Currently, some changes at the school environment have been caused by technological progress and among these changes, it has been highlighted the relationship between schools and the new generation of students, which generally grow surrounded by digital technologies since their birth, the so-called Digital Natives. Virtual information, available on the internet through digital devices such as laptops, tablets and smartphones, contributes to a way of learning beyond school, at any time and place. Therefore, it becomes relevant to grasp through students realization the technological influence on their daily lives and how technology contributes to the different ways of learning. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between virtual informal learning and formal school learning through the perception of students about the influence of digital technologies on their knowledge acquisition processes. Empirical research was carried out from the administration of a semi-structured interview to students between 14 and 18 years old from high school of four different schools of Rio de Janeiro, two of them belonged to the private school system whereas the others belonged to the public one. The data show that young people are hyper-connected to digital information and communication technologies, they are digital natives and although their daily routine is filled with virtual networks experience, they do not disqualify the school experience. Despite addressing some critical view about traditional learning methodology, school is still described by students as a scenario that brings advantages as it is able to provide direction for learning, through teacher-student relationship as support, besides its ability to set up social networks. Eventually, digital devices are used by young people not only for leisure, but also for educational purposes and that can become an enabler tool for teachers on their teaching process. / Atualmente, algumas transforma??es no cen?rio escolar v?m sendo proporcionadas pelo avan?o tecnol?gico e uma delas ? a rela??o que a escola estabelece com a nova gera??o de alunos, os quais, em geral, crescem cercados por tecnologias digitais desde o seu nascimento, os chamados Nativos Digitais. A virtualidade das informa??es acess?veis atrav?s da internet por dispositivos digitais como notebooks, tablets e smartphones concorre para uma forma de aprendizagem para al?m dos muros da escola, a qualquer momento e local. Assim, torna-se importante compreender atrav?s dos pr?prios alunos a influ?ncia que exerce a tecnologia no seu cotidiano e de que modo a tecnologia contribui para as diferentes formas de aprender. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a rela??o entre a aprendizagem informal digital e a aprendizagem formal escolar atrav?s da percep??o de alunos sobre a influ?ncia das tecnologias digitais nos seus processos de aquisi??o de conhecimento. A pesquisa emp?rica foi realizada a partir da aplica??o de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado a alunos entre 14 e 18 anos do ensino m?dio de quatro escolas do Rio de Janeiro, duas da rede de ensino privada e duas da rede p?blica. Os dados obtidos revelam que os jovens est?o hiperconectados ?s tecnologias digitais de informa??o e comunica??o, s?o nativos digitais e, embora o cotidiano desses jovens seja marcado pelas experi?ncias nas redes virtuais, eles n?o desqualificam a experi?ncia escolar. Apesar de apresentarem cr?ticas ao modelo tradicional de ensino, a escola ? descrita pelos jovens como um cen?rio que traz vantagens por ser capaz de oferecer um direcionamento para aprendizagem, por apresentar na rela??o professor-aluno um suporte, al?m de se configurar como um ambiente de forma??o de la?os sociais. Por fim, os dispositivos digitais s?o utilizados pelos jovens n?o s? para o lazer, mas para fins educacionais e se apresentam como recursos de estudos individuais e coletivos, o que indica que podem se tornar potenciais ferramentas facilitadoras para o professor no processo de ensino.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Jardim Ushiro.pdf: 1661209 bytes, checksum: aff20ed0fc60e71f438b93a8135fc329 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / The growth of competitiveness has forced organizations to adapt and reinvent themselves constantly. This context implies directly in reasons found by the individuals to learn, like solving a problem, for example, leading them to use different strategies for the learning process. Learning strategies may be informal, like asking for help to colleagues or reading a technical material. It may be also formal, like attending training programs offered by the company. This study aimed to measure and understand which learning strategies are mostly used according to four different objective identified in the workplace: solving a problem, performing a new task, obtaining autonomy and increasing the growth chances in the company. The sample was consisted of 4632 workers from the production line in an automotive company. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to ensure the validity and reliability of the measures subsequently, the factor scores were used in the comparisons of the use of each learning strategy for each purpose. The results showed that the learning strategies applied do not differ according to the four objectives presented. Among the surveyed strategies, the most used is interpersonal help-seeking, this means, asking support or information to other people at workplace. Written help-seeking and participation in courses are less applied. / O aumento da competitividade tem forçado as organizações a se adaptarem e reinventarem constantemente. Esse contexto implica diretamente em motivos encontrados pelos indivíduos para aprender, como resolver um problema, por exemplo, levando os mesmos a utilizarem diferentes estratégias no processo de aprendizagem. As estratégias podem ter um caráter informal, como pedir ajuda aos colegas, pesquisar material escrito, ou formal, como participar de cursos oferecidos pela empresa. Este estudo procurou mensurar e compreender quais estratégias de aprendizagem são mais utilizadas de acordo com quatro finalidades identificadas no local de trabalho: resolver um problema, executar uma nova tarefa, obter autonomia e aumentar as chances de crescimento na empresa. A amostra foi composta por 463 profissionais que atuam na linha de produção de uma empresa do ramo automotivo. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias para se garantir a validade e confiabilidade das medidas, posteriormente, os escores fatoriais foram utilizados nas comparações do uso de cada estratégia de aprendizagem para cada finalidade. Os resultados demonstraram que as estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas não diferem conforme as quatro finalidades apresentadas. Dentre as estratégias pesquisadas, a mais utilizada é a ajuda interpessoal, ou seja, buscar informações e conhecimentos com outras pessoas. As estratégias menos utilizadas são a consulta a material escrito e a participação em cursos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laila Mackenzie Mendonca.pdf: 5670314 bytes, checksum: 56a6c9bc06b7e170685acaecdb9fa6df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / In the analysis of 50 years of expand the "urban irregularity" in Brasilia, it appears that although the state has possession of a substantial part of the urban land - 51%, a fact unique in Brazilian cities - and also has the control of the planning process, Brasília has poor neighborhoods with slums and low-income population subdivisions. The modern planning, deployed from the PEOT of 1977, and the intense state control over the occupation of the territory did not prevent many pioneer settlements, like the Núcleo Bandeirante and Vila Planalto; they prospered and reached the 1980s consolidated. The State, even though the having the "meat and potatoes" in hand, to make living conditions in the formal city, could not prevent Brasilia arrive the year of 2006 with 24% of its population living in informal settlements. We notice, in this study, that this phenomenon was the result of a dialectical process between government actions and society, not just the product of isolated factors, besides being part of a complex dynamic of capital, which is involved in the recovery of the land and its subsequent use as an important currency in the regional economy of few options for wealth generating. / Na análise dos 50 anos de expansão da irregularidade urbanística em Brasília, verifica-se que, apesar de o Estado ter a posse de grande parte do solo urbano 51%, fato único em metrópoles brasileiras , e de ter o controle do processo de planejamento, Brasília apresenta periferias precárias com ocupações irregulares de baixa renda e loteamentos irregulares. O planejamento moderno, implantado a partir do PEOT de 1977, e o intenso controle do Estado sobre a ocupação do território não evitaram que vários assentamentos pioneiros, como o Núcleo Bandeirante e a Vila Planalto, prosperassem e chegassem à década de 1980 consolidados. O Estado, mesmo tendo a faca e o queijo na mão, no sentido de dar condições de moradia na cidade formal, não conseguiu impedir que Brasília também chegasse ao ano de 2006 com 24% de sua população morando em assentamentos informais. Verifica-se, nesta pesquisa, que esse fenômeno foi resultado de um processo dialético entre ações governamentais e sociedade, não apenas o produto de fatores isolados, além de fazer parte de uma complexa dinâmica de capitais, onde está envolvida a valorização do solo e sua consequente utilização como importante moeda, numa economia regional de poucas opções de geração de riqueza.

Esta pesquisa teve como ponto de partida o reconhecimento da existência de parcelas da população que sempre tiveram que recorrer ao mercado informal de trabalho para garantir sua sobrevivência. No Brasil, o emprego nunca foi pleno, diferentemente da Europa, onde houve, de fato, a construção de um Estado de bem-estar social. A partir da década de 1980, a reestruturação produtiva e a intensificação liberal provocaram não somente a diminuição de postos de trabalho formais, mas também crescente flexibilização das relações de trabalho e degradação das condições de trabalho. Desde então, um número cada vez maior de trabalhadores não consegue encontrar uma vaga no mercado formal de trabalho e, assim, acessar os direitos do trabalho. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como os trabalhadores articulam o trabalho, o emprego e o desemprego nas suas trajetórias de trabalho. As questões que se pretendeu responder foram: como as pessoas \"se viram\" diante da impossibilidade de ter acesso à proteção social garantida pelo vínculo empregatício? Que valores orientam essas trajetórias? Que lugar o emprego, enquanto símbolo e garantia de acesso aos direitos sociais, e o trabalho no mercado informal assumem na vida desses trabalhadores? Quais vantagens e desvantagens são atribuídas ao emprego e ao trabalho no mercado informal? Qual é o papel desempenhado pela rede de sociabilidade nas trajetórias de trabalho dos entrevistados? Para tanto, foram analisadas individualmente as trajetórias de sete trabalhadores de classes pobres que realizam atividades no mercado informal. As trajetórias de trabalho analisadas nesta pesquisa demonstram a complexidade e a diversidade da questão do trabalho no mercado informal. São muitas as articulações possíveis entre o emprego e o trabalho no mercado informal nos percursos dos trabalhadores. Também são muitos os arranjos encontrados para gerar renda e garantir a própria sobrevivência e a de suas famílias. Pudemos, neste trabalho, testemunhar a grande flexibilidade e inventividade com que as pessoas de classes pobres conseguem transformar as mais diversas situações em oportunidade de geração de renda, o que revela que os trabalhadores encontram formas de superar as situações de dificuldade que experimentam. As redes de sociabilidade, a dádiva e os valores da ética do trabalho e/ ou da ética do provedor constituíram-se em elementos fundamentais em nossas análises. Esses elementos aparecem de diferentes maneiras nas trajetórias de trabalho e as combinações entre eles produzem não apenas diversificadas articulações entre o trabalho no mercado informal e o emprego, mas também distintas compreensões a respeito desses conceitos por parte dos entrevistados. As narrativas dos trabalhadores mostraram que o trabalho inicialmente denominado precário e o emprego possuem outras dimensões além daquelas que usualmente os acompanham. As vantagens e desvantagens percebidas em cada uma dessas modalidades de inserção no mercado de trabalho denotaram que o trabalho no mercado informal não é percebido e vivido apenas como precariedade (trabalho precário) e também o emprego não apareceu apenas como vínculo seguro e desejável. / This research was started by recognizing the existence of parts of the population who always had to turn to the informal work market in order to survive. In Brazil, employment never reached the whole population, unlike Europe, where there was in fact the constitution of welfare states. Since the 1980s, the productive restructuring, along with the intensification of the liberal economy, resulted not only in the reduction of the number of formal jobs available, but also in the increasing of the flexibility of work relations and the debasing of working conditions. Since then, a greater amount of workers cannot find jobs in the formal work market, becoming obstructed to access work rights. This study\'s goal was to understand how workers articulate work, employment and unemployment in their work trajectories. The questions intended to answer were: how do workers \"make do\" with the impossibility of having access to social protections that are guaranteed by the employment? Which values guide these work trajectories? How does employment, as a symbol and guarantee of the access to social rights, take place in these workers lives? And how does the work in the informal market take place in their lives? Which advantages and disadvantages are attributed to formal employment and to informal work market? What is the importance of the social networks in these work trajectories? In order to answer these questions, the trajectories of seven working class people, somehow involved in the informal work market, were analyzed. The work trajectories analyzed in this research show the complexity and the diversity present in the informal work market issue. There are many possible articulations between employment and informal work market in these trajectories. There are also many possible life sets to earn any income and guarantee their own surviving, as well as their families\'. It was possible, in this research, to witness the great inventivity and flexibility these workers have to transform several and different situations in opportunities to earn income. This fact reveals that workers find their ways to overcome the difficulties experienced. The social networks, the gift, the values related to the (protestant) work ethic and to the provider ethic were extremely important elements in our analysis. These elements appear in different ways in their work trajectories. The combinations between them result not only in diverse articulations between the informal work market and employment, but also in different comprehensions of the workers about these concepts. The narratives of the workers showed that the work initially called precarious and employment have other dimensions beyond those that usually go along with them. The advantages and disadvantages perceived in each of these types of insertion in the work market showed that work in the informal market is not experienced as precarious exclusively; furthermore, employment did not arrear only as a wished and safe situation.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender o cotidiano de trabalho de vendedoras e vendedores ambulantes da rua Teodoro Sampaio, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, através da perspectiva dos processos organizativos, considerando a forma através da qual o trabalho é pensado e realizado na prática diária das pessoas. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa, a partir da realização de entrevistas compreensivas e incursões a campo, momento no qual a pesquisadora interagiu com as/os vendedoras/es da região e pôde observar seus cotidianos de trabalho. As entrevistas e interações tomaram como referência o ponto de vista das trabalhadoras e dos trabalhadores, atentando para suas vivências e percepções. Os resultados enfatizaram o caráter relacional da experiência de trabalho, que precisa ser analisada levando-se em consideração outras dimensões e relacionamentos da vida de cada pessoa, bem como o contexto social, cultural e econômico mais amplo, o que evidencia a importância das múltiplas redes de sociabilidade para a atividade de trabalho. Contrariamente ao que se depreende da palavra informalidade, este tipo de comércio possui normas, objetivos e modos de organização próprios, que envolvem desde a escolha dos produtos a serem vendidos, do local que estes serão comprados e do ponto em que será realizada a venda até as múltiplas formas de atrair a clientela a exemplo do uso de bordões ou das frequentes negociações por descontos. Assim, evidencia-se que qualidades como organização e planejamento não se restringem a gestoras/es de empresas: ao contrário, são características humanas, utilizadas com bastante frequência por trabalhadoras e trabalhadores que se mostram capazes, portanto, de gerir seu próprio trabalho. As formas organização do trabalho foram marcadas pela inventividade e heterogeneidade das práticas e arranjos possíveis, haja vista que cada ambulante faz suas escolhas levando em consideração a forma como o trabalho se articula com outras esferas da sua vida e tomando como base suas experiências cotidianas. Destacaram-se, ainda, diferenças entre mulheres e homens na organização de suas rotinas de trabalho: as primeiras têm jornadas mais flexíveis, sobretudo em decorrência da necessidade de se conciliar o trabalho fora de casa com o trabalho doméstico e/ou o cuidado com familiares / This study aims to understand the work of street vendors of Teodoro Sampaio street, in the city of São Paulo, focusing on the everyday processes that organize work in peoples lives. To this end, a qualitative approach was used, combining comprehensive interviews and incursions into this street when the researcher interacted with street vendors and observed their daily work lives. The interviews and other interactions emphasized the workers experiences and perceptions. The results point to the idea of work as a relational experience. Therefore, understanding peoples work lives requires considering that work is embedded in multiple relational contexts, which underlines the importance of the social networks related to the work activity. Moreover, the results also led to the acknowledgement that this kind of work has its own norms, goals and forms of organization. The processes that organize work involve the choice of the suppliers and products to be sold, as well as the multiple ways to attract and loyalize costumers such as catchphrases and frequent discount negotiations. Thus, qualities such as organization and planning are not restricted to company managers: they are, in fact, human qualities used regularly by street vendors which are capable of managing their own daily work routines. The forms of work organization are marked by the inventivity and heterogeneity of practices and arrangements, given that each street vendor makes their own choices taking into account the relation between work and other life domains, as well as their daily experiences. It was also possible to observe a difference between women and men regarding their daily work routines: women had more flexible routines than men, especially due to the need to conciliate the work in the streets with the domestic work and the care for family members

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / The study entitled The Role of Women’s Economic Contribution in the informal sector of the economy: A case study of women in Mankweng area in the Limpopo Province focuses on the participation of educated women in the Informal Sector of the economy. The participation of women in the economic development has been found to benefit a lot of families headed by women, Black women in particular. In Mankweng, the study found evidence of increased number of women’s participation in the economic development. This mini-thesis is comprised of four chapters. Chapter 1 This chapter is mainly introduction to the study. The chapter includes the problem statement, motivation for the study, aims and objectives and the importance of the study. The chapter also outlines the methodology of the study, the definition of key concepts used in the study and the limitations of the study. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 comprises the literature background for the study. The literature focuses largely on women in the informal sector, their employment opportunities, marginalization in economic activities and constraints on growth that are faced by women in small business enterprises. The literature also reflects on the challenges and limited achievements of women in their respective trading occupations. Chapter 2 looks at the state of women in the economy. The labour market segment theory attempts to explain gender inequalities in employment on the basis that the labour market is compartmentalized. The chapter also looks at the definition of the informal sector. The division of labour and the informal sector focuses on the areas women concentrate in the labour market. Positioning women in the informal sector and the labour market focuses on the role women play in the informal sector. The last part of the chapter deals with the challenges women are faced with and the opportunities available for them in the informal sector. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 focuses on data analysis and interpretation of the findings of the study. The analysis focuses on the respondents’ personal background and their economic activities as recorded during interviews. Chapter 4 Chapter 4 concludes the study by discussing and presenting a summary of the findings of the study and the implications thereof. A conclusive report is made and recommendations for improving the informal sector and for further research are made.

This study is about informal institutions in informal finance and microfinance in Jamaica and Trinidad-Tobago. Informal institutions as understood in this study are unwritten social norms that cater to specific needs in the society, and can be indirectly captured and measured in their outcome. Informal institutions are deeply embedded in the socio-cultural matrix of a society. In the context of informal finance and microfinance, the outcome of the existence of informal institutions are the indigenous financial intermediaries like Roscas, community based lending, and individual financial brokers. The institutional theoretical framework of this study helps capture the institutional dynamics and the processes in informal finance and microfinance. The theoretical framework demonstrates the following: (1) Informal institutions exist in both informal finance and formal microfinance. (2) It exposes the interface between the financial intermediaries and the informal institutions that govern informal finance and microfinance through certain mechanisms like ‘joint liability’ and ‘social collateral’, which reduce information asymmetries and transactions costs. An implication is that informal institutions address the crucial issue of ‘moral hazards’. (3) The same informal institutions governing informal finance are being adapted and innovated by microfinance. Lending methodologies of informal finance are becoming embedded in microfinance. (4) Microfinance organizations are being transformed into formal financial intermediaries, thereby exposing the process by which informal institutions are also being formalized. (5) An empirical investigation of peoples’ needs, preference and benefits provides the evidence as to why they subscribe to informal institutions via the various financial intermediaries. The findings of this study provide some interesting insights: Firstly, models of financial services based on indigenous institutions have better chances of surviving than imported models. Secondly, informal institutions compete, coexist and even complement formal institutions in providing financial services to the economically active poor. Thirdly, microfinance has not just bridged the gap between formal and the informal finance; it is also becoming a catalyst through which informal institutions are slowly being formalized. Lastly, the client base’s needs, preferences and benefits account for the pervasiveness of informal institutions in informal finance and in microfinance.

The main purpose of this study was to explore Preservice Science Teachers&rsquo / (PSTs) informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues (SSI). The study first investigated PSTs&rsquo / informal reasoning patterns / second, explored the relationship between informal reasoning patterns and quality / third, examined the variation of informal reasoning quality with SSI / at last, focused on the factors influencing PSTs&rsquo / informal reasoning in the context of SSI. Totally, 39 PSTs voluntarily participated in the study. Senior elementary PSTs from a public university, in Ankara constituted the sample of this study. Seven SSI were used to explore informal reasoning and influencing factors. Three SSI dealt with gene therapy and, the other three issues dealt with cloning. The last issue dealt with global warming. PSTs&rsquo / informal reasoning and the factors influencing the participants&rsquo / informal reasoning in the context of SSI were analyzed by using constant comparative data analysis method (Glaser &amp / Strauss, 1967). Two interview protocols were used in the present study. Informal Reasoning Interview protocol focused on the investigation of informal reasoning, and Moral Decision-Making Interview protocol was used to identify informal reasoning and the factors influencing informal reasoning. Emergent informal reasoning patterns from the present study were: rationalistic, emotive, and intuitive informal reasoning patterns. Regarding informal reasoning quality, across each SSI, the participants easily revealed claim with or without justification but they hardly developed counter-position and rebuttal. Emergent frequency of informal reasoning quality types followed the same order across each SSI. Thus, informal reasoning quality was not context-dependent across all SSI. Main factors influencing participants&rsquo / informal reasoning were accumulated under four main categories / personal experiences, social considerations, moral-ethical considerations, and technological concerns.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.Sc.U.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2002.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1820163 bytes, checksum: be65a022190ff6336bc43ec22a2e653e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Growth in the informal economy is a troubling trend that is beginning to cause a split social consequence, the gradual demoralization of the tax collection system of the State, which formally begins with a minimum of legal norms the development of this economy, with construction space intended for that market. The Shopping Center Terceirão in João Pessoa-PB, is one of those buildings, which highlights the presence of some of these evangelical churches actively participating in business activities and through its symbolic power, direct marketers adherents of a particular sect to use a particular language that identify and heat sales. To understand the scale of representations and the reasons for those actions as well as their interaction with certain subjective signs, semiotic elements were used to compare with Weberian studies, taking into account the spread of Protestantism site, combined with the mercantile spirit, which comes to a "particular ethos" to the interaction of a capitalist conception / informal, with a religious ethics / mercantilist. The study was based on an ethnographic research whose overall objective was to analyze from the transdisciplinarity: religion, morality and economics, the behavior of this triad in the face of an ethical nature of Calvinist religious employed by those churches. As data collection instruments were used participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the adoption of ethics that binds a particular religious doctrine with a need, is characterized by the imperative to rationalize the feelings that governs the social and personal relationships of the group and acts as a legitimate element of these churches, therefore, the interaction the dynamics of the informal market with religious agents there is a dichotomous relationship between ideas an interests of the group / O Crescimento da informalidade na economia é um fenômeno inquietante que começa a provocar uma cisão social de conseqüências imprevisíveis, pela paulatina desmoralização do sistema de arrecadação tributária do Estado, que começa formalizar com um mínimo de normatização jurídica o desenvolvimento dessa economia paralela, com a construção de espaços destinados a esse mercado. O Shopping Centro Terceirão em João Pessoa-PB, é uma dessas construções, que chama atenção pela presença de algumas igrejas evangélicas participando ativamente dessas atividades mercantis e através de sua força simbólica, direciona os comerciantes adeptos de uma determinada vertente religiosa a usar uma linguagem peculiar que os identificam e aquecem as suas vendas. Para compreender a dimensão das representações e dos motivos dessas ações, bem como sua interação subjetiva com determinados signos, foram utilizados elementos semióticos para comparar com estudos Weberianos, levando em consideração a propagação do protestantismo local, aliado a esse espírito mercantil, que vem a dar um ―ethos particular a essa interação de uma concepção capitalista/informal, com uma ética religiosa/mercantilista. O Estudo teve como base uma pesquisa etnográfica, cujo objetivo geral foi analisar a partir da transdisciplinariedade: religião, moral e economia, o comportamento dessa tríade frente a uma ética religiosa de cunho Calvinista empregada por aquelas igrejas. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados a Observação Participante e Entrevistas Semi-Estruturadas. Os resultados apontaram que, a ética que vincula adoção de uma determinada doutrina com uma necessidade religiosa, é caracterizada pelo imperativo de racionalização dos sentimentos que rege as relações sociais e pessoais do grupo, bem como age como elemento legitimador dessas igrejas, portanto, na interação da dinâmica do mercado informal com os agentes religiosos existe uma relação dicotômica entre idéias e interesses do grupo