Yes / This chapter examines competition and collusion among criminal justice institutions and non-state actors in imprisonment in prisons in Brazil to analyse how both formal and informal dispositions and practices have created and sustain the mass incarceration that is a pre-condition for extensive prisoner self-governance. The chapter thus looks from the outside-in, examining how relationships between extra-mural institutions have created and sustained such an enormous prison population in Brazil. It also analyses these institutions and organisations as intra-mural actors that, through their action or inaction, exercise a key role in shaping the carceral experience for inmates. It highlights the competition between the different actors involved in the penal arena for control of the carceral space and of prisoners, driven by a variety of motives – rent-seeking, moral/philosophical, and territorial.

Yes / We investigated how carers of people with dementia evaluate their standing in their community and wider society, and if this is related to ‘living well’. We used baseline data from the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life programme and found that carers rated their standing in society higher than in their local community. Higher evaluations of both were associated with enhanced life satisfaction, well-being and quality of life. Initiatives that increase support or engagement in the community or wider society may help to increase carers’ perceptions of their social status, enhancing their ability to ‘live well’. / The IDEAL study was funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) through grant ES/L001853/2. The ESRC is part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). ‘Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: a longitudinal perspective on living well with dementia. The IDEAL-2 study’ was funded by the Alzheimer’s Society, grant number 348, AS-PR2-16-001.

The genesis of the informal sector in Mozambique is similar to the way it emerged in many other countries in the world, starting mainly with small businesses performed by unemployed people, peasent families, street vendors among others as their self employment. The informal sector offers a striking illustration of the strengths and weakness of enterprises in Mozambique. A simple and transparent legal framework, properly enforced is indispensable for the long term success of the informal sector to turn to formal sector. Taxation is controversary in the informal sector. The existing tax system in Mozambique is distorced and naturally contribute to a host of economic and social problems. The needed for the reform of taxation system has been acknowledged for instance the recent implementation of VAT system in Mozambique still on process of implementation. Taxes generated by the informal sector could contribute to the budget of the State. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

Substance abuse is a pervasive problem across the world. The most commonly abused substanc-es include tobacco, alcohol and dagga. In teenagers, research has found out that substance abuse is often linked to multiple factors such as scholastic problems, mental and health problems, risky sexual behaviour, accidents, crime and violence. The present study aimed to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes of teenagers towards substance abuse in an informal settlement. The target population were teenage girls and boys between the ages of 13 and 19. A mixed method approach was employed in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and used to collect data. This questionnaire contained both closed and open ended questions. The Statis-tical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Findings show that teen-agers have adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes towards substance abuse. However, the results also indicate that the provision of information on substance abuse remains important in shaping attitudes of young people. Interventions such as awareness campaigns, focus group discussions, education and developmental programmes that contribute to knowledge on the impact of and ways to control substance abuse are recommended / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This thesis is composed of three distinct but related essays. The first essay studies the role of the size of the economy in mitigating the impact of public sector corruption on economic development. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which growth occurs endogenously through the invention and manufacture of new intermediate goods that are used in the production of output. Potential innovators decide to enter the market considering the fraction of future profits that may be lost to corruption. We find that depending on the number of times bribes are demanded, the size of the economy may be an important factor in determining the effects of corruption on innovation and economic growth. The second essay presents an occupational choice model in which a household can choose either formal or informal entrepreneurship or at the subsistence livelihood. Credit market constraints and initial wealth conditions (bequest) determine an agent's occupational choice. Corruption arises when bureaucrats exchange investment permits for bribes. Corruption worsens credit market constraints. Equilibrium with corruption is characterised by an increase (decrease) in informal (formal) entrepreneurship and a decrease in formal entrepreneurship wealth. Since corruption-induced credit constrained households choose informal entrepreneurship as opposed to subsistence livelihood income in the formal sector, the informal economy is shown to mitigate the extent of income inequality. The third essay explains the role of bureaucratic corruption in undermining public service delivery, public finance, and economic development through incentivising tax evasion. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model in which a taxable household observes the quality of public services and decides whether or not to fulfil his tax obligation. Bureaucratic corruption compromises the quality of public services such that a taxable household develops incentives to evade tax payment. We show that corruption-induced tax evasion increases the likelihood of a budget deficit, renders tax payable increase counter-productive, and aggravates the negative effect of bureaucratic corruption on economic development.

Substance abuse is a pervasive problem across the world. The most commonly abused substanc-es include tobacco, alcohol and dagga. In teenagers, research has found out that substance abuse is often linked to multiple factors such as scholastic problems, mental and health problems, risky sexual behaviour, accidents, crime and violence. The present study aimed to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes of teenagers towards substance abuse in an informal settlement. The target population were teenage girls and boys between the ages of 13 and 19. A mixed method approach was employed in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and used to collect data. This questionnaire contained both closed and open ended questions. The Statis-tical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Findings show that teen-agers have adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes towards substance abuse. However, the results also indicate that the provision of information on substance abuse remains important in shaping attitudes of young people. Interventions such as awareness campaigns, focus group discussions, education and developmental programmes that contribute to knowledge on the impact of and ways to control substance abuse are recommended / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)

The aim of the diploma thesis themed Long-term care and the informal persons caring for clients is to identify both positive and negative aspects of the long-term care and its influence on physical and mental condition of persons taking care and their closest relatives. At first, the thesis deals with the issue of long-term care in the Czech republic and its division into two categories, formal and informal. Furthermore, the thesis presents the situation of the informal caregivers who have to face various obstacles arising from the nature of long-term care, such as their complicated relation with the formal institutions, lack of financial support, worsening of their lives' qualities and also lack of social recognition of their status. In order to retrieve the relevant information within the scope of the research question, the method using half-structured interviews was used. The research sample consisted of 7 female respondents from České Budějovice and its surroundings who were taking care of persons between the age of 5 and 71 years. The pesons suffered either physical or mental disorders. Some of them suffered both physical and mental disorder. At the beginning of the research the caregivers received two main questions. The first question was focusing on their perception of the current system of rules for informal caregivers, whether they support it or not. The second question aimed on describing the biggest positives and also the setbacks related to the care of person with some kind of disorder. The outcome of the interviews was that if a person decides to care of a close person with disorder there is a wide network of social services provided for him, even though it could be definitely improved. The issues which could be improved are primarily financial income of caregivers, accessibility and afffordability of relief services, providing more information and education for the informal caregivers, and last but not least the opportunity for caregivers' self-realization and their position at the labour market.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simao Joao Samba.pdf: 24763283 bytes, checksum: 7347a42b31801453314a84c2b05ecb6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was carried out in Luanda, capital of the Republic of Angola, from the experience of work and life of young migrants involved in informal work in Luanda, specifically the street vendors. The objective was to analyze the meanings that young migrants involved in informal work in Luanda, attach to their experiences as well as the reasons that led then to the involvement of such activities. Understand these informal activities and understand as well how it contribute to overcame their poor working conditions and the survival of this young vendors, since they live mostly in a context marked by extreme poverty, vulnerability, exclusion and social inequality. It is understood that the knowledge and analysis of the meanings of these young people attribute to their stories and experiences, as well as the reasons for their involvement in informal activities, current issues are social important, given the few or almost no studies that address this reality from the view of who is involved in it. It is a qualitative study, based on Marx's social theory, specifically in the analytical perspective of dialectical materialism critical. The study included 16 young migrants, informal workers in Luanda, of both sex, aged between 18 and 35 years. We used as data collection technique of participant observation and systematic interviews and group oriented script prepared in advance, both complemented by bibliographic and documentary research. A field diary was used to record the necessary information, which later contributed to the analysis of information obtained and presented in this paper. The testimonies of this young people pointed out the alternative of the informal work as a mean of survival strategy, which cater to the lack of jobs that could absorb them. On the other hand, showed that there is a crackdown on this type of work, by the state, without the state providing alternatives to enable them to survive. It also pointed out that those young people do not have the informal work as a project of their life; many of them are doing this informal work and studying at the same time, which they believe could open employment opportunities for then. The migration of these young people to the capital in search of a better living conditions, work, security, protection and opportunity, was mainly due to the war and lack of investment in rural areas. It is concluded that informal work is an alternative and strategy of those young people to overcome the lack of jobs and the multiple losses and miseries that they go through their life stories and trajectories, including the lack of conditions to keep up with dignity and provide the essential to their children and dependents. These situations highlight the need to think in social and public policies capable of achieving the desires, aspirations and expectations of these individuals and ensure their protection, while construction of new spaces of possibilities and ways of life of those who are deprived of their fundamental rights / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na província de Luanda, capital da República de Angola, a partir das experiências de trabalho e de vida dos jovens migrantes envolvidos com o trabalho informal, mais especificamente a venda ambulante. O objetivo foi analisar os significados que os jovens migrantes, trabalhadores informais em Luanda, atribuem às suas experiências, bem como os motivos que os levaram ao envolvimento com tais atividades. A compreensão dessas atividades informais contribui para a superação das condições precárias de trabalho e sobrevivência dos jovens, uma vez que vivem, em sua maioria, em contexto marcado por extrema pobreza, vulnerabilidade, exclusão e desigualdade social. Entende-se que o conhecimento e a análise dos significados atribuídos por esses jovens às suas histórias e vivências, assim como os motivos do envolvimento deles nas atividades informais, constituem temas atuais e socialmente importantes, atendendo aos poucos ou à quase inexistência de estudos que abordem essa realidade a partir da visão de quem nela esteja envolvido. É um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na teoria social de Marx, mais concretamente na perspectiva analítica do materialismo dialético crítico. Participaram do estudo 16 jovens migrantes, trabalhadores informais em Luanda, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos. Foram utilizadas como técnicas de coleta de informações a observação participante e sistemática e entrevistas grupais orientadas por roteiro previamente elaborado, ambas complementadas por pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Um diário de campo serviu para registrar as informações necessárias, as quais, posteriormente, contribuíram para a análise das informações obtidas e apresentadas neste trabalho. Os depoimentos dos jovens apontaram o trabalho informal como alternativa e estratégia de sobrevivência, que atendem à falta de postos de trabalho que pudessem absorvê-los. Por outro lado, mostraram que há uma repressão a esse tipo de trabalho, por parte do Estado, sem que este ofereça alternativas que lhes possibilitem a sobrevivência. Apontaram também que os jovens não têm o trabalho informal como projeto de vida, tanto é que muitos deles estão se empenhando em estudos que, acreditam, poderão abrir-lhes outras e novas oportunidades de emprego. A migração desses jovens para as capitais das províncias em busca de melhores condições de vida, de trabalho, de segurança, de proteção e de novas oportunidades, ocorreu principalmente em decorrência da guerra e da falta de investimentos nas zonas rurais. Conclui-se, que o trabalho informal é alternativa e estratégia dos jovens para superarem a falta de emprego e as múltiplas perdas e misérias que atravessam suas histórias e trajetórias de vida, incluindo a falta de condições para manter-se com dignidade e oferecer o essencial aos seus filhos e dependentes. Essas situações evidenciam a necessidade de pensar-se em políticas sociais e públicas capazes de alcançar os anseios, as aspirações e as expectativas desses sujeitos e garantir sua proteção, enquanto espaços de construção de novas formas e possibilidades de vida de quem se encontra destituído de seus direitos fundamentais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Indira Lazarine Catoto Monteiro.pdf: 2134263 bytes, checksum: 4597ad654933b4bfff77f406c57ec770 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation analysis the modes of living and of working of the zungueira woman or street vendor in Luanda, capital of Angola. Since period before the independence (1975), the country lives situations of extreme poverty and socioeconomic precariousness, that manifests by informal work activities and so much precarious street trading situated in the limits of the violation of rights. Angola has passed by a long armed conflict (1975-2002), with agglomeration of populations displaced by the war in the cities, making greater the social question and the resettlement of part of this population that is interested in return (2002) to your origin areas. This situation has worsened still more the social condition of the population in situation of poverty, making bigger the socioeconomic inequality, the insufficiency in the public policies, the precarious access to the basic social services as water, health, habitation, education and citizen participation. This process has triggered the development of survival strategies and made greater the number of people that have done the informal work, with expressive presence of the zungueira woman. This study wants to know and analyze the reality of this woman and provide visibility of the situation of extreme precariousness, like subsidy for the elaboration of public policies directed to the improvement of your conditions of life. By the realized interviews with zungueira women that resides in suburban neighborhoods of Luanda, the qualitative research analyzed the daily practices of those women in your link with the zunga, while the necessary survival strategy to the creation of life conditions and the significance of the street trading in your lives / Esta dissertação analisa os modos de vida e de trabalho da zungueira ou vendedora ambulante em Luanda, capital de Angola. Desde o período anterior à Independência (1975), o país vive em situação de extrema pobreza e precariedade socioeconômica, que se manifestam por meio de atividades de trabalho informal e comércio ambulante muito precarizado, situado nos limites da violação de direitos. Angola vivenciou um longo conflito armado (1975-2002), com aglomeração de populações deslocadas de guerra nas cidades, agudizando a questão social e o reassentamento de parcela desta população interessada em regressar (2002) às suas áreas de origem. Essa situação agravou ainda mais a condição social da população em situação de pobreza, aprofundando a desigualdade socioeconômica, a insuficiência das políticas públicas, o precário acesso aos serviços sociais básicos como água, saúde, habitação, educação e à participação cidadã. Esses processos desencadearam o desenvolvimento de estratégias de sobrevivência e o aumento do número de pessoas, que exerciam trabalho informal, com a presença expressiva da mulher que zunga. Este estudo pretende conhecer e analisar a realidade desta mulher e conferir visibilidade da situação de extrema precariedade, como subsídio para a elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas à melhoria de suas condições de vida. Por meio das entrevistas realizadas com zungueiras residentes em bairros suburbanos de Luanda, a pesquisa qualitativa analisou as práticas cotidianas dessas mulheres em seu vínculo com a zunga, enquanto estratégia de sobrevivência necessária à criação de condições de vida e o significado do comércio ambulante em suas vidas

Este estudo analisa a formalização dos empreendimentos industriais de confecção na cidade de Caruaru. A região do Polo de Confecções do Agreste Pernambucano é composta por diversos municípios, entre eles Caruaru, com uma significativa produção de artigos de vestuário. Esse aglomerado produtivo começou a se formar ainda na década de 1950 e, desde a origem, a maior parte das atividades é desenvolvida de maneira informal. Contudo, a partir de 1990 o aglomerado vem passando por processos crescentes de modernização, industrialização e uma imbricação cada vez maior com a dinâmica capitalista, atraindo a ação do Estado e do capital. Uma das principais transformações é a regularização fiscal das unidades produtivas. Frente a esta realidade nossa problemática se volta para o processo de formalização da indústria: oficinas, que iniciaram suas atividades predominantemente em domicílios, com mão de obra familiar e informal, e se tornaram fábricas de confecção. O problema de pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que a informalidade histórica e dominante, tanto das unidades produtivas como das relações de trabalho, está sendo reconfigurada pelo processo de formalização. A análise mobiliza a discussão conceitual sobre informalidade, flexibilização e precariedade. Sendo a flexibilização do processo produtivo e das relações de trabalho uma condição do capitalismo flexível, sendo o trabalho familiar, informal e precário uma característica histórica e constitutiva desta região, existindo o crescente movimento de imbricação com a dinâmica capitalista de cujos processos de formalização são uma expressão, perguntamos: qual o significado da formalização? A partir da formalização dos empreendimentos, o que está se constituindo como (novo) padrão em termos de relações de trabalho? O debate teórico central gravita em torno do conceito de processos de informalização, de Maria Cristina Cacciamali (2000, 2011), que servem de terreno para a discussão acerca da nova informalidade, a qual tem sido desenvolvida, principalmente, por Angela Maria Carneiro Araújo (2011), Maria da Graça Druck (2011a) e Roberto Véras de Oliveira (2011 a/b). A base metodológica está composta por entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação dos locais de produção e comercialização e coleta de dados em fontes secundárias. A partir da análise do processo de formalização dos empreendimentos industriais, acompanhada da retomada das transformações por que tem passado este aglomerado produtivo, concluímos que está se consolidando um padrão de formalização: a formalização institucional que engendra relações de trabalho informais. Nesse sentido, a informalidade tem sido capaz de se preservar, reproduzir, e, sobretudo, ser ressignificada pela ação dos empresários e por meio dos novos métodos de gestão empresarial, tais como os processos de terceirização e subcontratação da produção que, no contexto do Polo, encontram uma atmosfera favorável e fértil, devido à “naturalização” do trabalho informal. / This study analyzes the formalization of manufacturing industrial enterprises in the city of Caruaru. The region of Agreste Pernambucanoé's Clothing Complex is composed of several municipalities, including Caruaru, with a significant production of clothing articles. This productive cluster was formed during the 1950s, and its activities have been developing informally from the outset. However, since 1990, it has been undergoing increasing processes of modernization, industrialization and a growing overlap with the capitalist dynamic, attracting the action of the state and of the capital. One of the main changes is the tax regularization of productive plants. Considering this reality, we observe the industry formalization process: workshops which began operations predominantly in households with family and informal labor force and became confection factories. The research problem considers that historical and dominant informality, both of production units as of labor relations, is being reconfigured by the formalization process. The analysis mobilizes the conceptual discussion of informality, flexibility and precariousness. Considering that the flexibility of the production process and working relations has a current flexible capitalism paradigm, that the familiar, informal and precarious labor force is a historical and constitutional status of this region and that there is a growing movement of overlap with the capitalist dynamics whose formalization processes are an expression, we ask: what is the meaning of formalization? From the formalization of enterprises, that is constituted as (new) standard in terms of labor relations? The central theoretical debate revolves around the concept of informal processes, by Maria Cristina Cacciamali (2000, 2011), which serve as ground for the discussion of new informality, which has been developed mainly by Angela Maria Carneiro Araújo (2011), Maria da Graça Druck (2011a) and Roberto Véras de Oliveira (2011/b). The methodological base is composed of semi-structured interviews, observation of production and dealing sites and data collection on secondary sources. From the analysis of the process of industrial enterprises formalization and with the resumption of transformations that this production cluster has passed through, we considerer that a pattern of formalization is consolidating: institutional formalization that engenders informal labor relations. In this sense, informality has been able to preserve, reproduce, and, above all, be re-signified by the action of entrepreneurs and through new methods of business management, such as business process outsourcing and subcontracting production in the context of the Complex, and it also finds a favorable and fertile atmosphere due to the "naturalization" of informal work.