Since Google as the world's largest and most popular search engine encourages Internet users to browse their search results, it is naturally functioning as an advertising vehicle and has turned into the most profitable Internet company in world's history. Google's success, however, has been subject to strong criticism as one of the main concerns is linked to Google AdWords, which reveal keyword-triggered advertisements as well as sponsored links besides unsponsored search results. Courts both in Europe and the United States under different trademark legislation felt forced to address the collision of pre-Internet trademark infringement doctrines with modern technology.  As Google AdWords have changed the way consumers observe Internet advertisements and search engines, the boundaries of trademark law have continuously been pushed forward. This development, thus, raises the question of whether Google AdWords by now are considered to function as trade liberalizer or trade infringer under two different trademark jurisdictions.  What is certain as of now is, that if the current circumstances are to change, courts cannot solely rely on old doctrines to adapt to new situations. Instead, new rules should not be subject to isolated court proceedings by individual instances regarded that jurisdictions of courts are limited by territorial boundaries and Google AdWords have evolved as an element of borderless online sphere. Taking these new challenges into account, this paper argues that addressing trademark issues originated by AdWords will demand an international consideration and coordinated efforts between the EU and the United States to bring forward an international solution.

It is a Key player for Doctrine of Equivalents of interpretation and application in the patent infringement. While the use of Doctrine of Equivalents on the judicial decisions they may not otherwise. The Doctrine of Equivalents of patent infringement litigation often is used to determine the key to victory or defeat. So can interpretation and application of Doctrine of Equivalents be used to explain the lack of fairness and justice? Two levels affect this. First, it will hinder the development of human resources for innovation and invention; on the other hand, it will hinder the use of proprietary information with competitors in the industry and then R & D innovation. Therefore, how to strike a balance, and provide companies with operations on the coping strategies? It must provide light to the government to develop policies to make the state's industrial economic development not have a negative impact, it will be able to make Taiwan high-tech industries the key to scale new heights. The development of Taiwan's high-tech industries has its advantages which, if they can continue to innovate and pursue new knowledge, create new knowledge, apply new knowledge, will be able to continue to successful development. In the arena of global competition, technological innovation in creating and maintaining the competitive edge play an important role. In the big picture, the State must be able to establish an economic growth patent policy..Taking into account the economic advantages of science and technology policy is the most important contribution of science and technology enterprises and will provide support to business and trade activities to encourage government, industry, education and cooperation between research units, to encourage and support scientific and technological innovation, and to develop plans to enhance the creativity and support research and development activities.This must be done as soon as possible due to the necessary Doctrine of Equivalents on the legal structure to ensure the rights and interests of both parties, thus contributing to the sustainable development of Taiwan's high-tech industries.

One of the aims of thesis is to examine and describe current trademark law in Turkey and point out the fact that an excessive trademark protection is being implemented and that this kind of a protection does not automatically bring wealth to Turkey. Main aim of this thesis is to point out the fact that new circumstances of unfair usage of trademarks occured with the introduction of the internet and that important problems between the trademark law, which is of national character, and the internet, which does not have any limits arised in settlement of disputes. Another aim is to point out that, currently, there is no agreed legal text regulating in detail the circumstances of unfair use of mark via Internet both at international and national levels. In this context, basic concepts of current trademark law, birth and development of information and communications technologies and in this respect, the Internet, effect of Internet to current social structure and changes caused therein, national and international steps taken in this context, the question whether unfair usage of trademarks could be examined within current legal framework, problems arising from the differences between Internet and Trademark Law also discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 528-550).

This paper contributes to the emerging discussion about the modified behavioural intention of consumers abstaining from pirating and acquiring music through legal means (again) and aims at accurately depicting the key factors influencing the intention of Swedish consumers to acquire music legally. METHODOLOGY This quantitative study followed a deductive approach whereby hypotheses have been deduced from and formulated based on previous studies and present theories. Primary data has been collected by means of a paper-pencil and web-based questionnaire. The questionnaire encompassed a total of 22 questions, was structured on the basis of the different factors that influence consumers’ behavioural intention to acquire music legally and has been both pre-tested on a small sample of the actual population and reviewed by a skilled professor specialised in marketing and research. By using a combination of the purposive sampling and snowball sampling method, 267 valid surveys have ultimately been taken into account. In order to analyse the data adequately, the statistical tool SPSS has been utilised. The analysis was subclassified into different phases: (1) Pearson’s correlation coefficients have been regarded to test the construct validity, (2) Alpha’s Cronbach was tested in order to receive information about the reliability of the sets of items and (3) a multiple linear regression as well as various ANOVA tests were run in order to test the hypotheses. FINDINGS The attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control toward music piracy as well as the perceived prosecution risk and magnitude of consequences proved to be significant predictors for consumers’ behavioural intention to acquire music legally, whereas the legitimate price of music and the idolization of artists were measured to be statistically insignificant. In addition, significant differences among female and male consumers and the different age and income levels could be revealed as well. IMPLICATIONS As predominantly younger consumers were engaged in music piracy, it is suggested to strengthen teenagers’ comprehension of copyrights through ethical education. In addition, an intensification and proliferation of visible signs pronouncing against music piracy on il/legal networking sites, physical formats, online libraries and stores may also yield to a change in consumers’ intention to acquire music legally in the future. LIMITATIONS This study was limited in terms of generalising the results and developing statistical inferences from the actual sample to the population having been studied. Despite the goal to yield a balanced proportion between female and male, younger and older as well as less wealthy and wealthy consumers, the actual sample predominantly consisted of younger and middle-aged consumers caused by youngsters’ and older individuals’ unwillingness and / or lack of interest in (a) the study or (b) music. In addition, due to time and financial limitations, the handing out of the paper-pencil questionnaire was only realised in Kronobergs län’s four largest municipalities Växjö, Ljungby, Alvesta and Älmhult. Furthermore, in view of the developed measurement instrument, it should be underlined that of the seven developed variables, three were constructed by merely two items so that interpretations were considered tentatively. FURTHER RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS A replication of the study is suggested in order to generalise and confirm the stability of the results. The inclusion / development of more items per factor is recommended in order to increase the attainment of significant, representative numerical data. Among the factors introduced in this study, consumers’ rebelliousness in terms of consumers’ feeling to be compelled to behave contradictory to inducted rules and standards and additional aspects having been of relevance within the area of software and movie piracy might be taken into account, adapted to and tested on the field of music infringement as well. In addition, a broader scope of the sample concerning respondents’ demographics and accessibility is desirable in order to warrant an appropriate reflection of the population. Special emphasis may also be placed on (1) direct comparisons between Swedish consumers’ behavioural intentions toward the il/legal acquisition of music in the past and in recent times, (2) other provinces in order to reveal possible differences between consumers from the Northern and Southern part of Sweden or even (larger) cities and the countryside and (3) the execution of a similar research by selecting qualitative data collection methods in order to receive in-depth information and thus answer the question why consumers tend to regard a specific factor as more influencing than another one.

This study presented a critical investigation of the mainstream neo-liberal approach to global intellectual property rights protection. There is a widespread but incorrect perception in the contemporary intellectual property policy regime that ineffective copyright protection in developing countries is primarily an institutional problem deriving from the lack of economic capacity and jurisprudential systems. Arguing that the conventional policy regime offers only a limited account for global copyright protection, this study aimed to show that inadequate copyright protection is not only an institutional but also historically contingent cultural problem. For the purpose, the present study conducted two phases of investigation: (1) a cross- national data analysis of software piracy and (2) comparative historical analysis of authorship in England and China. The first study empirically examined the key determinants of software piracy in the contemporary international market. From multivariate statistical analyses of international data, the study attempted to identify significant factors facilitating software piracy. Special attention was paid to identifying the influence of national culture in software piracy when other institutional factors were controlled. The results showed that a combined outcome of multiple factors including national income, institutional capacity for property protection, in-group collectivist cultural practices, and attitudes toward international intellectual property protection explains the software piracy problem. The second study aimed to provide a more in-depth understanding of the historical linkage between copyright and culture. It traced the historical formation of authorship in English and Chinese print culture to examine whether and why there emerged contrasting conceptions of authorship between them. The findings showed that there was a distinctive historical divergence of material, ideological, and institutional contexts of print culture, which led to different authorship conceptions between England and China. This implies that authorship as the fundamental cultural basis of modern copyright law was not a natural and universal phenomenon inevitably arising from the printing press but rather historically and culturally contingent. / text

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Tiriamojo darbo objektas: Šilutės rajone esantys Žemaičių Naumiesčio, Ramučių, Šylių ir Degučių hidromazgai. Tiriamojo darbo tikslas: įvertinti pasirinktų panašių statybos metų Šilutės rajono hidromazgų gelžbetoninių šachtinių pralaidų įtekėjimo dalies konstrukcijų būklę bei palyginus su ankstesnių būklės tyrimų duomenimis įvertinti būklės kitimą. Tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti literatūros apžvalgą apie hidromazgų būklės vertinimą bei pažaidų ir trūkumų atsiradimo priežastis; 2. nustatyti šachtinių pralaidų įtekėjimo, pratekėjimo bei ištekėjimo dalių konstrukcijų pažaidas bei jų atsiradimo priežastis; 3. įvertinti minėtų konstrukcijų būklę ir palyginti tyrimo duomenis su ankstesnių (2007 metų) tyrimų duomenimis; 4. nustatyti pokyčius atsiradusius naudojimo metu, bei pasiūlyti sprendimus aptiktų trūkumų šalinimui. Tiriamojo darbo metodika: literatūros apžvalgos skyrius rašomas referatyviai, analizuojant kitų mokslininkų atliktų tyrimų medžiagą apie hidromazgus. Tiriamojo darbo metodika: apžiūrimi ir įvertinami hidromazgai, atliekami natūriniai tyrimai, sutvarkomi gauti rezultatai (duomenys lentelėse), atliekama palyginamoji analizė, daromos išvados. Tiriamojo darbo rezultatai: ○ Literatūros analizėje buvo apžvelgtos bendros žinios apie žemių užtvankas ir vandens pralaidas, konstrukcijų ribiniai būvius, aplinkos poveikio klases, betono stiprio nustatymo metodus bei deformacijas ○ Tiriamojo darbo metodikos bei rezultatų dalyje apžvelgta natūrinių, laboratorinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research: Solid dams with reinforced concrete shaft bandwidth. Aim of the research: Aim of the research is to evaluate chosen similar year reinforced concrete shaft bandwidths and compare the results with older existing data. Objectives of the research: 1. Analysis of literature in mentioned works about infringements, it`s repair methods, and constructions. 2. Examine the infringements of reinforced concrete shaft`s with analysis of their appearance causes. 3. Evaluate mentioned parts of construction and compare the results with older existing data that exists. 4. Determine changes in conditions and offer best solutions for removing detected infringements. Research methods: Analysis of the literature are written referatively, making an analysis of other scientists research material of solid dams. Research of the dams are made using visual, natural statistical and laboratory methods. Calculated and obtained results are sorted and aranged.

Autorinių teisių pažeidimas ir plagiatas turi keletą aiškių paviršinių panašumų ir giliau paslėptų, ne taip aiškiai matomų skirtumų. Panašumai pasireiškia tiek plagijuojant, tiek pažeidžiant autorines teises, dažniausiai be kūrinio autoriaus leidimo yra kopijuojami svetimi darbai, tiek plagiatas, tiek autorinės teisės yra susiję su kūrybiniu procesu, kūrinių originalumu, autorystės pripažinimu ir siekia apsaugoti autorius, kad jų kūriniai nebūtų naudojami netinkamai. Būtent dėl šių akivaizdžių panašumų tarp plagiato ir autorinių teisių pažeidimo, kai kurie asmenys šiuos du dalykus supainioja. Žmonės pažvelgę į šią klaidingo sutapatinimo problemą giliau, teigia atvirkščiai ir plagiato su autorinių teisių pažeidimu visiškai nesulygina. Jų manymu plagiatas nėra teisinis terminas ir nebūtinai reiškia autorinių teisių pažeidimą, tai daugiau etikos nusižengimas darantis žalą akademinių institucijų ar pavienių asmenų reputacijai, kenkiantis mokslo pažangai ir kurybiniam procesui. Remiantis tarptautiniais ir nacionaliniais teisės aktais, moksline literatūra ir teismų praktika darbe yra atskleidžiama plagiato ir autorinių teisių pažeidimo sampratos Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse bei nustatinėjamas santykis tarp plagiato ir autorinių teisių pažeidimo. Autorių teisės ir autorinių teisių pažeidimo sąvoka yra aiškiai apibrėžta įstatymuose, aprašyta mokslinėje literatūroje, teismų prakitkoje, LR ATPK ir BK, įstatymai suderinti su Europos sąjungos direktyvomis bei tarptautinėmis sutartimis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Copyright infringement and plagiarism have some clear similarities between them and deeper hidden, not so clearly visible differences. The similarities between plagiarism and copyright infringement are usually seen as copying someone’s work without permission from the author of that work, both are also concerned with the creative process and matters of originality and authorship. Both seek to prevent free riding on the work of others. Because of these obvious similarities plagiarism and copyright infringement are often confused. Scholars that study this problem of confusion say the opposite, they do not agree that copyright infringement and plagiarism are the same. They think plagiarism is not a legal term and does not necessarily imply a copyright infringement, it is more ethical misconduct that harms the academic institutions or individual's reputation, affecting the progress of science and the creative process. According to international and national legislation, the scientific literature and case law this thesis reveals the conception of plagiarism and copyright infringement in Lithuania and foreign countries and determines relation and intersection between copyright infringement and plagiarism. Author’s copyrights and copyright infringement are clearly defined by law, described in scientific literature, case law, Lithuanian penal and administrative codes and is in line with European Union directives and international treaties. However, plagiarism is not defined by law... [to full text]

Older adults inadvertently plagiarize more than young adults (McCabe, Smith, & Parks, 2007). One current explanation proposes that this effect can be understood in terms of age-related declines in working and episodic memory (McCabe et al., 2007). The current study tested this hypothesis by placing groups of young and older adult participants under divided attention while performing within the typical experimental paradigm. Results indicated that for some measures, dividing the attention of young adults equated their performance to older adults with full attention. For other measures, older adults still produced more errors. Except for false recall, regression analyses revealed that episodic and working memory accounted for age-related variance in these plagiarism errors. The current findings provide tenuous support for the McCabe et al. (2007) hypothesis and suggest other factors may be at play.