Orientador: Odette Gertrudes Luiza Altmann de Souza Campos / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Gladis Maria de Barcellos Almeida / Banca: Fábio César Montanheiro / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o emprego do presente do indicativo no português do Brasil, sob uma perspectiva semântico-discursiva. Seu propósito principal é analisar, num corpus constituído de diversos gêneros discursivos, tanto da modalidade escrita como da oral, os valores semânticos do presente do indicativo, bem como o contexto em que ele é empregado. Pretende-se verificar ainda se o que propicia o seu emprego é o gênero discursivo (editorial, artigo de opinião, crônica literária, etc.) ou as sequências textuais (sequência descritiva, narrativa, argumentativa, etc.) das quais esses gêneros são compostos. Além disso, objetiva-se averiguar se há alguma relação entre o presente do indicativo e os tipos de verbos (ação, processo, ação-processo e estado). Na realidade, busca-se aqui verificar se o presente do indicativo realmente possui maior afinidade com os verbos de estado, conforme constatou Fatori (2006) em pesquisa anteriormente realizada, ou se o fator condicionador da seleção do tipo verbal está atrelado aos diversos valores semânticos que esse tempo verbal pode assumir. A pesquisa estabelece suas bases fundamentalmente sobre os trabalhos de Weinrich (1964), segundo o qual a principal função dos tempos verbais é situar o interlocutor no processo comunicacional, e de Corôa (1985), que analisa os tempos verbais sob uma perspectiva semântica / Abstract: The purpose of this research is to analyze the use of the present of the indicative in the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil in a semantic discoursive perspective. The main aim of this work is to analyze the semantic values that the present of the indicative assumes, as well as the context in which it is used, in a group of different discoursive genders, from both written and spoken modalities. Besides we intend to verify if what promotes its use is the discoursive gender (editorial, opinion article, chronicles, etc.) or the textual sequences (descriptive sequence, narrative sequence, argumentative sequence, etc.) that compose the discoursive genders. We also intend to verify if there is any relation between the present of the indicative and the types of verbs used with this tense. In fact, our purpose is to observe if the present of the indicative really has more affinity with the state verbs, as noticed by Fatori (2006) in research previously done, or if what promotes the selection of the verbal type is linked to the different semantic values that the present of the indicative can assume. As theoretical basis for the analysis, we use the researches of Weinrich (1974) and Côroa (1985) / Doutor

De nombreuses méthodes ont été développées dans le but d’estimer les apports génétiques (taux de mélange) de populations parentales au pool génétique d’une population mélangée. Certaines de ces méthodes ont été implémentées dans des logiciels, permettant une estimation plus ou moins rapide et précise des taux de mélange. Une comparaison complète des logiciels ADMIX (méthode des moindres carrés pondérés), ADMIX95 (méthode basée sur les identités géniques), Admix 2.0 (méthode basée sur la coalescence), Mistura (méthode de maximum de vraisemblance), LEA (méthode bayésienne de vraisemblance), et LEADMIX (méthode de maximum de vraisemblance basée sur la coalescence) a été menée. L’analyse a été faite à deux niveaux : intra-logiciel (test de chaque logiciel sous un jeu de paramètres définis), inter-logiciel (comparaison des logiciels entre eux). Les taux de mélange ont été estimés à partir de quatre types de marqueurs : autosomaux (groupes sanguins et gènes KIR), et uniparentaux (ADNmt et chromosome Y). Notre étude révèle que la précision et la fiabilité des estimations dépendent de l’adéquation du mélange étudié avec le modèle de la méthode employée, mais également d’un choix judicieux des loci et des populations parentales utilisés. La variabilité des estimations lors de modifications, même minimes, des paramètres de l’étude, nous amène à considérer que les contributions ne doivent pas être présentées sous forme de taux de mélange, mais d’« intervalles indicatifs de mélange » soulignant les tendances migratoires générales. / Different methods have been developed to estimate the genetic admixture contributions of parental populations to a hybrid one. Most of these methods are implemented in different software programs that provide estimates having variable accuracy. A full comparison between ADMIX (weighted least square), ADMIX95 (gene identity), Admix 2.0 (coalescent-based), Mistura (maximum-likelihood), LEA (likelihood-based) and LEADMIX (maximum-likelihood) software programs has been carried out, both at the “intra” (test of each software programs) and “inter” level (comparisons between them). We tested all of these programs on a real human population data set, using four kinds of markers, autosomal (Blood groups and KIR genes) and uniparental (mtDNA and Y-Chromosome). We demonstrated that the accuracy of the results depends not only on the method itself but also on the choice of loci and of parental populations. We consider that the results of admixture contribution rates obtained from human population data set should not be considered as an accurate value but rather as an indicative result and we suggest using an “Admixture Indicative Interval” as a measurement of admixture.

This study explores the role of a foreign ministry within the context of diplomacy and regional cooperation, focusing on the delivery of regional public goods. Diplomacy is described as a state of mind, an approach to the conduct and/or management of international relations that emphasises the timeous and pacific application of intelligence and tact in the making and implementation of foreign policy. As the custodian of diplomacy and diplomatic practice within a national government, the foreign ministry constitutes the primary grouping of expertise on international matters, responsible for the execution of foreign policy but also involved in the process of foreign policy making. Regional cooperation is defined as an issue-focused arrangement, in terms of which participating states may cooperate for a joint development project and facilitation of exchange of information or best practices. Within the context of regional cooperation, regional public goods are defined as any goods, commodities, services, system of rules or policy regimes that are public in nature, that generate shared benefits for the participating states and whose production is a result of collective action by the participating states. Arguably, the provision of regional public goods is considered the most effective way for regional economic communities to reduce poverty and to develop economies of scale. As an assumption, this study contends that, because of the need for regional public goods agenda-setting and policy prioritising, and based on the utility of diplomacy, the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) plays a central and catalytic role within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). This assumption is described and analysed at the regional strategic level, specifically related to the responsibility of SADC foreign ministries in terms of the management of regionalisation in Southern Africa; and at the national operational level, emphasising the role of DIRCO vis-à-vis the delivery of regional public goods. At the regional strategic level, it was found that diplomacy serves as an institution of regional relations; as an instrument of regional foreign policy; as an administrative function in SADC, specifically related to the responsibilities of foreign ministries; as an instrument in the formulation of regional foreign policy; and as a dialogue between regional actors. At the national operational level, it is evident that diplomacy serves as an institution in DIRCO‟s management of regional public goods delivery; as an instrument within DIRCO‟s participation in the execution of policies towards regional public goods delivery; as an administrative function within DIRCO; as an instrument in terms of DIRCO‟s role towards the formulation of policies towards regional public goods delivery; and as a dialogue between DIRCO and key regional actors in terms of regional public goods delivery. Due to the urgency and priority accorded to the delivery of regional public goods, DIRCO must consider the establishment of a core capability specialising in the technical competencies related to specific programmes within the delivery of regional public goods. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a aspectualidade do Pretérito Perfeito Composto do Indicativo (PPC) no português brasileiro, destacando a relevância desse tempo verbal para a área de Português como Segunda Língua para Estrangeiros (PL2E). A partir de um aparato teórico-metodológico funcionalista, desenvolve-se uma análise do comportamento semântico-pragmático e sintático de quarenta e duas predicações com essa perífrase verbal. Na conjugação de informações de natureza semântica, pragmática e sintática, verifica-se que um mesmo predicador, ao formar predicações com o PPC, pode agenciar aspectualidades distintas, graças à configuração semântica e inter-relação dos argumentos nucleares no contexto em que ocorrem. Além disso, constata-se a interferência dos argumentos não nucleares (satélites) na aspectualidade da predicação com o PPC. Desse modo, evidencia-se que tanto as informações semânticas inerentes ao lexema verbal (Aktionsart/Modo de Ação), como também ao aspecto gramatical (Aspekt/Aspecto), não são suficientes para a determinação da aspectualidade das predicações com o PPC: o uso de um predicador atélico com o PPC, por exemplo, não agencia uma aspectualidade única e exclusivamente durativa. Considerando-se estas e outras constatações, elabora-se um quadro esquemático para o tratamento da aspectualidade do PPC com base em um conjunto de parâmetros semântico-aspectuais. Consequentemente, este trabalho traz subsídios para os profissionais da área de PL2E que frequentemente lidam com o ensino desse tempo verbal a falantes não nativos de língua portuguesa. / [en] The object of the present work is to provide a description of the aspectuality of the Pretérito Perfeito Composto (PPC) in Brazilian Portuguese and highlight the importance of this verb tense in the field of Portuguese as a Second Language (PL2). On the basis of a functionalist theoretical and methodological apparatus, the semantic-pragmatic and syntactic behavior of forty-two predications with this verbal periphrasis is analyzed. Through the conjugation of semantic, pragmatic, and syntactic information, it is verified that a same verbal predicator, due to the configuration of its nuclear arguments and their relations in the context they occur, can promote distinct aspectualities. Moreover, the interference of non-nuclear arguments (satellites) in the aspectuality of the predications using the PPC is also noted. Consequently, it is observed that the semantic information inherent to a verbal lexeme (i.e. its Aktionsart/Mode of Action), as well as the information related to grammatical aspect (i.e. its Aspekt/Aspect) are not sufficient to determine the aspectuality of predications in the PPC: the use of an atelic predicator in the PPC, for instance, does not promote a solely and exclusively durative aspectuality. In the light of these findings, among others, a framework for the aspectuality of the PPC is designed, based on a set of semantic-aspectual parameters. Therefore, this present work offers some resources for professionals in the field of PL2, who frequently deal with the teaching of this verb tense to non-speakers of Portuguese.

In hierdie studie word gepoog om 'n spiritualiteit te omskryf wat as die intensie en motivering vir kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge kan dien. Die handelingswetenskaplike benadering in die Praktiese Teologie word kortliks beskryf. Daar word aangetoon dat handelinge nie net eksistensiele gedrag is nie; handelinge het 'n onderliggende spiritualiteit as intensie en motivering. Verskillende perspektiewe op spiritualiteit word ondersoek. Die terme praxis pietatis word gekies om spiritualiteit te beskryf. Die skepping-herskepping tema word gebruik om 'n teologiese basis van praxis pietatis te omskryf. Die praxis is kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge wat as intensionele konkretisering van die imperatief moontlik gemaak is deur die indikatief van God se openbaring van Homself aan die mens. Deur die pietatis word die werklikheid van God se verlossing as eksistensiele kennis, deur die geloofsinoefening van die gelowige as nuwe mens - met die hoop op die opstanding - integrerend in die daaglikse lewe toegepas. / This study intends to describe a spirituality that can function as intention and motivation for communicative faith acts. The operational scientific approach to Practical Theology is discussed briefly. It is shown that acts are not only existential behaviour but has an underlying spirituality as intention and motivation. Different perspectives on spirituality are explored and the term praxis pietatis is chosen describe spirituality. The creation-recreation theme is used to define a theological basis for praxis pietatis. The praxis is intentional communicative acts that stem from the imperative. It is made possible by the indicative of the self-revelation of God to mankind. The redemption of God as existential knowledge is made possible by the exercising of faith by the new man. Through the pietatis this knowledge is integrated into the daily life - with the eye upon the resurrection. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Praktiese Teologie)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die indikatiewe (inisiele) aspek van die heiliging word genadiglik deur God aan die gelowiges geskenk tydens hul regverdiging en wedergeboorte sodat die imperatiewe (voortgaande) aspek daaruit kan voortspruit. God ken in eersgenoemde aspek aan die gelowiges die nuwe status van heiliges as gawe toe, en rig hulle op Homself deur hulle met Christus te verenig in mede-sterwe vir die sonde, en in mede-opstanding in sy nuwe lewe. In kontinui'teit hiermee leef die gelowiges die implikasies van hul ontvangde status uit deur in die Militia Christiana die sonde(s) toenemend af te le, en hulle toenemend met Christus te beklee, en in sy krag deur die Gees vir God te lewe. So groei hulle in laasgenoemde aspek. Die Gereformeerde leer, waarvolgens geglo word dat 'n tweede genadewerk of 'n latere Geesdoop onnodig is vir effektiewe groei, laat die beste reg geskied aan die kontinui'teit tussen die twee aspekte. / The indicative (initial) aspect of sanctification is graciously given to the believers by God when they are justified and regenerated, so that the imperative (ongoing) aspect can flow therefrom. In the first-mentioned aspect God confers upon the believers the new status of saints, and focuses them on Himself by uniting them with Christ in co-crucifixion for sin, and in co-resurrection with Him in his new life. In continuation thereof, the believers live out the implications of their received status in the Militia Christiana by putting away sin, and by putting on Christ in an ever-increasing measure, and in living for God in Christ's power by the Spirit, thus growing in the latter aspect. The Reformed teaching, according to which it is believed that a second work of grace or a subsequent baptism with the Spirit is unnecessary for effectual growth, is most in accordance with the continuation between the two aspects. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

This thesis is essentially a portfolio of four disjoint yet thematically related articles that deal with some semantic aspect or another of natural language conditionals. The thesis opens with a brief introductory chapter that offers a short yet opinionated historical overview and a theoretical background of several important semantic issues of conditionals. The second chapter then deals with the issue of truth values and conditions of indicative conditionals. So-called Gibbard Phenomenon cases have been used to argue that indicative conditionals construed in terms of the Ramsey Test cannot have truth values. Since that conclusion is somewhat incredible, several alternative options are explored. Finally, a contextualised revision of the Ramsey Test is offered which successfully avoids the threats of the Gibbard Phenomenon. The third chapter deals with the question of where to draw the so-called indicative/ subjunctive line. Natural language conditionals are commonly believed to be of two semantically distinct types: indicative and subjunctive. Although this distinction is central to many semantic analyses of natural conditionals, there seems to be no consensus on the details of its nature. While trying to uncover the grounds for the distinction, we will argue our way through several plausible proposals found in the literature. Upon discovering that none of these proposals seem entirely suited, we will reconsider our position and make several helpful observations into the nature of conditional sentences. And finally, in light of our observations, we shall propose and argue for plausible grounds for the indicative/subjunctive distinction.distinction. The fourth chapter offers semantics for modal and amodal natural language conditionals based on the distinction proposed in the previous chapter. First, the nature of modal and amodal suppositions will be explored. Armed with an analysis of modal and amodal suppositions, the corresponding conditionals will be examined further. Consequently, the syntax of conditionals in English will be uncovered for the purpose of providing input for our semantics. And finally, compositional semantics in generative grammar will be offered for modal and amodal conditionals. The fifth and final chapter defends Modus Ponens from alleged counterexamples. In particular, the chapter offers a solution to McGee’s infamous counterexamples. First, several solutions offered to the counterexamples hitherto are all argued to be inadequate. After a couple of observations on the counterexamples’ nature, a solution is offered and demonstrated. the solution suggests that the semantics of embedded natural language conditionals is more sophisticated than their surface syntax indicates. The heart of the solution is a translation function from the surface form of natural language conditionals to their logical form. Finally, the thesis ends with a conclusion that briefly summarises the main conclusions drawn in its preceding chapters.

This diploma thesis examines functions of the modal verb should in nominal content clauses introduced by the conjunction that. The Czech counterparts of the English sentences are considered as well. The research focuses on the so-called putative should which occurs after main clauses with directive, epistemic, attitudinal, evaluative and volitional expressions. Should expressing intrinsic (root) modality (expressing permission, obligation or ability) is left out of account. The work pays attention to the basic classification of nominal content clauses deriving from a verbal form alternating with putative should. Two kinds of putative should will be dealt with, namely should after directive and volitional expressions which could have its alternative form in the present subjunctive and should after epistemic, attitudinal and evaluative expressions which could possibly alternate with the indicative. The work examines these verbal forms in relation to the intentional modality of the sentence in an independent form (e.g. declarative, interrogative or imperative sentence). The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the work describes the basic classification of all central modal verbs in English and putative should in terms of its relation towards the...

In hierdie studie word gepoog om 'n spiritualiteit te omskryf wat as die intensie en motivering vir kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge kan dien. Die handelingswetenskaplike benadering in die Praktiese Teologie word kortliks beskryf. Daar word aangetoon dat handelinge nie net eksistensiele gedrag is nie; handelinge het 'n onderliggende spiritualiteit as intensie en motivering. Verskillende perspektiewe op spiritualiteit word ondersoek. Die terme praxis pietatis word gekies om spiritualiteit te beskryf. Die skepping-herskepping tema word gebruik om 'n teologiese basis van praxis pietatis te omskryf. Die praxis is kommunikatiewe geloofshandelinge wat as intensionele konkretisering van die imperatief moontlik gemaak is deur die indikatief van God se openbaring van Homself aan die mens. Deur die pietatis word die werklikheid van God se verlossing as eksistensiele kennis, deur die geloofsinoefening van die gelowige as nuwe mens - met die hoop op die opstanding - integrerend in die daaglikse lewe toegepas. / This study intends to describe a spirituality that can function as intention and motivation for communicative faith acts. The operational scientific approach to Practical Theology is discussed briefly. It is shown that acts are not only existential behaviour but has an underlying spirituality as intention and motivation. Different perspectives on spirituality are explored and the term praxis pietatis is chosen describe spirituality. The creation-recreation theme is used to define a theological basis for praxis pietatis. The praxis is intentional communicative acts that stem from the imperative. It is made possible by the indicative of the self-revelation of God to mankind. The redemption of God as existential knowledge is made possible by the exercising of faith by the new man. Through the pietatis this knowledge is integrated into the daily life - with the eye upon the resurrection. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Praktiese Teologie)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die indikatiewe (inisiele) aspek van die heiliging word genadiglik deur God aan die gelowiges geskenk tydens hul regverdiging en wedergeboorte sodat die imperatiewe (voortgaande) aspek daaruit kan voortspruit. God ken in eersgenoemde aspek aan die gelowiges die nuwe status van heiliges as gawe toe, en rig hulle op Homself deur hulle met Christus te verenig in mede-sterwe vir die sonde, en in mede-opstanding in sy nuwe lewe. In kontinui'teit hiermee leef die gelowiges die implikasies van hul ontvangde status uit deur in die Militia Christiana die sonde(s) toenemend af te le, en hulle toenemend met Christus te beklee, en in sy krag deur die Gees vir God te lewe. So groei hulle in laasgenoemde aspek. Die Gereformeerde leer, waarvolgens geglo word dat 'n tweede genadewerk of 'n latere Geesdoop onnodig is vir effektiewe groei, laat die beste reg geskied aan die kontinui'teit tussen die twee aspekte. / The indicative (initial) aspect of sanctification is graciously given to the believers by God when they are justified and regenerated, so that the imperative (ongoing) aspect can flow therefrom. In the first-mentioned aspect God confers upon the believers the new status of saints, and focuses them on Himself by uniting them with Christ in co-crucifixion for sin, and in co-resurrection with Him in his new life. In continuation thereof, the believers live out the implications of their received status in the Militia Christiana by putting away sin, and by putting on Christ in an ever-increasing measure, and in living for God in Christ's power by the Spirit, thus growing in the latter aspect. The Reformed teaching, according to which it is believed that a second work of grace or a subsequent baptism with the Spirit is unnecessary for effectual growth, is most in accordance with the continuation between the two aspects. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)