Accessing websites using social networking credentials, also known as social login, is becoming increasingly popular as users do not need to create and maintain accounts on each and every website they access. During these social logins, the private information of users is shared with third-party websites from their social profile, and much of this happens behind the scenes which is abstracted from the user. However, as social logins are widespread, it is essential to understand the users’ views and appreciation towards the information being shared in the background. There is also a possibility of data leak or misuse when information is exchanged between a website and social networking site. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explore the perception of users towards their awareness and trust in social login. In addition, based on users’ needs and desires, the study aims to formulate suggestions for improving the awareness and trust of social login. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 students from Linnaeus University of Sweden to collect data. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that users are conscious of their personal attributes being shared but are not aware that they can control, revise and revoke information sharing permissions. It was also found that users trust third parties to some extent but not the social networking sites. The study also suggested some improvement ideas for enhancing the awareness and trust of web users in social logins. In addition to contributing to the field of social login, the outcomes of this study also benefit users and web companies by helping to understand and increase the awareness and trust of web users on social logins.

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Information sharing is a critical success factor in supply chains and involves how information is made accessible, archived and shared. Remote work has significantly increased in recent years, which has affected information sharing within organizations as it primarily occurs through the use of digital tools. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how information sharing is perceived by employees in an IT-oriented organization during remote work. For this purpose a qualitative approach was applied in the form of semi-structured interviews followed by a thematic analysis. The results indicate that remote work has had no significant impact on information sharing, but there is a lack of informal information. Furthermore, the use of digital tools has contributed to more frequent documentation, which in turn has increased the amount of stored information. / Informationsdelning är en kritisk framgångsfaktor i försörjningskedjor och handlar om hur information görs tillgänglig, arkiveras och delas. Distansarbete har under de senaste åren ökat markant, vilket har påverkat informationsdelning i organisationer då det huvudsakligen sker med digitala verktyg. Denna studie syftar därmed till att undersöka hur informationsdelning upplevs av medarbetare i en IT-orienterad organisation vid distansarbete. För detta har en kvalitativ metodansats tillämpats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer följt av en tematisk analys. Resultaten visar på att distansarbete inte haft någon signifikant påverkan på informationsdelning men att det finns en avsaknad av informell information. Vidare har användandet av digitala verktyg bidragit till mer frekvent dokumentation vilket i sin tur har ökat mängden lagrad information.

The productivity and competitiveness of companies fundamentally depend on their ability to handle information. With the available technology, the opportunities to collect and utilise information are better than ever. One of the industries that has proven to benefit significantly from analysing large quantities of information is the retail industry. However, before information can be analysed it has to be obtained. This often means that information has to flow between members in a supply chain. The purpose of this study was to investigate which methods that are suitable for sharing information in different contexts between suppliers and retailers. The research was conducted as a case study within the Swedish sporting goods industry, where the information sharing relationship between one supplier and seven of its customers was investigated. The studied methods for information sharing were manual document handling, web portals and through a third-party EDI service provider. The third-party EDI solution benefits both parties. However, this method is not always applicable. If resources are scarce for both communicating parties and no technological solution for information sharing is in place, the manual document handling method is a suitable short-term solution. If one party with lots of resources frequently share information with parties that cannot afford to invest in technological information sharing solutions, a portal can be a suitable compromise to let the company that invests in the portal gain efficiency benefits while the other parties continue to manually provide information. / Ett företags produktivitet och konkurrenskraft beror på dess förmåga att hantera information. Med den teknik som finns tillgänglig är möjligheterna att samla in och behandla information bättre än någonsin. En av de branscher som har visat sig ha stor nytta av att analysera stora mängder av information är detaljhandeln. Hur som helst måste informationen tas emot innan den kan analyseras. Detta innebär ofta att informationen måste flöda mellan medlemmar i en distributionskedja. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka metoder som är lämpliga för att dela information mellan leverantörer och återförsäljare. Undersökningen genomfördes som en fallstudie inom den svenska sportvaruindustrin, där informationsdelningsförhållandet mellan en leverantör och sju av dess kunder undersöktes. De studerade metoderna för informationsdelning var manuell dokumenthantering, webbportaler och genom en tredjeparts EDI-tjänst. EDI-lösningen gynnar båda parter, men är inte alltid tillämplig. Om resurserna är knappa för båda kommunicerande parter och ingen teknisk lösning för att dela information finns på plats är den manuella metoden en lämplig lösning på kort sikt. Om en part med stora resurser ofta delar information med parter som inte har möjlighet att investera i informationsdelningslösningar kan en portal vara en lämplig kompromiss. Den lösningen ger ffektivitetsvinster till företaget som investerar i portalen medan de andra parterna kan fortsätta att manuellt tillhandahålla information.

Background: When it comes to how Supply Chain (SC) works, it can often be viewed as a chain linking entities together. The linking process can often be viewed as collaboration between two or more SC partners. Without a connection, or collaboration, goods cannot circulate between the beginning of the chain all the way to the end of the chain. This is why collaborating with your partner and being aligned on the same level is important, which is often not the case, as struggles typically appear in the process. When it comes to solutions for these struggles, Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools could be an answer. This study aims to understand this relationship, as there is little to no academic attention towards AI solutions for collaboration in the SC. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how AI technologies can influence collaboration between SC partners, as well as to understand which could be the outcomes of an AI mediated SC collaboration. Furthermore, the intent is to summarize the findings into a framework for better visualization. Method: To fulfill the purpose of the study, an exploratory qualitative study has been conducted using 13 qualitative interviews with managers and highly skilled individuals in SC, while using an inductive approach. Finally, the data has been analyzed and interpreted using a thematic analysis, which resulted in five dimensions: information automation, AI aided human based decisions, AI based decisions, incentive alignment automation and outcomes of AI mediated collaboration. Conclusion: The study presented a new framework that explains the new dynamic relationship between the AI affected collaboration elements, with information automation sitting at the roots and coordinating the process. Furthermore, by automating information flows, forecasts and analyses could also be automated, making the incentive automation and decision making elements faster and better focused on real data, thus strengthening the outcomes of the collaboration. Lastly, an AI mediated collaboration could affect the trust among partners, as well as how power dynamics work in a partnership.

The sharing of personal information among health and social service organisations is a complex issue and problematic process in present-day England. Organisations which provide services to children face enormous challenges on many fronts. Internal ways of working, evolving best practice, data protection applications, government mandates and new government agencies, rapid changes in technology, and increasing costs are but a few of the challenges with which organisations must contend in order to provide services to children while keeping in step with change. This thesis is an exploration into the process of sharing personal information in the context of public sector reforms. Because there is an increasing emphasis of multi-agency collaboration, this thesis examines the information sharing processes both within and among organisations, particularly those providing services to children. From the broad principles which comprise a socio-technical approach of information sharing, distinct critical factors for successful information sharing and best practices are identified. These critical success factors are then used to evaluate the emerging national database, ContactPoint, highlighting particular areas of concern. In addition, data protection and related issues in the information sharing process are addressed. It is argued that one of the main factors which would support effective information sharing is to add a timeline to the life of a dataset containing personal information, after which the shared information would dissolve. Therefore, this thesis introduces Dynamic Multi-Agency Collaboration (DMAC), a theoretical model of effective information sharing using a limited-life dataset. The limited life of the DMAC dataset gives more control to information providers, encouraging effective information sharing within the parameters of the Data Protection Act 1998.

There is an urgent need to reduce emissions from maritime transportation to meet environmental targets set by international organizations and governments. To reduce emissions from maritime transportation, technical, market-based, and operational measures can be used. In this thesis, the focus is on operational measures, and in particular Just-in-Time arrival in the port call process. Just-in-Time arrival in the context of port calls refers to maintaining an optimal vessel sailing speed to arrive to the port when the availability of berth and other services are ensured. In earlier studies, the estimated fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival, is promising. Despite the promising potential of Just-in-Time, its implementation remains limited, with few real-world examples. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how to implement Just-in-Time arrival by studying coordination in the port call process.    Two research questions were formulated to address the purpose. The first aims to capture the potential benefits of implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls and the second aims to address what is required to implement Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. This thesis is based on two studies in the Swedish context. First, a quantitative study, in which Automatic Identification System data in combination with port call statistics and vessel-specific data were used to estimate the fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival. Second, a qualitative single case-study exploring the coordination mechanisms necessary for implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls was conducted.    The studies show that fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time in previous studies is overestimated due to the assumptions used. Though, the implementation of Just-in-Time has potential to improve port call actors’ resource planning and utilization and increase the competitiveness of ports. This is because Just-in-Time arrival has the potential to aid actors in reaching mandatory emission reduction targets. To implement Just-in-Time arrival, it is necessary to coordinate the plans of actors. The required mechanisms to coordinate planning are pre-booking berth allocation policy and port community systems. The pre-booking policy implies booking time-slots for berths, facilitated by using the port community system. The port community system and the pre-booking policy enable the effective coordination of the planning processes of individual actors enabling Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. / Det är nödvändigt att minska utsläppen från sjöfartssektorn för att uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen som har fastställts av internationella och nationella organisationer. För att minska utsläpp från sjöfarten och uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen kan tekniska, policy, och operativa åtgärder användas. Fokus i denna avhandling är på operativa åtgärder, mer specifikt Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. Just-in-Time ankomst innebär att hålla en seglingshastighet som möjliggör ankomst till hamn vid den tidpunkt kajplatser och andra tjänster (exempelvis lotsning) är tillgängliga utan fördröjning. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en potential att spara bränsle och minska utsläpp genom att införa Just-in-Time ankomst. Trots potentialen är införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst begränsat i praktiken. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur Just-in-Time ankomst kan implementeras genom att studera koordineringen av aktörers aktiviteter under anlöpsprocessen.    Syftet uppnås genom att besvara två forskningsfrågor. Den första forskningsfrågan berör potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. I den andra frågan undersöks hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera hamnaktörerna för att realisera potentialen av Just-in-Time ankomst. Två studier har genomförts. Först gjordes en kvantitativ modellering för att uppskatta bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingar för Just-in-Time anlöp i Sverige, baserad på Automatic Identification System data, hamnanlöpstatistik samt fartygsdata. Därefter har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts som har utforskat hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera enskilda aktörers planeringsprocesser under anlöpsprocessen samt undersöka potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst.    Resultat visar att bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingspotentialen med Just-in-Time ankomst i tidigare studier ofta har överskattats på grund av antaganden som använts. Vidare framkom att implementering av Just-in-Time ankomst ha ett positivt inflyttande på aktörernas resursplanering- och utnyttjade och att hamnar kan öka sin konkurrenskraft tack vare sambandet mellan Just-in-Time ankomst och obligatoriska åtgärder för att minska utsläpp. För att kunna implementera Just-in-Time ankomst krävs förbättrad koordinering mellan aktörerna genom införandet av en förbokningspolicy av kajplatser. För att kunna förboka krävs förbättrad planerings och informationsdelning, det senare kan nås genom införandet av digitala informationsplattformar (port community system).

There is an urgent need to reduce emissions from maritime transportation to meet environmental targets set by international organizations and governments. To reduce emissions from maritime transportation, technical, market-based, and operational measures can be used. In this thesis, the focus is on operational measures, and in particular Just-in-Time arrival in the port call process. Just-in-Time arrival in the context of port calls refers to maintaining an optimal vessel sailing speed to arrive to the port when the availability of berth and other services are ensured. In earlier studies, the estimated fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival, is promising. Despite the promising potential of Just-in-Time, its implementation remains limited, with few real-world examples. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how to implement Just-in-Time arrival by studying coordination in the port call process. Two research questions were formulated to address the purpose. The first aims to capture the potential benefits of implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls and the second aims to address what is required to implement Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. This thesis is based on two studies in the Swedish context. First, a quantitative study, in which Automatic Identification System data in combination with port call statistics and vessel-specific data were used to estimate the fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival. Second, a qualitative single case-study exploring the coordination mechanisms necessary for implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls was conducted. The studies show that fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time in previous studies is overestimated due to the assumptions used. Though, the implementation of Just-in-Time has potential to improve port call actors’ resource planning and utilization and increase the competitiveness of ports. This is because Just-in-Time arrival has the potential to aid actors in reaching mandatory emission reduction targets. To implement Just-in-Time arrival, it is necessary to coordinate the plans of actors. The required mechanisms to coordinate planning are pre-booking berth allocation policy and port community systems. The pre-booking policy implies booking time-slots for berths, facilitated by using the port community system. The port community system and the pre-booking policy enable the effective coordination of the planning processes of individual actors enabling Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. / Det är nödvändigt att minska utsläppen från sjöfartssektorn för att uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen som har fastställts av internationella och nationella organisationer. För att minska utsläpp från sjöfarten och uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen kan tekniska, policy, och operativa åtgärder användas. Fokus i denna avhandling är på operativa åtgärder, mer specifikt Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. Just-in-Time ankomst innebär att hålla en seglingshastighet som möjliggör ankomst till hamn vid den tidpunkt kajplatser och andra tjänster (exempelvis lotsning) är tillgängliga utan fördröjning. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en potential att spara bränsle och minska utsläpp genom att införa Just-in-Time ankomst. Trots potentialen är införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst begränsat i praktiken. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur Just-in-Time ankomst kan implementeras genom att studera koordineringen av aktörers aktiviteter under anlöpsprocessen.    Syftet uppnås genom att besvara två forskningsfrågor. Den första forskningsfrågan berör potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. I den andra frågan undersöks hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera hamnaktörerna för att realisera potentialen av Just-in-Time ankomst. Två studier har genomförts. Först gjordes en kvantitativ modellering för att uppskatta bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingar för Just-in-Time anlöp i Sverige, baserad på Automatic Identification System data, hamnanlöpstatistik samt fartygsdata. Därefter har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts som har utforskat hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera enskilda aktörers planeringsprocesser under anlöpsprocessen samt undersöka potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst.    Resultat visar att bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingspotentialen med Just-in-Time ankomst i tidigare studier ofta har överskattats på grund av antaganden som använts. Vidare framkom att implementering av Just-in-Time ankomst ha ett positivt inflyttande på aktörernas resursplanering- och utnyttjade och att hamnar kan öka sin konkurrenskraft tack vare sambandet mellan Just-in-Time ankomst och obligatoriska åtgärder för att minska utsläpp. För att kunna implementera Just-in-Time ankomst krävs förbättrad koordinering mellan aktörerna genom införandet av en förbokningspolicy av kajplatser. För att kunna förboka krävs förbättrad planerings och informationsdelning, det senare kan nås genom införandet av digitala informationsplattformar (port community system).

Marketing is one of the industries most impacted by the rapid development of AI and its applications. This study, in particular, illuminates the significant field of content personalization, which is a highly successful marketing strategy. In a world where content personalization is increasingly implemented by e-commerce websites, movie platforms, music platforms, and even news websites, the practice of collecting personal information for content personalization has raised concerns among consumers, leading many to reject such practices. Individuals' beliefs and cultural characteristics play a significant role in their attitudes toward content personalization. Therefore, this study aims to explore the drivers that would lead someone to share their personal information for content personalization. However, rather than just examining this trade-off, the study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the issue by exploring how these drivers are related to individual cultural characteristics. To explore consumers' opinions and the drivers that would motivate someone to share their personal information for content personalization, interviews were conducted with individuals from Northern Europe and Greece, who have different cultural characteristics. By examining the topic through personal experiences and perspectives, the study revealed that certain drivers are considered regardless of culture, while others are culturally specific, thus creating specific patterns for how individuals of different cultures think. This information can guide marketers, policymakers, and professionals in the field to align their practices with the diverse cultural characteristics of individuals.

The main aim of transport stakeholders has always been to transport freight efficiently, as this efficiency contributes to the growth and success of their business. A country like Namibia is no different as the efficiency of transport lies in the effective utilisation of carrier capacity in any direction. Due to the various types of freight, transport operators rarely have the capacity to cover all freight movement requests. This research put the empty runs experienced by most of the Namibian transporters at 33%. Empty runs could however be reduced through collaboration and sharing of capacity among transport stakeholders. Multi-agent systems (MAS) are various individual computer agents that are configured independently to interact with other agents to achieve one goal. These systems have been explored as an approach to achieve collaboration among transporter stakeholders. Taking into consideration the characteristics and requirements of MAS, this research was able to conduct a feasibility of its implementation within Namibia. Concluding with an evaluation of available Multi-agent based systems that could achieve collaboration and reduce empty runs in the Namibian transport environment. / Information Science / M.Tech. (Information Technology)