Bakgrund: Att få besked om infertilitet kan beskrivas som en livskris. En fertilitetsutredning kan klargöra orsaken. Barnmorskans kompetensområde innefattar att främja förmågan att kunna fortplanta sig och möjligheten att kunna få friska barn. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att genomgå IVF-behandling under tidsperioden då Covid-19 pandemin pågick. Metod: En kvalitativ metod, i form av netnografi har använts. En icke-deltagande observation valdes, genom en granskning av sju bloggar. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av Kozinets metod för analys av netnografiskt material. Resultat: Analysprocessen resulterade i sex teman och sex kategorier. Huvudkategorierna var följande; en lång väntan, att hålla hårt i hoppet, behandlingen i praktiken, betydelsefulla relationer, ständig oro och samla kraft.  Slutsats: Att gå igenom en IVF-behandling är en påfrestande upplevelse för kvinnorna och att lägga till en pandemi på en redan svår situation gav upphov till ökad stress, känsla av ensamhet och oro. Att få besked om att få beviljad behandling ledde till en känsla av ökat hopp. Upplevelserna av de praktiska momenten pekade på att injektionsbehandling och äggplock var särskilt svåra. Att inte få ha med sig en medföljare till följd av restriktioner, ledde till känslor av ensamhet och orättvisa. / Background: Being notified of infertility can be described as a life crisis. A fertility assessment can clarify the cause. The midwife's area of expertise includes promoting the ability to reproduce and the possibility of being able to have healthy children. Aim: The aim was to describe women's experiences of undergoing IVF treatment during the time period when the Covid-19 pandemic was ongoing. Method: A qualitative method, in the form of netnography has been used. A non-participatory observation was chosen, through a review of seven blogs. The material was analyzed using Kozinet's method of analysis of netnographic material. Results: The analysis process resulted in six themes and six categories. The main categories were as follows; a long wait, to hold tight to hope, treatment in practice, meaningful relationships, constant worry and gathering strength. Conclusion: Going through an IVF treatment is a stressful experience for the women and adding a pandemic to an already difficult situation gave rise to increased stress, feelings of loneliness and worry. Being told to receive treatment led to a sense of increased hope. The experiences of the practical elements indicated that injection treatment and egg picking were particularly difficult. Not being allowed to have a companion with you as a result of restrictions, led to feelings of loneliness and injustice.

Bakgrund: Ofrivillig barnlöshet innebär en oförmåga att uppnå en graviditet inom ett års tid med oskyddat samlag. En av de vanligaste orsakerna till ofrivillig barnlöshet är ovulationsrubbningar där syndromet polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom är den vanligaste. De som drabbas av infertilitet hamnar oftast i en livskris som pågår under flera år och kräver därav olika insatser från sjukvården. Det finns även en koppling mellan psykisk ohälsa och stressen kring att inte uppnå en graviditet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med Infertilitet orsakat av polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom. Metod: En litteraturstudie som inkluderar elva originalartiklar. Data analyserades med integrerad dataanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier presenteras ”Infertilitetens påverkan på livet” och ”Kvinnornas kontakt med sjukvården”. Under dessa presenteras åtta underkategorier vilka visar att infertilitet orsakat av PCOS bidrar till nedsatt hälsa och livskvalitet.  Slutsats: Det är av vikt med fortsatt forskning för att kunna implementera tydligare riktlinjer kring vård och omvårdnad av denna patientgrupp för minskat lidande. Det krävs ökad kunskap och förståelse hos sjuksköterskan, för att kunna ge en personcentrerad vård vid infertilitet och PCOS. Likaså bör det finnas mer utbildning kring infertilitet och dess orsaker på sjuksköterskeutbildningar för att uppmärksamma detta problem. / Background: Involuntary childlessness means an inability to achieve a pregnancy within one year with unprotected sex. One of the most common causes of involuntary infertility is ovulation disorders, where polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common. Those who suffer from infertility usually end up in a life crisis that lasts for several years and therefore requires different interventions from the healthcare system. There is also a connection between mental illness and the stress of not achieving a pregnancy.  Aim: The aim of this study is to describe women's experience of living with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome. Method: A literature study that includes eleven original articles. Data were analyzed using integrated data analysis. Result: Two categories are presented: "Infertility's impact on life" and " Women's contact with healthcare". Under these, eight subcategories are presented showing that infertility caused by PCOS contributes to reduced health and quality of life. Conclusion: It is important for continued research to be able to implement clearer guidelines regarding the care and nursing of this patient group for reduced suffering. Increased knowledge and understanding is required for the nurse, to be able to provide person-centred care for infertility and PCOS. Likewise, there should be more education about infertility and its causes in nursing schools to draw attention to this problem.

Background: Human life without sperm is not possible. Therefore, it is alarming that the fertilizing ability of human spermatozoa is continuously decreasing. The reasons for that are widely unknown, but there is hope that metabolomics-based investigations may be able to contribute to overcoming this problem. This review summarizes the attempts made so far. Methods: We will discuss liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), infrared (IR) and Raman as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Almost all available studies apply one of these methods. Results: Depending on the methodology used, different compounds can be detected, which is (in combination with sophisticated methods of bioinformatics) helpful to estimate the state of the sperm. Often, but not in all cases, there is a correlation with clinical parameters such as the sperm mobility. Conclusions: LC-MS detects the highest number of metabolites and can be considered as the method of choice. Unfortunately, the reproducibility of some studies is poor, and, thus, further improvements of the study designs are needed to overcome this problem. Additionally, a stronger focus on the biochemical consequences of the altered metabolite concentrations is also required

Background: Infertility affects both men and women globally and can be caused by several factors. The couple must have tried for at least a year before the diagnosis of infertility can. The nurse's knowledge of infertility plays a role in the patient's care experience. Orem's self-care theory can be used as a tool for the nurse in the meeting with infertile patients.Purpose: To compile and describe women's and men's experiences of living with infertility.Method: Literature study with descriptive design and thematic analysis method based on compilation of 15 qualitative articles.Main results: Participants experienced deficiencies in care related to treatment and communication. Other experiences such as infertility as a result of the result was that several of the participants experienced a mental impact due to family and outsiders which in some led to mental illness. In order to be able to handle the consequences of involuntary childlessness and its treatment processes, coping strategies have also been called coping strategies, and support from family and as a healthcare professional has been a factor.Conclusion: With the help of competence development, the nurse can contribute to a better care experience for women and men with infertility. The nurse can also contribute to good nursing, by applying self-care and management strategies that help patients. Women and men with infertility can then experience the care as safe and understanding and offer advice on handling challenging situations in everyday life.

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Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk östrogenberoende inflammatorisk sjukdomsom drabbar omkring 10 % av alla kvinnor i fertil ålder runt om i världen. Vägen tilldiagnos är svår och behandlingen bör individanpassas. Kvinnor känner sig oftamisstrodda och erbjuds inte alltid en god vård för sina besvär. Sjuksköterskan behöverse kvinnan ur ett helhetsperspektiv och är ofta den första kontakten kvinnan möter.Livsvärldsperspektivet användes som teoretisk referensram. Syfte: Syftet var attbeskriva hur kvinnors vardagsliv påverkades av sjukdomen endometrios. Metod: Enlitteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design baserad på 12 artiklar söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PsycInfo. Artiklarna genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning utifrån ettgranskningsprotokoll. Dataanalysen är gjord utifrån Fribergs fem steg. Resultat:Resultatet presenterades i fyra kategorier och nio subkategorier: Påverkan på detpsykiska måendet (besvär av psykiska symtom och förändrad kroppsuppfattning),Påverkan på det sociala livet (ökad ensamhet, konsekvenser av fysiska symtom ochminskade sociala relationer), Påverkan på sexuella relationer (svårigheter medintimitet och oro för infertilitet) samt Påverkan på arbetslivet (utmaningar i arbetslivetoch påfrestad ekonomi). Slutsats: Endometrios begränsade kvinnors vardagsliv ochmedförde ett stort lidande. Sjukdomen påverkade kvinnor både psykiskt, fysiskt,socialt och sexuellt och resulterade i en känsla av ensamhet. Stöd och förståelse överkvinnans situation och individanpassad vård är centralt för sjuksköterskansomvårdnad och för att kunna erbjuda en god vård. / Background: Endometriosis is a chronic oestrogen-dependent inflammatory diseasethat affects about 10% of all women of reproductive age worldwide. The path todiagnosis is difficult and the treatment should be individualized. Women often feelmistrusted and are not always offered good care for their problems. The nurse needsto see the woman from a holistic perspective and is often the first contact the womanmeets. The lifeworld perspective was used as a theoretical framework. Aim: The aimwas to describe how women's everyday lives were affected by the diseaseendometriosis. Method: A literature review with a qualitative design based on 12articles searched in the databases CINAHL and PsycInfo. The articles were analyzedwith a quality protocol. Friberg´s analysis in five steps was used in the analysis process.Result: The results were presented in four categories and nine subcategories: Impacton psychological well-being (distress of psychological symptoms and changed bodyimage),Impact on social life (increased loneliness, consequences of physical symptomsand decreased social relationships), Impact on sexual relationships (difficulties withintimacy and concerns about infertility) and Impact on working life (challenges at workand strained economy). Conclusion: Endometriosis limited women's everyday livesand caused suffering. The disease affected the women mentally, physically, socially andsexually and resulted in a feeling of loneliness. Support and understanding of thewoman's situation and individualized care are central to the nurse's care and to beingable to offer good care.

Bakgrund: Endometrios drabbar cirka 10% av kvinnor i fertil ålder. Sjukdomen korrelerar med infertilitet. Infertiliteten leder till lidande hos de drabbade kvinnorna. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva erfarenheter hos kvinnor som lider av infertilitet på grund av endometrios. Metod: Studien använde sig av litteraturstudie som tillvägagångssätt. Efter artikelsökningen valdes nio resultatartiklar ut. Artiklarna granskades enligt Carlsson och Eimans (2003) granskningsmall, efter det sammanställdes artiklarnas resultat och kategoriserades därefter in efter hur de svarade på syftet. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fem kategorier; Sorgen över att få sin infertilitetsdiagnos, Missnöjet över vårdens bemötande, Påfrestningar av att genomgå infertilitetsbehandling, Brist på stöttning från sin omgivning, Förändrad självuppfattning vid infertilitet. Kvinnors infertilitetsdiagnos påverkade kvinnor i alla delar av deras liv. Det framkom att majoriteten av kvinnorna har haft negativa upplevelser med hälso- och sjukvården. Olika läkare gav olika råd, känslig information sades utan taktkänsla, kvinnorna upplevde press från sjukvården hur de skulle behandlas. Konklusion: Endometrios och infertilitet påverkar kvinnor på flera plan i deras liv. Det är av vikt att hälso- och vårdpersonal har de rätta kunskaperna för att kunna lindra kvinnans lida och stötta henne. Det behövs mer forskning kring ämnet för en djupare förståelse av sjukdomen och utbildning till den drabbade kvinnans omgivning vore önskvärt. / Background: Endometriosis affects about 10% of women in fertile age. The disease correlates with infertility and leads to suffering in the affected women. Aim: The aim of the study was to highlight women's experiences of living with infertility related to endometriosis. Method: The study used a literature study as an approach. After the article search, nine result articles were selected. The articles were reviewed according to Carlsson and Eiman's (2003) review template, after that the results of the articles were compiled and then categorized according to how they answered the purpose. Results: The results were divided into five categories; The grief of being diagnosed with infertility, Dissatisfaction with the behavior of the healthcare system, Stresses of undergoing infertility treatment, Lack of support from those around them, Changed self-perception in infertility. Women's infertility diagnosis affected women in all areas of their lives. It highlighted that the majority of women have had negative experiences with health care. Different doctors gave different advice, sensitive information given without any concern and the women experienced pressure from the healthcare system as to how they should be treated. Conclusion: Endometriosis and infertility affect women on many levels in their lives. It is important that healthcare professionals have the right skills to be able to alleviate the woman's suffering and support her. More research is needed on the subject for a deeper understanding of the disease and education for the affected woman's surroundings would be desirable.

Delayed uterine clearance (DUC) is a significant problem contributing to subfertility and infertility in the mare, characterized by an accumulation of fluid and inflammatory debris in the uterine lumen following breeding events, venereal disease or an estral cycle. This syndrome is typically seen in older, multiparous mares and mares with poor reproductive tract conformation. The etiopathogenesis of DUC has not been fully elucidated but suggested causes include poor genital conformation, a cranioventrally tilted uterus, defective myometrial contractions, decreased intrauterine immune activity, inappropriate lymphatic drainage or mucus overproduction. The objective of this research was to evaluate gene expression of selected genes in endometrial tissue samples taken from three categories of mares (young fertile [YF], older clinically normal [ON] and older susceptible [OS]). The genes assayed in this research were oxytocin receptor, PGF2á receptor and progesterone receptor. The expression of each of these genes was normalized using the expression of two housekeeping genes, beta actin and ribosomal 18S RNA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was used to evaluate gene expression of the selected genes. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the expression of any of the three experimental genes among any of the three categories of mares. From this research, the direction of further research regarding the pathogenesis of DUC can be made: myometrial tissues can be assayed for similar genes, the expression of other genes regulating myometrial contraction can be assayed or the expression of uterorelaxants can be studied. / Master of Science