The dissertation analyses criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific, artistic work or object of related rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof. Conception and attributes of intellectual property, evolution of laws of intellectual property in the world and in Lithuania and legal sources which provides criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific or artistic work or object of neighboring rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof are examined in the dissertation. The dissertation also discusses the elements of crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, examines interpretation and application of Article 192 of the Criminal Code and distinguishes crimes prohibited in Article 192 from administrative offences. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses criminal legal consequences threatening the offender who commits crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code: sanctions according to Article 192 of the Criminal Code and confiscation of property. At the end of the dissertation a new wording of Article 192 and a new Article 1921 of the Criminal Code is proposed. / Disertacijoje analizuojama baudžiamoji atsakomybė už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą. Disertacijoje aptariami intelektinės nuosavybės samprata ir požymiai, įstatymų, reglamentuojančių intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugą, raida pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje bei teisiniai šaltiniai, numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą, ir jų ypatumai. Disertacijoje atskleidžiami BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų objektas ir dalykas, nusikaltimų objektyvioji pusė, subjektas ir nusikaltimų subjektyvioji pusė, be to, aptariamas BK 192 straipsnio interpretavimas ir taikymas bei BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų atribojimas nuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų. Taip pat disertacijoje aptariami baudžiamieji teisiniai padariniai, gresiantys asmeniui, padariusiam BK 192 straipsnyje numatytus nusikaltimus, – bausmės pagal BK 192 straipsnį ir turto konfiskavimas. Disertacijos pabaigoje pateikiamas pasiūlymas dėl naujos BK 192 straipsnio redakcijos ir naujo BK 1921 straipsnio.

Disertacijoje analizuojama baudžiamoji atsakomybė už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą. Disertacijoje aptariami intelektinės nuosavybės samprata ir požymiai, įstatymų, reglamentuojančių intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugą, raida pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje bei teisiniai šaltiniai, numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą, ir jų ypatumai. Disertacijoje atskleidžiami BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų objektas ir dalykas, nusikaltimų objektyvioji pusė, subjektas ir nusikaltimų subjektyvioji pusė, be to, aptariamas BK 192 straipsnio interpretavimas ir taikymas bei BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų atribojimas nuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų. Taip pat disertacijoje aptariami baudžiamieji teisiniai padariniai, gresiantys asmeniui, padariusiam BK 192 straipsnyje numatytus nusikaltimus, – bausmės pagal BK 192 straipsnį ir turto konfiskavimas. Disertacijos pabaigoje pateikiamas pasiūlymas dėl naujos BK 192 straipsnio redakcijos ir naujo BK 1921 straipsnio. / The dissertation analyses criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific, artistic work or object of related rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof. Conception and attributes of intellectual property, evolution of laws of intellectual property in the world and in Lithuania and legal sources which provides criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific or artistic work or object of neighboring rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof are examined in the dissertation. The dissertation also discusses the elements of crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, examines interpretation and application of Article 192 of the Criminal Code and distinguishes crimes prohibited in Article 192 from administrative offences. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses criminal legal consequences threatening the offender who commits crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code: sanctions according to Article 192 of the Criminal Code and confiscation of property. At the end of the dissertation a new wording of Article 192 and a new Article 1921 of the Criminal Code is proposed.

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In this technological age the distribution of information happens faster and easier than ever before. This ease of transfer of information brings challenges for international intellectual property rights protection. It addresses reasons governments work to increase enforcement and reasons governments do not comply with enforcement protocols. It assesses the pressure international agreements and incentives exert on governments to produce compliance. This paper evaluates 76 countries in three non-consecutive years on their level of enforcement. It includes a discussion of contributing factors to government choice in interaction and enforcement. The question of enforcement incentives is addressed both across time and across countries. / Department of Political Science

The main goal of this thesis is to analyse to what extent piracy on today's Internet is spread; who is responsible for unlawfully shared files from the legal point of view; how it is fought against copyright infringement; how it is possible to identify a person being responsible for copyright infringement and with what kind of punishment the person is to be charged. Moreover, this thesis focuses on in what way the issues mentioned above could develop and presents an outline of legislation changes which would lead to more effective copyright enforcing. The main reason why I have chosen the topic "The Internet and copyright - the scope of responsibility of particular subjects (webhosting, the Internet provider…) and means of protection against piracy (the pirate identification and their punishment…)" is that I find this law field very dynamic and likely to develop further, which makes it appropriate for my future career. What is more, I am close and interested in IT myself. I also believe that the real "boom" of lawsuits has not come to the Czech Republic yet resulting in a good opportunity. This work is divided into nine chapters, each chapter being split into several subchapters following the logical order. In the first chapter the reader is informed that piracy and fighting against it is not a...

Why do some member states infringe EU law more than others? Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis reported here, is not because of administrative capacity limitations, but because of political context, policy changes and deliberate opposition by member governments in order to maintain their independence. States in turn, are motivated by domestic politics to seek to avoid implementing EU law. Additionally, I find that richer countries violate the law more often than poorer countries. Further, member states infringe more than others because of a high number of institutional and coalitional veto players. These results suggest that member states are in the EU because the EU serves their national interest over collective ones. Finally, these results suggest new hypothesis. Member states that have a high level of public discontent with the EU are unlikely to tolerate the political costs of implementing EU legislation.

La renonciation aux droits fondamentaux peut être entendue comme l'engagement juridique d'une personne de ne pas exercer ou d'exercer dans un sens déterminé un de ses droits fondamentaux. Malgré sa relative clandestinité dans la doctrine, la renonciation existe et connaît un régime juridique uniforme. Elle entretient des relations complexes et ambivalentes avec la liberté de son auteur. En effet, la renonciation présente pour particularité de constituer une manifestation significative de la liberté tout en risquant de la contrarier. Du reste, elle implique un aménagement plus ou moins important de l'exercice des droits et, ainsi, une limitation variable de la liberté du renonçant. L'étude de son champ et de sa typologie permet de révéler son existence et d'apprécier son étendue. Seuls certains droits fondamentaux peuvent voir leur exercice aménagé par leur titulaire, la ligne de séparation des droits « renonçables » et « irrenonçables » résultant d'une tension entre la liberté et l'ordre public. L'étude des supports de la renonciation, de sa structure et de ses modalités rend compte de sa fréquence importante et de ses formes juridiques variées. En dépit de ses formes multiples, la renonciation est enserrée dans des règles homogènes. Plus que tout autre acte juridique, elle est susceptible d'attenter à la liberté de son auteur, de sorte que son existence, de sa naissance à sa disparition, est encadrée. La validité de l'acte de renonciation est subordonnée à des conditions qui se trouvent sanctionnées en cas de non-respect. L'exécution de l'engagement du renonçant et son éventuel refus de respecter sa volonté passée sont, eux aussi, enserrés dans certaines normes. Ces dernières dépendent, pour la plupart d'entre elles, des formes revêtues par la renonciation. L'étude favorise, par ailleurs, la compréhension des droits fondamentaux. Elle éclaire leur signification ainsi que leur régime juridique. / Renouncement to fundamental rights can be seen as the legal act of a person to exercise or refuse to exercise one of its fundamental rights. Despite the relative absence of renouncement in academic literature, this notion exists and is ruled by a uniform legal set of rules. Relationships between renouncement and freedom are complex. Indeed, renouncement represents a significant freedom manifestation whilst creating a risk for said freedom. Furthermore, it implies a potential important arrangement of the use of rights and therefore a possible limitation to the freedom of the renouncing person. Only specific fundamental rights are to be considered as subjects to renouncement, due to a tension between freedom and public policy there is a need to set a boundary between “renoucable” and “non renouncable” rights. The study of renouncement cases shows their high frequency and various legal forms. However, renouncement is framed in a homogenous set of rules. More than any other legal act, renouncement can lead to a freedom weakening. Thus, renouncement lifecycle needs to be controlled. Non-compliance with validity conditions can lead to sanctions. Similarly, refusal of execution is also controlled by strict rules. The study of renouncement also helps understanding fundamental rights and highlights their meaning and legal structure.

O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias. / This work has the purposes of analyzing the different treatments trademarks are subject in the fields of merger control and antitrust infringement proceedings. The analysis of the social function of trademark showed that it is a property that becomes effective in and by means of competition. In this sense, there is no doubt that it is subject to the principles of Antitrust Law. However, the way these principles limits trademark rights in the context of merger control, on one side, and, antitrust infringement proceedings, on the other, varies. In the field of merger control, the antitrust authority is guided by a variant of the precautionary principle, which empowers it to make decisions and impose restrictions to trademark rights even in a context of uncertainty. However, under antitrust infringement proceedings, CADEs intervention is subject to the principles of the Sanctioning Administrative Procedure. As a result, the conducts that involve intellectual property rights, including trademark rights, must be analyzed in view of the principle of strict legality. An objective legal criterion is necessary to distinguish licit from illicit behaviors especially under a scenario where two different public policies are at stake: the one relating to competition defense and the other concerning the protection to intellectual property rights. Since these two policies are instrumental, partial and targeted to a higher objective connected with economic policy, they should be harmonized and not overlap each other. In addition, the scope of the competition authoritys jurisdiction in antitrust infringement proceedings which investigate the abuse of trademark laws and acts of unfair competition should be clarified. Antitrust law, as an independent legal field, which contains its own principles and interpretation methods, can analyze institutes from other legal fields to which it is related without being bound by the positioning of other instances.

Digital technology has vastly increased the ability of individuals to copy, produce and distribute information, making the behavior of individuals a far more significant factor in the enforcement of copyright and fair use laws than in the past. This research investigates the resources used by university faculty and their knowledge of fair use regarding web-based course materials. Specifically, the research A) identifies prevailing trends in faculty use of resource materials in the development of web-based courses including digital images, text, video and sound; B) determines how faculty members have gained and applied their fair use knowledge; and C) interprets any differences based on demographic data. To obtain data for this study, the researcher designed, developed and posted online an IRB-approved survey instrument. In addition, the researcher used an online focus group within Blackboard to obtain qualitative data to assist in guiding interpretation of the quantitative results from the survey. Quantitative findings indicated that aside from the small percentage of faculty members who have had web design training or copyright training, very few are aware of this institution's specific copyright and fair use policies. Qualitatively, this study pointed to the themes of lack of training, a desire to comply, and urgency in designing online course materials in time for the start of a new semester as a major decision-making factor in whether to include/exclude copyrighted content. Despite these difficulties, most focus group participants reported they knew the appropriate person or department to ask for guidance, pointing to the role of deterrence theory in their decision-making.

Web 2.0 and the new decentralized, many-to-many technosocial tolls empower consumers and users to reproduce, and distribute content on their own and without permission, shifting the boundaries of participation. Alternative collaborative communities that produce and distribute information, knowledge and culture without seeking profit or operating hierarchically challenge and/or correct commercial entities. This thesis deals with such a variety of collaborative community: the scanlation community. It explores, describes and explains what differences there are in the practices and understandings of scanlators, with a special focus on their attitudes towards legal ownership and profit motives.  The main research question is: How do scanlators understand their cultural production, reproduction and distribution practices; with a special focus on which meanings do they ascribe to copyright infringement and the anti-profit motive? In particular, the study provides answers to the following questions: How do some become scanlators? What are the motives of the scanlators? How is scanlation organized? How is it managed? Which beliefs underpin it? Further impacts on and implications for the cultural industry of manga and the society at the level of politics, economy, and culture are taken into account and disccussed. Bruns' produsage based model of collaborative content production and usage is taken here as the main theoretical tool to analyze the participants, processes and principles of the scanlation community. Other concepts derived from fans studies and the political economy of media and communication complement the theoretical framework. Twenty qualitative interviews with individuals contributors to the collaborative process of content creation in a variety of groups were conducted.  The analysis of the results of the research suggests that scanlators collaborate in competition and cooperation with their open, free, ad hoc and heterarchical alternative model of (unauthorized) manga tranlation, reproduction and distribution to correct the many shortcomings of the traditional model: it is free, faster and universally accessible; whereas the latter is expensive, slow, and geo-locked. Moreover, scanlators recognize author's moral rights and do not a priori disregard copyrights, but criticize licensing and rights handling mechanisms together with economic and political censorship. Finally, although they do not want to be paid for their free affective labour, they are not adverse to commercial approaches to their produsage, if these take place on their own terms. This thesis serves as a contribution for the better understanding of communal produsage practices, by the produsers themselves.