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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第24022号 / 地博第301号 / 新制||地||117(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 重田 眞義, 教授 平野(野元) 美佐, 准教授 金子 守恵, 教授 高橋 基樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Robotics has gained a great deal of popularity across the United States as a means to engage youth in science, technology, engineering, and math. Understanding what motivates youth and adults to participate in a robotics project is critical to understanding how to engage others. By developing a robotics program built on a proper understanding of the motivational influences, the program can be built on a foundation that addresses these influences. By engaging more youth in the robotics program, they will be able to envision a future for themselves as a high-school or college graduate, in addition to a viable employee with marketable skills in tough economy. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the underlying motivational attributes or factors that influenced 4-H youth, parents, volunteers, and agents to participate in the Mississippi 4-H robotics project. Specifically, this research focuses on two unique counties in Mississippi with very diverse populations. Interviews with participants, observation, and document analysis which took place occurred over the course of a robotics year – October to July. This study sought to identify motivational attributes of participants in the robotics project. Once identified these attributes could be used when developing new program curricula or expanding into new counties in Mississippi. Data analysis revealed that there are many unique motivational factors that influence participants. Among these factors, (1) the desire to build and construct a robot, (2) competition and recognition, (3) desire for future success and security, (4) safe place to participate and build relationships, (5) teamwork, (6) positive role models, and (7) encouragement.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors often consult with their informal network members (i.e., friends and family) about the violence they experience- far more often than they do with formal resources. These informal network members (INMs) are therefore uniquely situated to help survivors, particularly by helping them understand the violence as an undeserved problem and by providing them with tangible aid and information to exit and stay free of violent relationships. The extent to which and through what means INMs could help, however, remains under-studied. This study therefore sought to understand how disclosure to informal network members (INMs) and their specific reactions to that disclosure shape survivors’ initial experiences with IPV and their IPV victimization in subsequent relationships. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate quantitative analyses (linear, logistic, and negative binomial regression) were conducted on survey responses from a sample of 200 female survivors between the ages of 18 and 30 who had been out of their initial violent relationships for at least 6 months. These analyses included the use of six independent variables (four measures of disclosure, one measure of reactions to disclosure that labeled the violence as problematic, and one measure of reactions to disclosure that provided information or tangible support), three dependent variables (months between violence onset and relationship end, frequency of violence during exposure to violence, and subsequent violent relationships), and ten covariates. Increases in disclosure frequency were significantly related to decreases in the frequency of violence across three different measures of disclosure in the multivariate models. Although the bivariate findings suggested that disclosure is related to time between violence onset and the end of the relationship, the multivariate results did not find a significant relationship with this variable, nor between disclosure and subsequent violent relationships. The results were more nuanced when examining the specifics of the INM reactions to those disclosures in the multivariate models. Each increase in the frequency of problem definition reactions was associated with a decrease in the frequency of violence experienced. Increasing frequencies in urging the survivor to talk to a lawyer or police and in providing or helping her get information were related to a decrease in the time between violence onset and relationship end. Increases in the frequency of urging the survivor to talk to a lawyer or police were related to an increase in the frequency of violence, whereas increases in the frequency of offering a place to stay was related to a decrease in the frequency of violence. Lastly, an increase in the frequency of information and tangible support reactions as a whole was significantly related to a decrease in the odds of experiencing subsequent relationship violence. These findings add nuance to existing models and frameworks of IPV help-seeking, motivate and serve as a basis for further research into how disclosure to INMs can shape varying outcomes for IPV survivors, and add to a body of literature that can ultimately be used to inform not only the practices of INMs, but also more formal policies and practices to enable informal systems to better aid IPV survivors. Regarding implications for theories of help-seeking and disclosure, the findings confirm that although disclosure itself is important, what happens during disclosure is just as, if not more, important when shaping outcomes for survivors. Further, because of the varied ways in which the disclosure process might shape survivor outcomes as evidenced by these findings, conceptual models and frameworks outlining the relationships between disclosure and survivor outcomes need to be refined to better capture these complexities. In terms of future research, there is much left to explore regarding the disclosure process, including for which types of survivors certain reactions work best, which types of INMs are most likely to use which reactions, and how combinations of reactions interact in influencing survivor outcomes. Once corroborated by other studies, these findings can be used to inform policy and programming to enable INMs to react effectively to disclosure so as to ensure greater justice for survivors. Any awareness-raising policies or programs designed to shape INM practice would need to be evaluated, creating a variety of evaluative research opportunities. Because of the high prevalence of IPV among young adult women in the United States and around the world, the results of this study fit well into the contemporary global discussion of how to reduce and prevent survivor experiences with IPV. / Criminal Justice

Este trabajo estudia los determinantes y el nivel de subdeclaración de ingresos en empresas registradas de economías latinoamericanas, considerando dos perspectivas: óptica empresarial y percepción de los profesionales en ciencias económicas. En primer lugar, con base en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, el estudio propone un modelo conceptual según el cual el nivel de subfacturación resulta determinado por una serie de elementos estructurales (características de la empresa y empresario) y un grupo de factores del contexto (corrupción, regulación y burocracia, impuestos, entre otros). En segunda instancia, para contrastar el modelo propuesto se presentan tres abordajes empíricos a nivel microeconómico. En el capítulo IV se emplean datos secundarios 2017 de seis países de América Latina (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay) provenientes de las encuestas empresarias del Banco Mundial. En el capítulo V se utilizan datos de secciones cruzadas independientes 2010-2017 de la República Argentina, también procedentes de los relevamientos del Banco Mundial. En el capítulo VI se emplean datos primarios 2018 obtenidos de un cuestionario diseñado y aplicado de forma online a profesionales en ciencias económicas de la Argentina. En relación a las características de la firma, los resultados indican que el tamaño de las empresas y la condición de exportador se asocian negativamente con el nivel de subdeclaración de ingresos, y que el sector de pertenencia de la empresa es relevante como determinante de la informalidad, cualquiera sea la región o perspectiva considerada. En la Argentina, la subfacturación presenta un vínculo negativo con la antigüedad, el empleo de fuentes de financiamiento externo y la experiencia del empresario. Al igual que los antecedentes, la evidencia empírica respecto a empresarias del género femenino es divergente entre el contexto latinoamericano (mayor informalidad) y el argentino (menor subdeclaración de ventas). Considerando los factores del contexto desde la perspectiva empresarial, tanto en América Latina como en la Argentina, la percepción de la corrupción, la regulación y la burocracia, y la informalidad del sector como un obstáculo para el negocio derivan en mayor propensión a subfacturar; mientras que la calidad de los servicios públicos, la probabilidad de detección, y la inestabilidad política (percibidas) se vinculan negativamente con el grado de informalidad. El factor impositivo (tasas y dificultad en la gestión) y el acceso al financiamiento sólo resultan asociados a la subfacturación en América Latina. El nivel de desarrollo económico, incluido en el modelo latinoamericano con variables representativas de cada país, se comporta de la forma esperada: se observa menor propensión a subdeclarar ventas en economías con mayor producto bruto interno per cápita. A diferencia de lo percibido por empresarios, los factores corrupción, calidad de los servicios gubernamentales e informalidad del sector no son determinantes significativos de la subfacturación según la visión de profesionales argentinos. Respecto al nivel de subdeclaración de ingresos en la Argentina, aproximadamente entre un 40% y 60% de los profesionales encuestados perciben que la subdeclaración de ventas es alta en los emprendimientos de menor tamaño y decrece a medida que aumenta la cantidad de empleados de las firmas. En síntesis, la investigación se enfoca exclusivamente en la informalidad proveniente de la subdeclaración de ventas en compañías registradas y examina sus factores determinantes de forma holística considerando dos perspectivas. Como aporte, el modelo conceptual propuesto y la evidencia empírica muestran la relevancia de aspectos económicos, institucionales, sociológicos y psicológicos como determinantes de la subfacturación. Asimismo, el trabajo plantea un análisis del fenómeno en regiones poco estudiadas como América Latina y la Argentina, contribuyendo a una mayor comprensión del problema que resulta indispensable para la formulación de políticas públicas. / This work studies the determinants and the degree of underreporting of revenues by formal companies in Latin American economies from two perspectives: entrepreneurial view and economic professionals’ perception. First, based on a systematic literature review, we propose a conceptual model where the level of underreporting is determined by a set of structural elements (company and entrepreneur’s characteristics), and a group of environmental factors (corruption, regulation and bureaucracy, taxes, among others). Second, in order to contrast the proposed model, we present three empirical microeconomic approaches. In chapter IV, we use World Bank enterprise surveys 2017 secondary data from six Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). In chapter V, we employ Argentinian 2010-2017 cross-section data, also from the World Bank enterprise surveys. In chapter VI, we use 2018 primary data obtained from an own-designed survey and online applied to economic professionals in Argentina. Concerning firm’s characteristics, we find that company size and exporter condition are negatively associated with the degree of underreporting of revenue, and that firm sector is relevant as an informality determinant, regardless of the region or the perspective. In Argentina, underreporting presents a negative link with firm age, use of external sources of finance, and entrepreneur's experience. Consistent with previous studies, empirical evidence regarding female entrepreneurs is divergent between the Latin American context (greater informality) and the Argentinian case (lower underreporting). Regarding environmental factors from the entrepreneurial view, both in Latin America and in Argentina, the perception of corruption, regulation and bureaucracy, and sector informality as an obstacle for the business derives in a greater propensity to underreport sales; while public services quality, detection probability and political instability (perceived) are negatively linked to the degree of informality. Tax factor (rates and administration), and access to finance are only relevant for underreporting in Latin America. The level of economic development, included in the Latin American model with country dummies, behaves as expected: there is a lower propensity to underreport sales in economies with higher gross domestic product per capita. Contrary to entrepreneurial perspective, corruption, government services quality, and sector informality are not significant determinant factors of underreporting considering Argentinian professionals’ perception. Regarding the degree of underreporting of revenue in Argentina, approximately between 40% and 60% of the survey respondents perceive that not reported sales are high in smaller enterprises and the level decreases as the firm size increases. In summary, the research focuses exclusively on informality originated in sales underreporting in formal enterprises and examines its determinants as a whole considering two perspectives. As a contribution, the proposed conceptual model and the empirical evidence show the relevance of economic, institutional, sociological, and psychological aspects as determinants of underreporting. Moreover, the work proposes an analysis of the informality phenomenon in poorly studied contexts such as Latin America and Argentina, and contributes with a greater understanding of the problem that is crucial for public policies development.

Yes / Many children caring for ill or disabled family members remain ‘hidden’ and ‘invisible’ in our communities. This study is the first to explore patterns of change, over time and throughout austerity, for children with caregiving roles to better understand how their lives differ from those of their non-caregiving peers. A survey of 2154 children, aged 9–18 years in the general population, and a further 21 children, aged 8–18 years and known to be young carers from the same English unitary authority, was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of children’s perceptions and experiences of what they do to help at home. This study shows that children with caregiving roles remain a distinctive group who assume more domestic and caring responsibilities than their peers, and who also perform many of these activities more frequently than young caregivers in 2001. Approximately 19% of the respondents in the general population showed signs of being in a caring role, double the percentage identified by the author in 2001, 72% of whom were from Black and Minority Ethnic backgrounds. Indicating over time higher levels of unmet needs among parents and other family members who are ill or disabled, these findings have important implications for professional policy, planning and practice across adult and children’s services.

What does informal problem solving in neighborhoods -- when people act collectively, but without much formal organizing -- look like? Does or can problem solving at this level contribute to the democratic capabilities of citizens? If so, how, and does public administration, as the part of government most involved in the daily life of citizens, have a role to play in building this informal capacity for self-government? The communitarian agenda in the United States assumes the importance of indigenous action, but on the basis of little evidence. To find out more about the existence and value of this mode of community problem solving, I conducted an ethnographic field study of problem solving in and around mostly black, inner city neighborhoods in Roanoke, Virginia in the mid 1990s. I found that while informal action appeared to have once been the main form taken by problem solving in the African American community, it had fallen on hard times. Three sets of factors seemed most to account for this decline: the aging of the population in these inner city neighborhoods, aided by the influence of both urban renewal and desegregation; the increasing professionalization of community problem solving through formal organizations; and a habitual use of civility in public affairs that reinforced professional dominance and reduced the motivation of inner city residents to act on their interests. I use these findings to set forth a novel conceptualization of both informal and formal community problem solving. This conceptual scheme draws on the psychological theory of self-determination and the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey to show how the informal and formal play different roles in the formation of individual and group identities and how both are needed in human development. I conclude by suggesting that, although the informal domain has atrophied in places like Roanoke, it might have an opportunity to reassert itself if public administration, as the engine of formal problem solving in communities, were to focus more on its own performance. A more effective public sector, achieved by replicating proven programs and practices, would increase the legitimacy of public administrators, making their example influential in inspiring citizens to undertake complementary efforts in their neighborhoods. / Ph. D.

This dissertation looks at the role narratives play in addressing organizational challenges by facilitating a collective assignment of meaning to those challenges that allows for problem solving, or at least a way to cope with the challenges. Specifically, the research examines how informal knowledge is embedded in organizations in the form of narratives, and how narratives are used to transfer knowledge across the organization. The dissertation develops the concept of narrative, and the qualities of the narratives used in this dissertation, focused on events, focused on people, focused on values, and it develops an understanding of knowledge transfer as the collective assignment of meaning to challenges that are constantly emerging. In this case study, three means, or tools emerge as facilitating the assignment of meaning. These tools are superstars, indexing, and knowledge objects. This research will enrich the public administration and nonprofit literature by utilizing narrative inquiry to examine the transfer of knowledge in a nonprofit social service organization that serves a vital public purpose under contracts with various levels of government. / Ph. D.

Recent literature suggests that LGBTQ+ women of color are more likely to raise children or have children in the home compared to White LGBTQ+ women (Gates, 2013, 2015). Most of the LGBTQ+ motherhood research has focused narrowly on one domain of queer motherhood, lesbian mothers' experience of mothering (Bible et al., 2018) and centered on the experiences of White, middle-class, cisgender mothers (Brainer et al., 2020; Manley and Ross, 2020; Reczek, 2020). The interlocking nature of multiple marginalized identities places Black queer mothers at a unique intersection of oppression (Crenshaw, 1991). Exploring the complexity of lived experience among Black mothers who identify with a plurisexual identity (i.e., bi, queer, pan, or fluid; Galupo, 2018) provides family scientists and scholar-practitioners an opportunity to analyze the internal, relational, and institutional influences that reinforce or challenge racism, sexism, and homophobia. The present study sought to understand how Black queer mothers experience motherwork as queer mothers, how they build and navigate networks of support, and how they use community resources. The study was guided by intersectionality rooted within the theoretical framework of Black Feminist Thought, as well as an emphasis on motherwork as both a theoretical framework and a concept explored. Using reflexive thematic analysis, semi- structured interviews (Mtime = 79.63 minutes), photovoice submissions, and photovoice interviews (Mtime = 38.32 minutes) were conducted with 10 participants (8 of the 10 participants completed photovoice). Four key themes were identified (a) Attentiveness and Resistance to Discrimination (subtheme: Active Reflectivity in Parenting Strategies); (b) Promoting Openness of Self-Expression in Child(ren) (subtheme: Queer Identity Helps Foster Acceptance and Intentionality); (c) Negotiating Informal Support (three subthemes: Barriers to Support, Desiring Like-Minded Social Groups, and Boundaries in Close Relationships Are Critical); and (d) Emphasis on Finding the "Right" Environment to Meet Family Needs (subtheme: Utilizing Individual or Couples Therapy). Findings have implications for the family science literature by providing an in-depth, Black feminist understanding of how Black queer mothers engage in queer motherwork, navigate informal support, and strategically access community resources. / Doctor of Philosophy / Recent literature suggests that LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) women of color are more likely to raise children or have children in the home compared to White LGBTQ+ women (Gates, 2013, 2015). Most of the LGBTQ+ motherhood research has focused narrowly on one domain of queer motherhood, lesbian mothers' experience of mothering (Bible et al., 2018) and centered on the experiences of White, middle-class, cisgender mothers (Brainer et al., 2020; Manley and Ross, 2020; Reczek, 2020). Exploring the complexity of lived experience among Black mothers who identify with a plurisexual identity (i.e., bi, queer, pan, or fluid; Galupo, 2018) provides researchers and clinicians an opportunity to consider the internal, relational, and institutional influences that reinforce or challenge marginalization. The present study sought to understand how Black queer mothers experience motherwork (e.g., identity, survival, and power) as queer mothers, how they build and navigate networks of support, and how they use community resources. The study was guided by intersectionality rooted within the theoretical framework of Black Feminist Thought, as well as an emphasis on motherwork as both a theoretical framework and a concept explored. I analyzed data from two individual interviews (including a photo-elicited interview) with 10 participants (8 of the 10 participants completed the second interview) (Braun and Clarke, 2022; Wang and Burris, 1997). Four key themes were identified (a) Attentiveness and Resistance to Discrimination (subtheme: Active Reflectivity in Parenting Strategies); (b) Promoting Openness of Self-Expression in Child(ren) (subtheme: Queer Identity Helps Foster Acceptance and Intentionality); (c) Negotiating Informal Support (three subthemes: Barriers to Support, Desiring Like-Minded Social Groups, and Boundaries in Close Relationships Are Critical); and (d) Emphasis on Finding the "Right" Environment to Meet Family Needs (subtheme: Utilizing Individual or Couples Therapy). Findings have research and clinical implications for how Black queer mothers engage in queer motherwork, navigate informal support, and strategically access community resources.

Appropriate housing for the aging American population is a timely topic of research in both housing and gerontology. Universal design is an innovation in housing design that is gaining interest from both industries. This research examines the effectiveness of universal design features that have been identified by experts in the field of aging, housing, and universal design as important to resident and caregiver participants of the ECHO demonstration housing program. A national survey was conducted that included all available current residents of the HUD ECHO houses and their caregivers. The relationships between age, effectiveness of universal design features, health and dependency were investigated. Quantitative results include some confounding relationships, and plausible explanations. A qualitative analysis, based on on-site and telephone interviews, and tape recordings of those interviews with residents and their caregivers, as well as architectural drawings, observation, and photographs of the ECHO houses provided additional details. The qualitative approach indicated that many of the universal design features recommended by the experts consulted satisfactorily met the needs of residents and/or their caregivers. It also revealed, however that some features were not considered important by residents and caregivers, some were not reported as present (when they were documented by the researcher as present), and at least one HUD-specified universal design feature was not provided by ECHO houses. Another aspect of the qualitative perspective addressed the health of the residents. Health characteristics are presented in the context of their effect on dependency. Phase II dependency task information was compared to that reported in phase I, and improvement and decline was noted. Conclusions, and Implications that elaborate on findings, and future research is recommended for taking this research to the next level. / Ph. D.