A ausência de adaptação passiva em prótese sobre implantes pode sobrecarregar implantes, componentes protéticos e tecido ósseo, levando à perda óssea marginal e até da osseointegração. A soldagem é utilizada com frequência para melhorar o assentamento de estruturas metálicas de próteses em geral e de próteses sobre implantes. Além disso, a precisão no assentamento da peça protética pode estar relacionada com os cuidados na técnica de confecção da mesma. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de microscopia óptica e confocal a laser, a adaptação marginal de barras metálicas tipo protocolo de Branemark, de ligas de niquel-cromo (NiCr) em monobloco e soldadas, confeccionadas a partir de enceramento convencional. Para isso, foi confeccionado um modelo mestre, simulando quatro implantes sobre o qual foram adaptados transferentes e análogos que serviram para transferir a posição dos implantes para o modelo de gesso. Os enceramentos obtidos pelo método convencional foram fundidos em monobloco e em partes separadas (seccionados), sendo os últimos, posteriormente soldados utilizando as técnicas convencional a maçarico e TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas). As leituras da adaptação da barra em cada implante foram feitas nas peças em monobloco (n=5) e nas peças seccionadas (n=10), antes e após as diferentes técnicas de soldagem. Pelo método de medição de microscopia óptica, foram realizadas as medições em duas regiões pré-determinadas ( Vestibular e Lingual ), com três repetições, totalizando 6 leituras por implante. Já no método de microscopia Confocal a laser, foi realizada somente na Vestibular. Para comparar os dados obtidos quanto ao desajuste marginal entre componente protético/implante, considerando-se as peças em monobloco, as peças soldadas, as técnicas de soldagem (maçarico e TIG), os métodos de medição e a posição dos implantes, foram realizados testes estatísticos, onde para cada uma das análises realizadas foi determinada a aplicação do Teste de Normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk ou Kolmogorov-Smirnov (alfa = 5%)) para determinação da distribuição da amostra. Para a amostra com distribuição normal foi determinada a utilização do teste paramétrico, Análise de Variância, enquanto que a amostra com distribuição não normal, determinou-se a utilização do teste não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis. Os resultados encontrados foram estatisticamente significantes para comparação método e técnica, sugerindo que as peças em monobloco apresentaram maior desadaptação que as peças soldadas, e que as peças soldadas pela técnica convencional não apresentaram diferença estatística, em relação as soldadas pela técnica TIG. Em relação a comparação dos métodos de medição, houve diferença estaticamente significante, onde a microscopia Confocal a laser obteve os maiores valores de desadaptação. A interação técnica e método não houve diferenças estatísticas. Na comparação de diferentes secções e soldada, para os 2 métodos de medição, em relação ao fator Secção, não houve diferença significante onde 3 secções apresentam os menores resultados e as soldadas tiveram igualdade em relação a 1 secção. Pelo fator Técnica houve diferença estatisticamente significante, onde a técnica convencional obteve as maiores médias. A interação Secção e Técnica, não teve efeito significante. A adaptação marginal da peça em relação a posição do implante na arcada, não houve diferença estatística, para ambos os métodos. Houve diferença apenas no fator Técnica, pela microscopia óptica, onde a Monobloco teve os maiores resultados e a Solda Convencional e TIG, tiveram igualdade nos resultados. A investigação de sistemas de confecção de estruturas da prótese e de técnicas de soldagem é importante na busca pela produção de próteses sobre dente ou sobre implante com precisão no ajuste marginal que possa ser comprovado visual e numericamente utilizando-se recursos tecnológicos que assegurem a utilização clínica das peças protéticas. / The lack of passive adaptation in prosthesis over implant can overload implants, prosthetics components and bone tissue, leading to marginal bone loss and even osseointegration. Weldering is used frequently to improve the settlement of metal structures of prosthetic in general and prosthesis over implants. In addition, the settlement precision of the workpiece may be related to the care in the technique of manufacturing the same. The objective of this study was to evaluate, through optical and confocal Laser microscopy, the marginal adaptation of metal bars Branemark protocol type alloy nickel-chromium (NiCr) monoblock and welded, made from conventional waxing .For this, a master model was made to simulate four implants were adapted over which transferents and analogs that served to transfer the position of the implants for the cast model. Waxing obtained by the conventional method were cast in one-piece and separate parts (sectioned), the latter being subsequently welded using the conventional techniques blowtorch and TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).The bar adjustment of readings in each implant were made in monoblock pieces (n = 5) and the severed pieces (n = 10) before and after different weldering techniques. By optical microscopy measurement method, measurements were performed in two predetermined regions (Vestibular and lingual), with three replications, totaling 6 readings per implant. However in the methodology of Confocal laser microscope, was done only on Vestibular. To compare the data obtained on the misfit between prosthetic/implant component, considering the pieces monoblock, the welded parts, the weldering techniques (torch and TIG), measurement methods and the position of the implants, tests were performed statistical where for each of the analyzes determined the application of Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (alpha = 5%)) to determine the distribution of the sample. For the sample of normal distribution was determined using the parametric test, analysis of variance, while the sample with non-normal distribution was determined using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The results found were statistically significant for method and technique comparison, suggesting that the monoblock parts showed higher misfit than welded parts, and the parts welded by conventional technique showed no statistical difference in relation welded by TIG technique. Regarding the comparison of measurement methods, there was no statistically significant difference, where the Laser Confocal microscopy obtained the greatest misfit. The technical interaction and method there were no statistical differences. When comparing different sections and welded to the two measurement methods, in relation to Section factor, there was no significant difference where 3 sections have the lowest results and welded had equality with 1 section. The technical factor was no statistically significant difference, the conventional technique had the highest averages. The interaction and Technical Section had no significant effect. The marginal adaptation of the play in relation to the implant in the arch position, there was no statistical difference for both methods. There was a difference only in the technical factor, by optical microscopy, where Monoblock had the greatest results and Conventional Welding and TIG, had equality in results. The research of making the prosthesis structures systems and weldering techniques is important in the search for production of prosthetic tooth or on precisely implant the marginal adjustment that can be verified visually and numerically using technological resources to ensure clinical use of prosthetic pieces.

Laparoscopic operations are a common and popular way for abdominal procedures. They are usually performed by insufflation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the abdominal cavity. However, insufflation of CO2 may interfere with cardiac and circulatory as well as respiratory functions. The CO2-pneumoperitoneum (PP) may cause hypercarbia and acidosis. The direct effects of CO2 and acidosis lead to decreased cardiac contractility, sensitization of the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and systemic vasodilatation. There may even be long-lasting post-operative effects on breathing control. The pneumoperitoneum may also cause several respiratory changes, e.g. decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and vital capacity (VC), formation of atelectasis, reduced respiratory compliance and increased airway pressure. Still, arterial oxygenation is mostly maintained or even improved during PP. In view of the apparently contradictory results in respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, the present studies were performed to evaluate respiratory changes on gas exchange and ventilation-perfusion distributions during PP in a porcine model. It was demonstrated that atelectasis during anaesthesia and PP may be estimated by an increased arterial to endtidal PCO2-gradient (study I). Perfusion was redistributed away from dorsal, collapsed lung regions when PP was established. This resulted in a better ventilation-perfusion match (study II). Increasing abdominal pressure shifted blood flow more and more away from collapsed lung tissue, decreased pulmonary shunt and improved oxygenation from 8 to 16 mmHg PP, despite an increase of atelectasis formation (study III). CO2-PP enhanced the shift of blood flow towards better ventilated parts of the lung compared to Air-PP. Moreover, sodium natriumprusside worsened the ventilation-perfusion match even more and blunted the effects previously seen with carbon dioxide. CO2 should therefore be the mediator of enhancing HPV during PP. In conclusion, pneumoperitoneum with CO2 causes atelectasis with elimination of ventilation in the dependent lung regions. However, an efficient shift of blood flow away from collapsed, non-ventilated regions results in a better ventilation-perfusion matching and better oxygenation of blood than without PP. A prerequisite for the beneficial effect is the use of carbon dioxide for the abdominal inflation, since it enhances HPV.

Orientadores: Antonio J. Ramirez, Maria Clara F. Ierardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seraphim_RafaelMolena_M.pdf: 6485115 bytes, checksum: 380cfffee5fa982ec74a9cdc78c88e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O avanço cientifico no estudo de átomos, moléculas e proteínas tem recebido uma contribuição significativa dos aceleradores de partículas, que em sua grande maioria são utilizados para a geração de radiação síncrotron. Por isso, o aprimoramento destas máquinas mostra-se de extrema importância para manter a ciência em seu contínuo avanço. O sistema de vácuo destas máquinas apresenta-se como um importante parâmetro para o seu bom funcionamento e melhorias neste promovem diretamente melhorias na qualidade da radiação síncrotron gerada. Logo, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo das juntas soldadas das câmaras de vácuo que compõem o acelerador do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS). As juntas foram preparadas com o processo de soldagem GTAW (Gás Tungsten Arc Welding) mediante a utilização de diferentes gases de proteção, como Argônio, Hélio e Nitrogênio, e misturas entre estes. Os estudos concentraram-se na análise da influência dos gases de proteção na dessorção de gases das juntas soldadas. Para a caracterização destas utilizaram-se as técnicas de análise de superfícies Dessorção Estimulada por Elétrons (DEE) e Dessorção Estimulada por Fótons (DEF). Adicionalmente, realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre as duas técnicas buscando-se estabelecer relações entre os resultados fornecidos pelas mesmas. Os resultados mostraram que a dessorção de gases independe do gás de proteção de soldagem, mas depende sim do nível de oxidação das juntas soldadas, as quais podem apresentar altas taxas de dessorção caso estejam muito oxidadas e os óxidos não sejam camadas contínuas. Em conclusão pode-se dizer que as juntas soldadas para câmaras de vácuo de aceleradores de partículas devem apresentar baixos níveis de oxidação, e apesar das semelhanças encontradas entre a DEE e a DEF é aconselhável utilizar a DEF para a caracterização de superfícies para trabalharem com radiação síncrotron / Abstract: The scientific advance of atoms, molecules and proteins studies has received an important contribution from particle accelerators, which are mainly used to generate synchrotron radiation. Hence, the improvement of these machines is necessary to maintain the continuous advance of science. One of the key components for the adequate operation of these accelerators is the vacuum system. Thus, its improvement directly impacts on the quality of the generated synchrotron radiation. Therefore, the principal purpose of this work is to study the gas desorption from the welding joints on the particle accelerators vacuum chambers. The welds were prepared using the GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) process with different shielding gases, as argon, helium and nitrogen, and some mixtures of them. The study concentrated on the analysis of the shielding gas influence on the gas desorption from the welded joints. The gas desorption of the joints was evaluated using Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD). In addition, it was carried out a comparative study between both desorption techniques to establish relationships between the results provided by them. The results showed that the gas desorption from the welding joints does not depend on the welding shielding gas, but on the oxidation level of the joint, which can present high desorption yield if it is highly oxidized and these oxides are not a continuous film. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize the oxidation during welding of vacuum chambers for particle accelerators. Regarding the comparison between ESD and PSD they were found some similarities. However, PSD will have better performance characterizing surfaces that will be exposed to synchrotron radiation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Prezentovaná práce se zabývá vakuovým indukčním tavením intermetalické slitiny Ti-46Al-7Nb (at. %) v žáruvzdorných kelímcích na bázi Y2O3. Byla provedena série taveb pro teploty přehřátí taveniny 1630, 1680 and 1730 C a při různých dobách výdrže na této teplotě v rozmezí 5 až 30 minut. Ze slitin ztuhlých v tavících kelímcích byly připraveny metalografické výbrusy, které sloužily k hodnocení mikrostruktury a vyhodnocení složení fází. Pro získání těchto dat byly použity metosy elektronové mirkoskopie SEM a EDS. Kvantitativní hodnocení mikrostruktury, zejména obsahu oxidické faze ve slitině, bylo provedeno pomocí software Adaptive Contrast Control (ACC). Analýza obsahu kyslíku ve ztuhlé slitině byla provedena metodou IGF (fúze v inertním plynu). V této práci jsou pochody na rozhraní slitina/oxidický kelímek posuzovány také z termodynamického hlediska a to s použitím aktivit jednotlivých složek v systému. Data prezentovaná v této práci mohou být použita pro nastavení a optimalizaci procesů tavení intermetalik TiAlNb.

With the rapid somatic growth and development in infants, simultaneous accurate measurements of lung volume and airway function are essential. Raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) is widely used to generate forced expiration from an airway opening pressure of 30 cmH2O (V30). The (dynamic) functional residual capacity (FRCdyn) remains the lung volume most routinely measured. The aim of this study was to develop comprehensive integrated spirometry that included all subdivisions of lung volume at V30 or total lung capacity (TLC30). Measurements were performed on 17 healthy infants aged 8.6-119.7 weeks. A commercial system for multiple-breath nitrogen washout (MBNW) to measure lung volumes and a custom made system to perform RTC were used in unison. A refined automated raised volume RTC and the following two novel single maneuvers with dual volume measurements were performed from V30 during a brief post-hyperventilation apneic pause: (1) the passive expiratory flow was integrated to produce the inspiratory capacity (IC) and the static (passive) FRC (FRCst) was estimated by initiating MBNW after end-passive expiration; (2) RTC was initiated late during passive expiration, flow was integrated to produce the slow vital capacity (jSVC) and the residual volume (RV) was measured by initiating MBNW after end-expiration while the jacket (j) was inflated. Intrasubject FRCdyn and FRCst measurements overlapped (p = 0.6420) but neither did with the RV (p < 0.0001). Means (95% confidence interval) of FRCdyn, IC, FRCst, jSVC, RV, forced vital capacity and tidal volume were 21.2 (19.7-22.7), 36.7 (33.0-40.4), 21.2 (19.6-22.8), 40.7 (37.2-44.2), 18.1 (16.6-19.7), 40.7 (37.1-44.2) and 10.2 (9.6-10.7) ml/kg, respectively. Static lung volumes and capacities at V30 and variables from the best forced expiratory flow-volume curve were dependent on age, body length and weight. In conclusion, we developed a comprehensive physiologically integrated approach for in-depth investigation of lung function at V30 in infants.

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om landströmsanslutningar bör placerares midskepps vid manifoldern, alternativt i aktern på tankfartyg. Fokus låg på att hitta bästa placeringen utifrån säkerhet och arbetsmiljö ombord på fartyget och i hamnen. Detta studerades genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sex olika aktörer inom området för att få ta del av deras erfarenheter och åsikter kring ämnet. Parallellt genomfördes även en faktainsamling där standarder, regelverk samt tidigare forskning på området samlades in. Resultatet från intervjuerna sammanställdes och jämfördes sedan mot materialet från faktainsamlingen.  De krav som ställs i olika standarder kan, oavsett placering, innebära säkerhets- och arbetsmiljö nackdelar men respondenterna var övertygade om att man med rätt utrustning och rutiner kan upprätthålla en säker och god arbetsmiljö. Utifrån säkerhet ansåg flera respondenter att en placering långt ifrån manifoldern, där fartygets last hanteras är att föredra även om det finns andra säkerhetsmässiga nackdelar med en sådan placering. Arbetsmiljömässigt hade respondenterna flera för- och nackdelar med båda placeringarna som främst rörde problematiken kring kabelhanteringen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether shore power connections should be placed midships at the manifold, or alternatively, aft on tanker vessels. The focus was on determining the best location based on safety and working conditions onboard the vessel and in the port. This was studied by conducting qualitative interviews with six different stakeholders in the field to gain insight into their experiences and opinions on the subject. Concurrently, a data collection was conducted where standards, regulations, and previous research in the field were gathered. The results from the interviews were compiled and compared against the material from the data collection.  Regardless of the placement, there are safety and working environment disadvantages that are also stipulated as requirements in various standards, but the respondents were convinced that with the right equipment and procedures, a safe and good working environment can be maintained. Concerning safety, several respondents believed that a placement far from the manifold where the vessel's cargo is handled is preferable, even though there are other safety disadvantages associated with such placement. In terms of the work environment, the respondents identified several pros and cons with both placements, primarily related to the issue of cable handling.

Au cours de ce travail, un modèle physique et numérique 3D du procédé de soudage à l’arc TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) a été développé dans l’objectif de prédire, en fonction des paramètres opératoires, les grandeurs utiles au concepteur d’assemblages soudés.Le modèle développé, à l’aide du code de calcul aux éléments finis Cast3M, traite les phénomènes physiques agissant dans la pièce et, plus particulièrement, dans le bain de soudage, l’arc étant traité comme une source. Pour ce faire, les équations non-linéaires de la thermohydraulique couplées à celles de l’électromagnétisme sont résolues en régime stationnaire avec un modèle prenant en compte la surface libre déformable du bain de soudage.Une première étape du développement a porté sur la modélisation des phénomènes électromagnétiques par deux méthodes numériques différentes, à comparer les résultats numériques obtenus avec ceux de la littérature. Ensuite, afin de valider le pouvoir prédictif du modèle, des simulations de différentes configurations de soudage d’intérêt ont été étudiées, en variant la composition chimique du matériau, la vitesse de défilement, la pression d’arc imposée et, plus particulièrement, la position de soudage. Des comparaisons avec des expériences et des modèles numériques de la littérature confirment les bonnes tendances obtenues. Enfin, une approche de la modélisation de l’apport de matière a été abordée et des résultats de cette approche ont été montrés. Notre modèle complet constitue donc une base solide pour le développement de modèles de simulation numérique du soudage (SNS) 3D totalement couplés avec l’arc dans le futur et sera intégré dans le logiciel métier WPROCESS. / In this work, we develop a 3D physical and numerical model of the GTA (gas tungsten arc) welding process in order to predict, for given welding parameters, useful quantities for the designer of welded assembly.The model is developed in the Cast3M finite element software and takes into account the main physical phenomena acting in the workpiece and particularly in the weld pool, subject to source terms modeling the arc part of the welding process. A steady solution of this model is thought for and involves the coupling of the nonlinear thermohydaulics and electromagnetic equations together with the displacement of the deformable free surface of the weld pool.A first step in the development consisted in modeling the electromagnetic phenomena with two different numerical methods, in comparing the numerical results obtained with those of the literature. Then, in order to assess the predictive capability of the model, simulations of various welding configurations are performed : variation in the chemical composition of the material, of the welding speed, of the prescribed arc pressure and of the welding positions, which is a focus of this work, are studied. A good agreement is obtained between the results of our model and other experimental and numerical results of the literature. Eventually, a model accounting for metal filling is proposed and its results are discussed. Thus, our complete model can be seen as a solid foundation towards future totally-coupled 3D welding models including the arc and it will be included in the WPROCESS software dedicated to the numerical simulation of welding.

Detection of early pathophysiological changes of breathing in children with chronic respiratory disease MD. Vaclav Koucky - Ph.D. thesis Abstract Introduction: Currently, there are different methods for infant pulmonary function testing (iPFT) and morphological assessment of microscopic changes in endobronchial biopsy samples (EBB). In research setting, they allow detection of early pathophysiological changes of breathing in small children with chronic respiratory disease, respectively in risk of its development. Their clinical significance, however, is not fully acknowledged. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the safety, feasibility and clinical significance of iPFT and EBB in infants younger than 2 years of age. In addition, the relationship between functional and morphological changes of respiratory tract and the function of peripheral chemoreceptors was studied in selected patients' subgroups. Methods: Fifty-five infants with cystic fibrosis (CF), 35 physician-confirmed recurrent wheezers (AB), 9 infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 7 with interstitial lung disease (chILD) and 3 with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) were enrolled. All infants underwent iPFT and relevant clinical history data were recorded. Based on patients' age, CF group was divided into CFmalí (< 6 months) and CFvelcí (>...