while we did not detect an influence of bilingualism in this process. In summary, we have found evidence for an impact of the linguistic environment on the processing of indexical variability in word recognition as well as on rule learning. Bilinguals seem to have adapted to increased variability in their daily speech environment. In addition, rule extraction from unknown language input was unaffected by those adaptations but influenced by linguistic knowledge. / El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar cómo el entorno lingüístico afecta la percepción del habla. Con esta finalidad se exploraron los efectos del bilingüismo en el reconocimiento de palabras y el efecto de la lengua materna en el aprendizaje de reglas. Para ver los efectos del bilingüismo en el reconocimiento de palabras se realizaron tres estudios en adultos explorando el efecto de facilitación por repetición, que mostraron que las personas bilingües han desarrollado mecanismos que les permiten minimizar las interferencias que ejerce la información irrelevante en la señal del habla. Por otro lado, se realizó un estudio con niños pequeños cutos resultados sugieren que no hay diferencias en el reconocimiento de palabras mal pronunciadas entre niños pequeños bilingües y monolingües. Respecto al efecto del conocimiento lingüístico de la lengua materna en el aprendizaje de reglas, se mostró que tiene un impacto en las habilidades generales para el aprendizaje de reglas aunque no se ha detectó una influencia del bilingüismo en dicho proceso. En resumen, se ha mostrado que el bilingüismo minimiza los efectos negativos de la variabilidad en el reconocimiento de palabras. Los bilingües parecen haberse adaptado a una mayor variabilidad en su entorno de habla cotidiana. Por el otro lado, se ha visto que la capacidad para extraer reglas de una lengua desconocida no está afectada por estas adaptaciones si no que está influenciada por los conocimientos lingüísticos en la lengua materna.