The capability to know what knowledge there is and where it resides within an organization is becoming increasingly important in the new knowledge-based economy. This paper takes on a practise-based view of knowledge in order to decide on a course of action for how to successfully implement knowledge management within a knowledge-based company. By considering all knowledge as more or less contextual and socially constructed, knowledge is divided into three dimensions depending on the degree to which it is tacit, namely: information, knowledge and skills. The paper then discusses inhibitors and enablers for transferring knowledge via these three dimensions respectively.  The empirical findings are based upon a case study of Faveo. It is shown that Faveo, like most organizations, has til now focused on the collection of codified knowledge, i.e. documentation of information. Faveo has the technology established to potentiallymanage information transfer to an adequate degree. Still, the company fails to do so due to its incapability to enable use of its groupware. To surmount this problem, Faveo needs to address the attitudes of its employees towards its groupware and train them in how to use it. To improve Faveo’s knowledge management and thus pursue world class project management, the company also needs to step up its game within the two areas of knowledge and skills transfer. There are some but not sufficient plans for handling knowledge transfer at Faveo and, again, Faveo fails to enable these processes to turn from plans into action. There is an overall need for more formal as well as informal interaction between individual and groups of employees at Faveo. In addition, Faveo needs to acknowledge skills transfer as a vital part of knowledge management. This report finally suggests that Faveo needs to motivate knowledge management, create goals for knowledge management, train its employees in how to carry out knowledge management and evaluate its knowledge management.

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Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for restoring motor functions in severely paralyzed individuals. Invasive BMIs are capable of recording signals from individual neurons and typically provide the highest signal-to-noise ratio. Despite many efforts in the scientific community, BMI technology is still not reliable enough for widespread clinical application. The most prominent challenges include biocompatibility, stability, longevity, and lack of good models for informed signal processing and BMI comparison. To address the problem of low signal quality of chronic probes, in the first part of the thesis one such design, the Neurotrophic Electrode, was modified by increasing its channel capacity to form a Neurotrophic Array (NA). Specifically, single wires were replaced with stereotrodes and the total number of recording wires was increased. This new array design was tested in a rhesus macaque performing a delayed saccade task. The NA recorded little single unit spiking activity, and its local field potentials (LFPs) correlated with presented visual stimuli and saccade locations better than did extracted spikes. The second part of the thesis compares the NA to the Utah Array (UA), the only other micro-array approved for chronic implantation in a human brain. The UA recorded significantly more spiking units, which had larger amplitudes than NA spikes. This was likely due to differences in the array geometry and construction. LFPs on the NA electrodes were more correlated with each other than those on the UA. These correlations negatively impacted the NA's information capacity when considering more than one recording site. The final part of this dissertation applies information theory to develop objective measures of BMI performance. Currently, decoder information transfer rate (ITR) is the most popular BMI information performance metric. However, it is limited by the selected decoding algorithm and does not represent the full task information embedded in the recorded neural signal. A review of existing methods to estimate ITR is presented, and these methods are interpreted within a BMI context. A novel Gaussian mixture Monte Carlo method is developed to produce good ITR estimates with a low number of trials and high number of dimensions, as is typical for BMI applications.

Bakgrund: Sedan år 2014 ansvarar kommuner runt om i landet för patienter i hemsjukvården. Sjuksköterskan har till uppgift att arbeta för kvalitet, säkerhet och förebygga vårdskador. Vårdskador som uppkommit på grund av brister i läkemedelshanteringen är vanligt förekommande inom vården och leder till stora kostnader. Många brister grundar sig i kommunikationsproblem mellan olika vårdgivare. Flera förbättringsarbeten pågår kring faktorer som anses vara bidragande till bristerna i kommunikationen så som samverkan och spridda informationskällor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskor i hemsjukvårdens erfarenheter av informationsöverföring vid läkemedelsförändringar som görs av olika vårdgivare. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med nio stycken sjuksköterskor. Innehållsanalys valdes för bearbetning av insamlade data. Resultat: Vanligt förekommande var att information kring läkemedelsförändringar inte rapporterades till sjuksköterskan från vårdgivare utan framkom istället genom andra källor. Det var ett tidskrävande arbete och sjuksköterskorna upplevde att skilda journalsystem samt icke förankrade rutiner var något som förhindrade dem i arbetet och gav en negativ inverkan på patienterna. För att säkerställa att vården skulle vara patientsäker var det viktigt att det skapades en tydlighet och god samverkan mellan vårdgivare. Slutsats: Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning om att det föreligger brister i informationsöverföring och att det riskerar patientsäkerheten. Bristerna sågs kunna åtgärdas genom förbättrad samverkan och tydligare rutiner, vilket även uppmärksammats som problemområden av Sveriges Riksdag med efterföljande åtgärder i form av nya föreskrifter som träder i kraft år 2018. / Background: Since 2014, municipalities around the country are responsible for home healthcare patients. The nurse has the task of working for quality, safety and prevention of injuries. Healthcare injuries that arise due to deficiencies in drug management are commonplace in healthcare and leads to high costs. Many deficiencies are based on communication problems between different healthcare providers. Several improvement efforts are taking place around factors that are considered to contribute to the shortcomings of communication, such as collaborative and disseminated sources of information. Objective: The aim of the study was to illustrate nurses in home healthcare’s experiences of information transmission in drug changes between healthcare providers. Method: A qualitative interview study was conducted with nine nurses in the field of home healthcare. Content analysis was the chosen method of processing collected data. Results: Common occurrence was that information about drug changes was not reported to the nurse from the healthcare provider but instead appeared through other sources. It was a time-consuming job, and the nurses felt that separate journals and unassigned routines were something that prevented them at work and had a negative impact on patients. In order to ensure that healthcare was patient-safe, it was important that clarity and good cooperation between healthcare providers were created. Conclusion: The result is consistent with previous research that there are shortcomings in information transmission and that it risks patient safety. The shortcomings were seen to be corrected through improved cooperation and clearer procedures, which were also noted as problem areas of the Swedish Parliament with subsequent measures in the form of new regulations that will enter into force in 2018.

DOCTORAL THESIS Nikola Jajcay Spatial and temporal scales of atmospheric dynamics Abstract Earth climate, in general, varies on many temporal and spatial scales. In particular, climate observables exhibit recurring patterns and quasi- oscillatory phenomena with different periods. Although these oscillations might be weak in amplitude, they might have a non-negligible influence on variability on shorter time-scales due to cross-scale interactions, recently observed by Paluš[1]. This thesis supplies an introductory material for inferring the cross-scale information transfer from observational data, where the time series of interest are obtained using wavelet transform, and possible information transfer is studied using the tools from information theory. Finally, cross- scale interactions are studied in two climate phenomena: air temperature variability in Europe, in which we study phase-amplitude coupling from a slower oscillatory mode with an 8-year period on faster variability and its effects, and El Niño/ Southern Oscillation where we observe a causal chain of phase-phase and phase-amplitude couplings among distinct oscillatory modes. [1] M. Paluš. Multiscale atmospheric dynamics: cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling in the air temperature. Physical Review Letters, 112(7):078702, 2014.

In nature, many social species demonstrate collective behavior ranging from coordinated motion in flocks of birds and schools of fish to collective decision making in humans. Such distinct behavioral patterns at the group level are the consequence of local interactions among the individuals. We can learn from these biological systems, which have successfully evolved to operate in noisy and fault-prone environments, and understand how these complex interactions can be applied to engineered systems where robustness remains a major challenge. This dissertation addresses a two-scale approach to study these interactions- one in larger scale, where we are interested in the information exchange in a group and how it enables the group to reach a common decision, and the other in a smaller scale, where we are focused in the presence and directionality in the information exchange in a pair of individuals. To understand the interactions at large scale, we use a graph theoretic approach to study consensus or synchronization protocols over two types of biologically-inspired interaction networks. The first network captures both collaborative and antagonistic interactions and the second considers the impact of dynamic leaders in presence of purely collaborative interactions. To study the interactions at small scale, we use an information theoretic approach to understand the directionality of information transfer in a pair of individual using a real-world data-set of animal group motion. Finally, we choose the issue of same-sex marriage in the United States to demonstrate that collective opinion formation is not only a result of negotiations among the individuals, but also reflects inherent spatial and political similarities and temporal delays. / Ph. D.

The concept of regulation in ecosystems has been given considerable attention in the ecological literature, but no formal treatment has been offered. This study proposes a rigorous definition of regulation which is derived from the mathematics of information and communication theory. A theoretical, mathematical equivalent of the definition is also offered which implies serious limitations as to the value of most traditional laboratory population studies and deterministic population models in understanding regulation in ecosystems. The empirical validity of this theoretical equivalence is tested through use of a competition model of two diatoms. Other observations concerning the relationship between environmental variability and regulation are also reported.

Akutsjukvården är en högriskmiljö som karaktäriseras av flera parallellt pågående arbetsprocesser som måste samverkas och korta vårdtider. Patienten flyttas flera gånger mellan olika enheter och rapporteras mellan personal. En säker kommunikation är korrekt, fullständig, avgränsad och kommuniceras på ett tydligt sätt och i rätt tid. Det finns standardiserade kommunikationsverktyg som underlättar en säker informationsöverföring, de härstammar ifrån flygindustrin. Patienten har rätt till en säker vård, där vårdpersonalen kan kommunicera med varandra på ett säkert sätt och samarbeta i team för att uppnå en patientsäker vård. Syftet var att utifrån ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv beskriva informationsöverföringen vid patientöverlämningar i akutsjukvård. Metoden som användes var en litteraturöversikt där 17 artiklar inkluderades. Artiklarna hämtades från databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och PsycINFO. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av en bedömningsmall och en integrerad analys utfördes utifrån artiklarnas resultat. Artiklarna var peer reviewed och etiskt godkända. Resultatet visade att det fanns olika metoder för patientöverlämning, muntligt både bedside och på sjuksköterskeexpeditionen, samt med hjälp av elektroniska verktyg. Sjuksköterskorna presenterade både för och nackdelar med de olika metoderna. Att använda ett standardiserat kommunikationsverktyg visade sig förbättra kvaliteten på patientöverlämningen. Ostrukturerade rapporter, extrem arbetsbelastning och stressfylld miljö försvårade en patientöverlämning, samt att bli avbruten mitt i rapporten. Sjuksköterskorna efterfrågade en ostörd miljö att ge rapport i och att rapporten skulle genomföras utifrån ett standardiserat kommunikationsverktyg. Slutsatsen är att sjuksköterskan behöver vara medveten om vilka risker som en patientöverlämning innebär, samt förmedla informationen utifrån ett standardiserat kommunikationsverktyg för att bidra till en säker vård för patienten.

I examine the role of product market relations in information assimilation surrounding corporate earnings announcements. I provide evidence that intra-industry information transfers measured by industry rival earnings announcements account for a substantial portion of the well documented post-earnings announcement drift. While this evidence appears to be most consistent with rational structural uncertainty [Brav and Heaton (2002)] one cannot rule out the possibility of behavioral biases. / Ph. D.

The effect of environmental modification of predator sensory abilities remains largely unknown, despite the importance of predators to ecosystem function. I conducted a series of experiments to investigate effects of hydrodynamics on the chemosensory search behavior and foraging success of two species of marine gastropods, knobbed whelks (