El presente proyecto de innovación busca mejorar la gestión en la Superintendencia de Transporte Terrestre de Personas, Carga y Mercancías – SUTRAN, considerando que esta, tiene como problema público el “Inadecuado diseño de la estrategia de fiscalización contra la informalidad del transporte interprovincial de pasajeros en la región Lima”, generado por las causas siguientes: carencia de estudios técnicos e inversión en investigación, limitados sistemas de procesos y personal con pasivo compromiso. En resumen, “la SUTRAN adolece de un proceso de diseño de la estrategia de fiscalización contra la informalidad del transporte interprovincial de personas”. Con dicha problemática nace la interrogante, ¿Cómo podemos establecer un modelo de gestión estratégico y dúctil, que permita a la SUTRAN diseñar mecanismos eficaces de fiscalización contra la informalidad del transporte interprovincial de pasajeros?, con ello y en respuesta a la interrogante se ha desarrollado el “prototipo” final de innovación denominado “Modelo de Gestión del Laboratorio de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación IDI, basado en procesos – SUTRANIN”, que está compuesto de los siguientes componentes: Componente 1 – Input: Recolección, procesamiento, estructuración y análisis de información. A su vez, este componente está integrado por tres (03) subcomponente: (i) Captura o recolección de la información; (ii) Almacenamiento y Procesamiento de la Información; y (iii) Análisis de la Información. Componente 2 – Proceso: Definición, desarrollo, prototipado y evolución de las estrategias generadas. A su vez, este componente está integrado por tres (03) subcomponentes: (i) Exploración y valoración de la evidencia; (ii) Diseño de la estrategia; y (iii) Construcción e iteración de la estrategia. Componente 3 – Output y Evaluación: Formalización del Producto, Ejecución, Seguimiento y Evaluación de las Estrategias. A su vez, este componente está integrado por dos (02) subcomponentes: (i) Output: Formalización y ejecución de estrategia; y, (ii) Evaluación de la Estrategia. / This innovation project seeks to improve management in the Superintendency of Land Transport of People, Cargo and Merchandise - SUTRAN, considering that this has as a public problem the "Inadequate design of the control strategy against informality of inter- provincial passenger transport in the Lima region”, generated by the following causes: lack of technical studies and investment in research, limited process systems and personnel with passive commitment. In summary, "SUTRAN suffers from a process of designing the control strategy against the informality of inter-provincial transport of people”. With this problem, the question arises, how can we establish a strategic and ductile management model that allows SUTRAN to design effective control mechanisms against the informality of inter-provincial passenger transport? With this, and in response to the question, it has been developed the final "prototype" of innovation called "Management Model of the Research, Development and Innovation Laboratory IDI, based on processes - SUTRANIN", which is composed of the following components: Component. 1 - Input: Collection, processing, structuring and analysis of information. In turn, this component is made up of three (03) subcomponents: (i) Capture or collection of information; (ii) Storage and Processing of Information; and (iii) Analysis of the Information. Component. 2 - Process: Definition, development, prototyping and evolution of the generated strategies. In turn, this component is made up of three (03) subcomponents: (i) Exploration and evaluation of the evidence; (ii) Design of the strategy; and (iii) Construction and iteration of the strategy. Component. 3 - Output and Evaluation: Product Formalization, Execution, Monitoring and Evaluation of the Strategies. In turn, this component is made up of two (02) subcomponents: (i) Output: Formalization and execution of strategy; and (ii) Evaluation of the Strategy.

Beginning band directors appear to prioritize notation-based practices in their programs and rehearsals despite cognitive research indicating the necessity of audiation for musical comprehension and success. During rehearsals, directors oversee musical success and cognition suggesting the potentiality to improve upon traditional forms of teaching in order to prioritize audiation and encourage its systematic improvement. Using Edwin Gordon’s work on audiation and applications from cognitive research as my theoretical framework, I surveyed, observed, and interviewed beginning band directors regarding their prioritization of audiation during rehearsals. In this mixed methods study in which I used an explanatory sequential, multiple case study design, beginning band directors from select institutions and Gordon Institute of Music Learning certificate holders (N = 20) were asked to complete an online survey answering Likert-scaled and open-ended questions regarding rehearsal activities and students’ musical success. After survey completion, each volunteer director (n = 4) was observed twice, interviewed individually, and interviewed collectively in a focus group. Following the transcription of observations and interviews, open-ended survey responses, observations, and interviews were coded and major themes generated. Three implications for band directors and music educators included, first, valuing an unlimited pedagogy with a de-emphasis on decoding and repertoire and a reemphasis on ear playing and informal learning. Second, preparatory experiences are important for comprehensive success in beginning instrumental study. Third, a beginning band curriculum that is intentionally seeking to create comprehensive musicianship among beginners may be best achieved by balancing traditional pedagogy, Music Learning Theory, and informal music learning approaches. Future research might examine directors’ teaching inclusions and pedagogy over a more extensive period of time or as a single case study. Future research could also document audiation instruction from the student perspective.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård kommer att krävas allt större omfattning under de kommande åren till följd av en åldrande befolkning och ökningen av kroniska sjukdomar. Palliativ vård är mest effektiv när den sätts in tidigt i sjukdomsförloppet. Närstående har idag en betydande roll i vården av svårt sjuka patienter och ett av syftena med palliativ vård är att förbättra välbefinnande hos närstående till personer som lever med livshotande och livsbegränsande sjukdom. Närstående i palliativ vård har ett behov av kunskap och stöd från vårdpersonal. Att främja närståendes upplevelse av förberedelse för vård är ett viktigt resultat för interventionsstudier i palliativ vård. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa närståendes erfarenheter av digitala stödjandeinterventioner i palliativ vård. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökning och induktiv ansats baserad på tio granskade vetenskapliga artiklar. Data analyserades enligt Whittemore & Knafls (2005) modell. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades: förberedelse för att vårda och för döden, delaktighet och samhörighet, trygghet och kontroll och utmaningar i det digitala formatet. Videoutbildning uppskattades mest av närstående eftersom det gav känsla av igenkänning. Stödgrupper på nätet upplevdes som ett sätt att bilda socialt nätverk och komma ifrån isolering. Videokonsulttjänst via iPad och webbverktyg gav både fysiskt, psykosocialt och praktiskt stöd. Tidsbrist, bristande kunskap av internet samt vårdbörda av patienter minskade närståendes förmåga att engagera sig i stödgrupper eller onlineforumet. Slutsats: Digitala stödjande interventioner till närstående i palliativ vård ökade närståendes känsla av förberedelse i vårdanderollen och döden samt kompetens och belöning i relation till vård. Digitala interventioner ska ses som ett komplement till fysiska vårdmöten. / Background: Palliative care will increasingly be required in years to come due to ageing population and the increase in chronic diseases. Palliative care is most effective when introduced in the early stage of the disease. Informal caregivers today have a significant role in caring of a seriously ill family member. One of the purposes of palliative care is to improve the well-being of informal caregivers of patients living with life-threatening and life-limiting illness. Informal caregivers have a need for knowledge and support from professionals. Promoting informal caregivers´ experience of preparedness for care is an important outcome for study interventions in palliative care. Aim: The aim was to describe the informal caregivers´ experiences of digital supportive interventions in palliative care. Method: Integrative literature study with systematic search and inductive approach based on ten reviewed scientific articles. The data was analyzed according to Whittemore and Knafls (2005) model. Results: The results were presented in four main categories; preparedness in caregiving role and for death, participation and belonging, safeness and control and challenges in the digital format. Video training was most appreciated by informal caregivers because it gave a feeling of recognition. Online support groups were perceived as a way to create a social network and help with isolation. Video consultation services via iPad and the web tool provided both physical, psychosocial and practical support. Lack of internet knowledge, time and the care burden of patients reduced the ability of informal caregivers to get involved in support groups or the online forum. Conclusion: Digital supportive interventions for informal caregivers in palliative care increased the informal caregivers' preparedness in the caregiving role and death, as well as competence and reward in relation to care. Digital interventions should be seen as a complement to face-to-face contact.

Grandes áreas de las ciudades venezolanas, han surgido producto de crecimientos marginales no planificados que desbordan sus límites. El Estado ha venido ejecutando políticas y acciones a los fines de simultáneamente controlar el crecimiento y mejorar la calidad de vida urbana; sin embargo, la urbanización ha avanzado y la ciudad se ha extendido de manera no controlada, generando fragmentación y desarticulación que son la expresión física de la marginalidad, pobreza y segregación. Se presenta resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas durante el período 2002 - 2011, centradas en el análisis de Maracaibo y su urbanización marginal, aceptando la diversidad de enfoques e intentando dar respuesta a las características de la dimensión física de la ciudad, su forma y función, como creación de un proceso de crecimiento y producción en el cual, influye la acción de los sistemas políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales, que se integran para producir un hecho urbano. En este contexto es analizado y caracterizado el proceso de urbanización marginal de Maracaibo, y la configuración de su genoma urbano, identificando y describiendo los diferentes genes tipológicos que lo constituyen para revelar el impacto de los asentamientos informales en la morfología de la ciudad, determinando que variables han operado en su aparición y ubicación espacial. De esta forma, se reconoce la producción del genoma urbano como resultado de intervenciones ejecutadas de manera oficial por medio del planeamiento así como, las realizadas desde la urbanización marginal. La metodología combina el método tradicional cuantitativo de tipificación de tejidos urbanos con la propuesta de operacionalización de las formas de crecimiento urbano de Solà-Morales (1997) y la genética del territorio; generando una aproximación analítica que permite reconocer la ciudad informal como producto cultural de un proceso de autoproducción de colectivos sociales, que acompañado de un gran contenido de análisis histórico, permite caracterizar el proceso de evolución morfogenético del genoma urbano en siete períodos de estudios, identificando el impacto que de la urbanización informal y los instrumentos de ordenación y planeamiento han generado en la morfología de la ciudad. Con ese objetivo se elabora un sistema de información geográfico que permite cuantificar y generar las cartografías que ilustran el proceso de evolución del genoma. Se concluye, reconociendo a Maracaibo como una ciudad informal y la urbanización marginal como proceso dominante en la urbanización, los genes tipológicos barrios como los preponderantes y protagonistas de proceso de configuración del genoma y el planeamiento como instrumento que si bien ha estructurado el territorio y generado policentralidad, el mismo estuvo basado, en parte, en el reconocimiento de las tendencias de las dinámicas informales, y legitima las ocupaciones informales por medio de la expansión de los límites urbanos y su zonificación de usos como áreas residenciales. Para finalmente, caracterizar el genoma como una configuración dual que expresa: monocentralidad, fragmentación, polarización, segregación, cuya gestión fue centralizada, y su evolución hacia un genoma complejo, diverso, hibrido, policéntrico, cuya gestión pública se debate entre el modelo descentralizado y el diluido comunal centralizado. / Reyes Arrieta, RA. (2013). La Ciudad Informal: Caracterización Morfogenética del Proceso de Urbanización Marginal de Maracaibo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31525

Yes / This study examines the institutional arrangements that define the characteristics of national legal systems that are used to protect intellectual property (IP) assets embedded in outward FDI. The focus of the study is on how the institutional underpinnings of IPR regimes affect the costs and risk of using legal arenas to enable effective use of IP assets. Following a property rights approach it is postulated that formal and informal institutional arrangements influence how IP regimes affect the transaction costs and risk associated with converting ownership rights over IP into economic rights. Informal institutions are considered to affect the behaviour of agents involved in enforcing legal rights. This behaviour influences how IP law is implemented in legal arenas and thereby impacts on the efficacy of IPR regimes to help secure economic rights from the use of IP assets. Using data on outward FDI from the USA to 42 host countries the results find that the strength of informal institutions connected to the enforcement of IP in a country directly affects outcomes and positively moderates the effect of formal legal aspects of IP law on FDI flows. The results highlight the importance of informal institutional aspects connected to the behaviour of enforcement agents when using national legal systems to protect IP rights in cross-frontier transactions.

Yes / In this conceptual paper, we respond to the calls for broader theoretical approaches that can coherently demonstrate a high degree of conceptual sensitivity to multiple combinations of institutional factors influencing women's informal entrepreneurship (WIE) and related agency. We do so by integrating constructs of gender and gender inequality with those of institutional logics and institutional voids. We find that a refined understanding of institutional voids is required to pave the way for a meaningful theoretical integration and empirical application of the related conceptualizations. We offer such a revised definition by placing formal and informal logics (rather than institutions) at the heart of it. In our theorizing, we propose that gender interplaying with formal and informal institutional logics create varying degrees of obscure and unique institutional voids that shape WIE prevalence. The proposed harmonized theoretical lens provides researchers with flexible yet consistent guidance for conducting context-specific empirical work that can coherently advance understanding of underlying logics shaping WIE and related agency. / Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, Jan 2023.

En el Perú, al igual que en la mayoría de países del mundo, el comercio informal de películas digitales está tipificado como delito. Sin embargo, la inmensa mayoría de consumidores peruanos de películas compra copias DVD piratas, y por lo tanto actúan al margen de la ley. Las normas vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual que ilegitiman este comercio de películas han terminado cuestionando los usos, costumbres y valores de los peruanos. El derecho de acceso libre a la información y cultura que hoy se plantea la sociedad global colisiona con los intereses económicos de las corporaciones productoras de audiovisuales (fundamentalmente con Hollywood) y con una legislación sobre propiedad intelectual que estas corporaciones han promovido a lo largo de las últimas décadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y analizar algunos temas que nos ayuden a entender el origen, sentido, causas y consecuencias de la problemática cultural y social generada a propósito de la envergadura alcanzada por el comercio informal de películas digitales en el Perú. Para ello, revelaré la manera en que la revolución tecnológica digital ha precipitado la problemática del comercio informal de películas, también mostraré cómo se ha transformado la cadena productiva, de distribución y de consumo de los productos audiovisuales como consecuencia de la revolución tecnológica y la demanda creciente de la población de acceder a la información y la cultura. Como complemento a este aspecto del problema analizaré la historia global y local de la legislación sobre propiedad intelectual para conocer cómo ésta se ha ido modificando a lo largo de los años en beneficio de intereses específicos.

Around the sports world, a considerable shift and trend reversal from organized club-based sportsengagement to unorganized forms of sport participation, also known as informal sports, is taking place. As a result, Swedish communities allocate funds from tight budgets for informal sports facilities and encourage investments due to concerns that fewer children and young people are active in sports clubs and that physical activity is no longer seen as an obvious part of leisure activities. However,previous research shows that such interventions often fail to effectively engage the sedentary and inactive target demographic, instead offering additional opportunities for individuals who are already physically active to engage in sports. When the pandemic broke out and authorities recommended avoiding shared indoor spaces many chose to spend their new found free time outdoors in recreational areas. This study's aim was to generate knowledge about engagement in informal sports in recreational areas and its relation to individuals’ sports backgrounds. During four observation occasions a participatory observation study was conducted to obtain a broader picture of the various individuals who visits a recreational area in a city in northern Sweden. The results suggest that sports background and athletic experience play a significant role in determining who visits the recreational area for informal sports. These visitors are not a societal group that policymakers should be concerned about in terms of promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Informal language learners from extended language immersion settings such as missionaries often have very disparate outcomes. Some learners achieve high proficiency levels while others fossilize in their interlanguage once they reach basic communicative competence. Could these differences in language outcomes be explained by learning strategies, motivation, or other psychological factors? To investigate these differences, 20 participants were selected based on participation in a post-mission language ability self-assessment resource (LASER) who had taken an Oral Proficiency Interview – Computer (OPIc). These learners were interviewed to probe beyond the LASER and discover what factors seemed to correlate with higher language proficiency outcomes. A qualitative analysis of these interviews revealed different factors that individually contribute to the success of individual learners. Some of these factors are interpreted as being consequences of proficiency rather than causes of it. Deliberate memorization of vocabulary and a sense of pride or perfectionism were hallmarks of higher achieving learners. Emerging across learners as key to higher proficiency was time spent in an immersive environment and with native speakers. This study has implications for autonomous or informal learners in identifying those strategies and motivations that have yielded success for others, as well as for the academic fields that study motivational, strategic, and individual variables in second language learning.

Yes / Health and care services for patients may improve or harm the wellbeing of their family carers. Formal consideration of these effects (also known as spillovers) in decision-making is advocated, but, to date, little is known about how they occur. This paper presents the first empirical study to determine the mechanisms by which health and care services affect family carers' wellbeing. The study focused on three major health conditions: dementia, stroke, and mental health. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 49 purposefully sampled care professionals and family carers in the UK between December 2016 and September 2017. Transcripts were coded and analysed thematically, using descriptive accounts and an explanatory account. The analysis generated six over-arching mechanisms by which health and care services affect family carers' wellbeing, through: (i) information (degree to which service delivery informs and trains family carers); (ii) management of care (shifts of responsibility for care between formal and family sectors); (iii) patient outcomes (services changing patient outcomes); (iv) alienation (feelings of alienation or inclusion created by service delivery); (v) compliance (barriers to patients complying and engaging with services); and (vi) timing or location (changes in the timing or location of services). Each mechanism was associated with sub-themes relating to both positive and negative spillovers on the family carers. The six mechanisms can be summarised with the mnemonic ‘IMPACT’. The IMPACT mechanisms may be useful in designing and evaluating services to optimise the wellbeing of carers as well as patients. / Hareth Al-Janabi is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Career Development Fellowship (CDF-2015-08-025) for this research project. Mel Calvert is partially funded by the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre at the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham. This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).