CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O cultivo de Anacardium occidentale Lin, mais conhecido popularmente como cajueiro, à uma das atividades agropecuÃrias mais importantes do Nordeste brasileiro. à utilizada na medicina tradicional para fins terapÃuticos, incluindo atividade antimicrobiana. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano da infusÃo de folhas de cajueiro em diferentes horÃrios de coleta frente à bactÃria Streptococcus mutans e analisar o potencial tÃxico e citotÃxico das infusÃes nas concentraÃÃes utilizadas. A ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃnima (CIM) foi determinada nos horÃrios de 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 e 19h utilizando a cepa de S. mutans UA159. TambÃm foi determinada a ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) e foram realizados testes de toxicidade das infusÃes em Artemia salina Leach e citotoxicidade na presenÃa da enzima LDH em neutrÃfilo humano. Os resultados dos ensaios antimicrobianos mostraram que as infusÃes de folhas de cajueiro podem estimular, inibir ou nÃo ter efeito sobre o crescimento bacteriano, conforme a hora de coleta e a concentraÃÃo. Os valores das CIMs foram de 250 Âg.mL-1 (7h), 125 Âg.mL-1 (9-15h) e 62,5 Âg.mL-1 (17 e 19h). Ocorreu estÃmulo no crescimento bacteriano nas concentraÃÃes de 15,62 Âg.mL-1 (9-19h), 31,25 Âg mL-1 .(15h) e 62,50 Âg.mL-1 (15h). A infusÃo coletada Ãs 7h nÃo apresentou nenhuma concentraÃÃo de estÃmulo. Nos testes de ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) as infusÃes foram consideradas como bacteriostÃtica. Os testes de toxicidade em Artemia salina resultaram em valores para a concentraÃÃo letal mÃdia (CL50) de 266,15; 285,48 e 345,15 nos horÃrios de coleta de 11, 17 e 19h, respectivamente. Assim, para esses horÃrios de coleta as infusÃes foram consideradas atÃxicas nos seus valores de CIMs (125 e 62,5Âg.mL-1 ). Os testes de citotoxicidade mostraram que as infusÃes nÃo sÃo tÃxicas nas concentraÃÃes de 1, 10, 100 e 200Âg.mL-1. / The cultivation of Anacardium occidentale Lin, more known as cashew tree, is one of the most important agriculture and stock-breeding activities in the northeast of Brazil. It is used in traditional medicine with therapeutic purposes, including antigerm activitiy. The objective of this work is to check the antigerm potential by infusing the leaves of the cashew tree in different hours of collection before the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Its objective also includes the analysis of the toxical and cytotoxical potential of these infusions in used concentrations. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined in the time- tables 7,9,11,13,15,17 and 19H using the cepa of S.mutans UA159. It was also determined the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), when tests of toxicity of infusions were done in Artemia salina Leach and cytotoxicity in the presence of LDH enzyme in human neutrophil. The results of the antigerm samples showed that the infusions of the leaves of the cashew tree may stimulate, inhibit or not present effects on the bacterium growth, according to the time of collection and concentration. The values of the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Con- centration) were 250 Âg.mL-1 (7h), 125 Âg. mL-1 (9-15h) e 62,5 Âg. mL-1 (17 e 19h). Some stimulus occured in the bacterium growth in the following concentrations: 15,62 Âg. mL-1 (9- 19h), 31,25 Âg mL-1 .(15h) e 62,50 Âg. mL-1 (15h). The collected infusion at 7 A.M. did not present any stimulus concentration. In the tests of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), the infusions were considered bacteriostatic. The tests of toxicity in Artemia salina resulted in values for the average lethal concentration (CL50) of 266,15; 285,48 and 345,15 in the collection times of 11, 17 and 19h, respectively. Therefore, for the hours of colletion the infusions were considered nontoxical in their values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (125 e 62,5Âg.mL-1 ). The tests of cytotoxicity showed that the infusions were not toxical in the concentrations of 1, 10, 100 e 200Âg. mL-1.

Os equinos são comumente anestesiados com agentes voláteis em procedimentos cirúrgicos acima de 60 minutos, resultando em depressão cardiovascular dosedependente, contribuindo para uma alta taxa de mortalidade. Sendo assim, este estudo objetivou determinar se o fentanil, em infusão contínua, seria capaz de diminuir a fração expirada de isoflurano, promovendo estabilidade cardiovascular transoperatória e uma melhor recuperação após cirurgia de artroscopia, em comparação à infusão de lidocaína ou quetamina, durante a manutenção da anestesia com isoflurano. Para tanto foram utilizados 20 equinos de 3 a 8 anos e pesando 350 a 500kg, submetidos a cirurgia de artroscopia em decúbito dorsal. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: GL (1,5 mg/kg em bolus e infusão de 0,15mg/kg/min) ; GQ (2mg/kg em bolus e infusão de 0,2mg/kg/min); GF (7µg/kg em bolus e infusão de 0,7µg/kg/min) e GI que não recebeu infusão de nenhum fármaco adjuvante. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cardiovasculares (FC, PAM, PAS e PAD), ventilatórios e de oxigenação (PaO2, PaCO2, Compl e Rva), fração expirada de isoflurano [ISSO](Fexp%), e qualidade de recuperação. Em relação à [ISSO] (Fexp%) as maiores quedas foram observadas no momento 30bolus em todos os grupos, que utilizaram adjuvantes, comparados ao momento basal sendo, GL (1,50 para 0,90%) GQ (1,44 para 0,96%) e GF (1,32 para 0,96%). Observou-se que após 15 minutos da interrupção da infusão contínua de fentanil e lidocaína a fração expirada de isoflurano foi aumentada GL 25% e GF 45%. Apesar de não ter havido diferença estatística, o GF apresentou escore de recuperação menor 16,8 pontos, GL 24,6; GQ 30,0 e GI 31,8 pontos. Conclui-se então que o uso do fentanil foi capaz de reduzir a fração expirada de isoflurano em até 43%, não observando qualquer efeito colateral no momento da recuperação após re-sedação com xilazina 0,5mg/kg. / Volatile anesthetics are commonly used in horse anesthesia in surgical procedures over 60 minutes, resulting in a dose-dependent cardiovascular depression, contributing to a high mortality rate. Thus, the aimed this study was determine whether fentanyl continuous rate infusion would be able to reduce end tidal isoflurane, promoting intraoperative cardiovascular stability and a better recovery after arthroscopic surgery, when compared to lidocaine or ketamine infusion during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane. Therefore, 20 horses aging 3-8 years and weighing 350 to 500 kg underwent arthroscopic surgery in dorsal recumbence. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: GL (1.5 mg/kg bolus and 0.15 mg/kg/min infusion rate of lidocaine), GQ (2 mg/kg bolus and 0.2 mg/kg/min infusion of ketamine); GF (7µg/kg bolus and 0.7 mg/kg/min infusion rate of fentanyl) and GI did not receive any adjuvant infusion. Cardiovascular parameters (HR, MBP, SBP and DBP), ventilatory and oxygenation (PaO2, PaCO2, Cst and Rva), end tidal isoflurano [ISO] (Fexp%), and quality of recovery were evaluated. Regarding [ISO] (Fexp%) the highest decreases were observed at the time 30bolus in all groups with adjuvants, in comparison to base line -GL (1.50 to 0.90%) GQ (1.44 to 0.96 %) and GF (1.32 to 0.96%). At 15 minutes after the end of continuous rate infusion of fentanyl and lidocaine, expired fraction of isoflurane was increased 25% for GL and 45% for GF. Although there was no statistical difference, GF showed lower recovery score - 16.8 points, while 24.6 for GL, 30.0 for GQ and 31.8 points for GI. In conclusion, fentanyl was able to reduce end tidal isoflurane to 43%, with no side effects at recovery time after re-sedation with xylazine 0.5 mg / kg.

Au cours de l’administration simultanée de plusieurs médicaments injectables, sont utilisées une ligne principale de perfusion et une ou plusieurs ligne(s) en dérivation. La ligne principale est directement reliée au cathéter et permet l’administration des solutions utilisées pour l’apport hydro-électrolytique ou de maintenir une voie d’abord veineuse perméable. Les autres thérapeutiques vont être perfusées en dérivation de cette ligne principale. La prise en charge des patients relevant de soins intensifs et de réanimation nécessite une polymédication. Les traitements d’urgence impliquent majoritairement des médicaments à marge thérapeutique étroite. Lors de l’administration de médicaments en solutions concentrées, de faibles perturbations du débit d’administration peuvent engendrer de fortes perturbations cliniques et notamment, pour les médicaments vasoactifs, créer une instabilité hémodynamique. C’est pourquoi il est important d’étudier la problématique de la perfusion simultanée, de déterminer l’impact sur le débit massique des lignes de perfusion et la technique optimale des changements de seringues pour prévenir les variations intempestives du débit de perfusion. Ce mémoire présente un travail de développement et d’évaluation d’une démarche d’optimisation d’un système de perfusion complexe. Il consiste à étudier au travers d’évaluations in vitro et d’études cliniques la conception d’une ligne de perfusion en évaluant notamment un dispositif médical innovant afin de proposer, in fine, une solution applicable dans un service de soins intensifs. La première partie consiste à présenter l’ensemble des dispositifs médicaux de perfusion utilisés dans un département d’anesthésie-réanimation. La seconde partie s’intéresse à l’administration d’un médicament couramment perfusé sur la voie proximale: la noradrénaline. Les études in vitro, corroborées par des données cliniques, ont permis de montrer la supériorité de l’administration de noradrénaline à 0,5 mg/mL perfusée en Y avec une solution saline isotonique à débit fixe de 5 mL/h. Cette multiperfusion fait intervenir l’utilisation d’un prolongateur trois voies à faible volume résiduel, permettant d’optimiser les conditions de relais de seringues, connues comme étant à l’origine d’instabilités hémodynamiques chez les patients traités par catécholamines. Un programme hospitalier de recherche clinique interrégional est déposé dans le but d’établir des recommandations de perfusion des catécholamines.La troisième partie aborde l’administration des médicaments sur voie distale en sélectionnant l’insuline comme marqueur-médicament. Les résultats de cette étude clinique prospective randomisée contrôlée ont montré que l’utilisation d’un dispositif médical innovant, le dispositif Edelvaiss-Multiline 8 (Doran International) caractérisé par un tube multilumières à faible volume résiduel qui permet de dédier une voie à une seule thérapeutique, permettait de réduire significativement le temps passé en hypoglycémie pour 1000 heures de perfusion d’insuline au cours de perfusion continue d’insuline en soins intensifs périopératoires.Enfin, dans une dernière partie, les critères clés d’un montage optimisé de multiperfusion sont élaborés et sont mis en application dans un département d’anesthésie-réanimation dans le but d’optimiser et uniformiser la ligne de perfusion des patients. Ce travail a permis de valider les caractéristiques clés de la ligne de perfusion définis dans de précédentes études non cliniques : la nature du matériau des dispositifs médicaux utilisés, l’utilisation de valves appropriées, la minimisation des volumes internes des tubulures de perfusion, l’utilisation de systèmes de perfusion automatisés permettant de contrôler au mieux le débit d’administration des médicaments. / For the simultaneous administration of injectable drugs, the infusion line includes a main line with one or several derivative lines. The main line, which is directly connected to the catheter, is dedicated to hydration infusion or to maintain a permeable vein. Other medications will be added on the derivative lines.Intensive care unit patients frequently require lots of medications in the same time. Most of emergency drugs are substances with narrow therapeutic range. When concentrated solutions are employed, tiny mass flow rate disturbances can provoke clinical damages, such as haemodynamic instability. So, several parameters have been studied on simultaneous infusions: mass flow rate and syringes changeovers.The purpose of this work was to develop and optimize complex infusion line systems. An innovative infusion medical device has been evaluated in clinical trials and in vitro studies. The final objective was to design an optimized infusion line, which could be applied to ICUs.The whole medical devices used in ICUs was first listed. Then, noradrenaline has been used as the reference drug to study central venous catheter proximal line. A 0.5 mg/mL noradrenaline solution Y-infused with a saline (5mL/h) has been shown by clinical and in vitro data to be the best solution. Nevertheless, this conclusion was valid only with the use of a very low dead-space volume Y-extension set. Thanks to this device, syringe changeovers optimization is possible.The central venous catheter distal line has been studied in a second time through an open randomized controlled prospective clinical trial. Primary endpoint of the study was the impact of two different insulin infusion lines (Edelvaiss-Multiline 8, Doran International versus standard line) on glycaemic variability. Doran’s innovative device consists of an exten¬sion set with eight accesses connected to nine separated lumens in a single tube. This allows to dedicate an isolated way for insulin. With its use, a significant decrease of hypoglycaemia occurring in 1000h of infusion period was clinically demonstrated. Finally, all the data were synthetized to optimize an ICU multi-infusion line. The one, which has been designed for surgery and intensive care units, was tested on patients.To conclude, items responsible for mass flow rate disturbances have been identified: medical devices material, addition of appropriated valves, internal volume line minimization and use of automated infusion systems (as pumps). The ideal infusion line has to take into account all these parameters.

No description available.

Highly crosslinked epoxy resin systems are essential in aerospace applications due to the high operating temperatures. Although highly crosslinked epoxy resins have the required glass transition temperature (Tg) for the application, they are inherently brittle and matrix toughness is improved by incorporation of a second phase. Previous studies have focused mostly on toughening of lightly crosslinked epoxy systems, whereas this study investigates toughening of a highly crosslinked epoxy resin system using thermoplastic toughners poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and a poly(methyl methacrylate)-b- poly(butyl acrylate)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (MAM) block copolymer (BCP).

A variety of analytical techniques are showcased for their ability to provide insights into reaction mechanisms as well as active intermediate speciation. Pressurized Sample Infusion-Mass Spectrometry (PSI-ESI-MS), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are powerful analytical techniques capable of reaction monitoring. Contamination from vulcanized rubber was an issue with the PSI-ESI-MS technique as ions unrelated to the reaction were convoluting the mass spectrum. This was resolved by re-designing the PSI flask such that the septum was positioned above a condenser, preventing heat degradation of the septum and subsequent leaching of contam- inants into the reaction solution. The technique was then used to analyze the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction in real-time. The innovative use of Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) scans facilitated observation of all catalytic intermediates, and elucidation of relative reaction rates for each step of the catalytic cycle. PSI-ESI-MS and NMR are complementary methods whereby catalytic intermediates are monitored via PSI-ESI-MS, and the rate of product formation is monitored via NMR spectroscopy. This combination of analytical methods was employed in the investigation of the Barluenga cross-coupling reaction between N-tosylhydrazones and aryl halides. A reaction screen revealed optimized homogeneous conditions, and the turnover limiting step was found to be off-cycle. IMS separates gaseous ions based on their size and shape immediately prior to MS analysis. Upon investigation of [PtCl3(C2H4)], and [PtCl3(CO)], it was found that residual [PtCl3] was forming [PtCl3(N2)] in the source of the instrument. Ion mobility was able to separate these isobaric ions, and DFT calculations and collision-induced dissociation experiments confirmed the existence of the gaseous [PtCl3(N2)] complex. NMR spectroscopy may also be employed as a strong reaction monitoring technique. The mechanism of C–H silylation by trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane and tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylsilicate was investigated using 19F-NMR. All intermediates and reaction byproducts were quantitatively observed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. A stopped-flow NMR system was used to gather data points in the first 0.2 seconds of the reaction. / Graduate

The subject of this thesis is a design of the volumetric infusion pumping unit specifically used for a human medicine purposes. The pumping unit is constructed by the linear peristaltic pump. The document focuses on mechanical design and disposition of particular components of unit and placement of electronic sensors and contacts. The thesis is elaborated as a part of infusion pump development project for a limited company.

Introduction: Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat hematological malignancies. The antibody depletes CD20+ B cells via cytotoxic immune mechanisms, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is mainly induced by natural killer (NK) cells. Rituximab is mostly well-tolerated but has been reported to induce the release of large amounts of cytokines in blood, thus causing systemic inflammatory response. Aim: To study rituximab-induced B cell depletion and cytokine release in blood from healthy volunteers and how this was affected by Fc modified versions of the antibody. Methods and materials: Fresh blood from healthy donors (n=3) was incubated with rituximab and Fc modified versions that influence the antibody’s target functions, namely ADCC and CDC, for 4 hours in a blood loop system. Results were measured using multicolor flow cytometry, except for cytokine release in plasma which was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Of all treatments, rituximab wild type (WT) showed superior B cell depletion than Fc mutant rituximab. The C1q knock-out variant (rituximab-P331S) and the variant with improved affinity to Fc receptor CD16 (rituximab-GASDALIE) did not differ in depletion. A cytokine release was not detected with the treatments, however, a cytokine stimulation in NK cells was observed. Rituximab-GASDALIE had the most prominent cytokine stimulation and CD107a (marker of NK cell functional activity) expression on NK cells. Rituximab-WT and rituximab-P331S had a minor and similar cytokine stimulation and CD107a expression between each other. Rituximab-IgG2 had minimal B cell depletion, CD107a expression and cytokine stimulation. Conclusions: Rituximab depleted B cells without inducing measurable cytokine release for healthy individuals. Among the treatments, Fc mutant rituximab seem to induce less B cell depletion. Moreover, rituximab-GASDALIE appear to elicit an enhanced NK cell activation. Further studies should include more donors as supplement and the results should be interpreted as complementary data to future data analyzed by performing the loop experiment using blood from patients.

Aufbauend auf Leasks Verständnis der Internationalisierung des Curriculums stellt dieser Beitrag drei unterschiedliche Ansätze vor, die Internationalisierungsmaßnahmen leiten können. Anhand eines Beispiels aus der Theologischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen diskutiert die Autorin Potentiale und Schwierigkeiten der jeweiligen Ansätze und zeigt, in welcher Form eine Kombination vorteilhaft ist, um auf die Spezifika einer Fakultät und ihrer Studiengänge angemessen einzugehen.

There has been a great interest in preparing polymeric reflective surfaces in the last few years. The application of supercritical fluid technology in this area is beginning to receive a great deal of attention. Poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) is well known for its excellent thermal, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties. These properties make it ideal for use in aerospace, electrical, fluid handling and coating industries. Supercritical infusion of a silver-containing additive (1,5-cyclooctadiene- 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I) into a PEEK film was achieved with moderately high density CO2 at various temperatures, pressures, and times. During the infusion process: 1) polymer sample was exposed to both supercritical CO2 and the additive under pressure for a brief time, 2) depressurization of the system caused the CO2 to rapidly diffuse out of the polymer; while the remaining additive in the polymer desorbed at a much slower rate governed by its diffusivity in the CO2-free polymer. Following this process the infused film was heated for a short time period to thermally reduce the infused metal and to form a reflective surface. In this research the effect of different additive concentrations, infusion conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, time), and curing conditions (e.g. air flow rate, temperature, time) on the nature of the PEEK surface will be presented. / Master of Science