Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francinete Alves Nunes.pdf: 11166924 bytes, checksum: c977e76cfcc3c3f9eb1a026a909b9227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / This Master's thesis investigated the professional performance of students who graduated in Pedagogy in 2011 and 2012 from the State University of Maranhão - Santa Inês campus/MA, based on their reports. Its objective arises from the need to analyze the influence of the course in the professional lives of its graduates. Two aspects considered important in the context of this work were selected as categories of analysis: the initial teacher education and the professional development of the graduates from the point of view of the authors Tomaz Tadeu da Silva, Carlos Garcia, Antonio Nóvoa and Maurice Tardif. This study also used documentary and bibliographical research as a subsidy for reflection, as well as the application of questionnaires which was the basis for data analysis. Thus, the situation of these Pedagogy Course professionals in the labor market was analyzed in order to identify the principles of their education from an adequate preparation to start teaching immediately, as proposed by the Political Pedagogical Project. Furthermore, an investigation was carried out to determine how the course contributed to the professional performance of the graduates, and whether the relationship between theory and practice was present so that students would feel confident in their teaching activity due to the gap between daily pedagogical actions in the classroom and the University. Therefore, based on the theoretical frameworks and reports from the graduates, a critical and contextualized analysis of this process was conducted. It identified that, during the course of his education, the graduate expressed many doubts and worries, living with the feeling of insufficient training. However, at the end of the course, he attests the compatibility between the proposed education and his professional performance / Esta dissertação de Mestrado investigou a atuação profissional dos egressos do curso de Pedagogia ano 2011 e 2012 da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão-campus Santa Inês/MA, a partir dos seus relatos. Seu objetivo surge da necessidade de analisar a influência do Curso na vida profissional de seus egressos. Selecionou-se como categorias de análises, dois aspectos considerados relevantes no contexto deste trabalho: a formação inicial de professores e o desenvolvimento profissional dos egressos sob o ponto de vista dos autores Tomaz Tadeu da Silva, Carlos Garcia, Antônio Nóvoa e Maurice Tardif. Essa pesquisa utilizou também, como subsídio para reflexões, a pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e aplicação de questionário que foi a base para análise dos dados. Desta forma, analisou-se a situação desses profissionais do Curso de Pedagogia no mercado de trabalho, a fim de identificar os princípios da sua formação a partir de uma preparação adequada para atuar de imediato como docente proposto pelo Projeto Político Pedagógico. Além disso, investigou-se de que forma o curso colaborou para a atuação profissional dos egressos, e se a relação entre a teoria e a prática esteve presente para que os discentes se sentissem seguros na atividade docente em razão do distanciamento entre as ações pedagógicas no cotidiano de sala de aula e a Universidade. Sendo assim, com base nos referenciais teóricos e nos relatos dos egressos, fez-se uma análise crítica e contextualizada de todo esse processo, identificando nessa pesquisa, que durante o percurso da formação, o egresso manifestou muitas dúvidas e inquietações, convivendo com a sensação de uma formação não suficiente. Entretanto, ao final do curso, ele atesta a compatibilidade entre a proposta de formação e a sua atuação profissional

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-03T11:32:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evellyn Ládya Franco Pontes.pdf: 3115036 bytes, checksum: 645a0643b00c04c51ea113b2616bb35c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T11:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evellyn Ládya Franco Pontes.pdf: 3115036 bytes, checksum: 645a0643b00c04c51ea113b2616bb35c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to identify the social and academic experiences in the digital culture of graduating students of the Faculty of Education, as well as recognizing its views on the creation of this culture on education. The context of this research is a private university in the city of Guarulhos, and it uses Pedagogy Degree students as subjects. It includes the analysis of quantitative and qualitative aspects to provide understanding of the phenomena with collected data from the literature review, in order to interpret the digital culture of meanings contained in theses and dissertations on technology in teacher education published in eleven renowned universities in studies of this field between 2009 and 2014; characterization Questionnaire of the researched subjects to meet the profile, the social and academic experiences of Pedagogy students and identify whether the uses of technology provide clues that they are embedded in digital culture; Questionnaire on the conceptions about the use of digital technologies in educational practice and curriculum; and a Collective nterview in order to obtain evidence of intent to use the DICT as professionals and deepen understanding of the digital culture conceptions. The results indicate that the meanings of digital culture overlap with the technology conceptions, education and its subjects, which sometimes even under a common understanding of the concept, has different nuances on the subject because the conceptions outweigh the concepts. It was found that the subjects are in a process of insertion in digital culture. They recognize the constitution of digital culture in their everyday lives, glimpse pedagogical potential in this context and intention to use the technologies. However, they do not seem to feel like subjects of an educational practice with contribution of DICT. Such situation indicates that the course does not provide opportunities for educators training in digital culture. Building the digital culture in the context of initial training in pedagogy leads us to think of the formation of competent professionals capable of mediating and encouraging the use of copyright and communication network resources, in order to form free subjects, who, in their freedom, responsibility and autonomy, can be citizens in favor of the formation of a democratic and equitable society / O presente estudo objetivou identificar as experiências sociais e acadêmicas na cultura digital de estudantes concluintes do curso de Pedagogia, bem como reconhecer suas concepções sobre a constituição dessa cultura na educação. A pesquisa situa-se em uma universidade particular da cidade de Guarulhos e são sujeitos os estudantes do curso de licenciatura em Pedagogia. Contempla a análise de aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos para a compreensão dos fenômenos, por meio de dados coletados a partir da Revisão de Literatura, a fim de interpretar os significados de cultura digital contidos em teses e dissertações sobre tecnologias na formação de professores, publicadas em onze universidades de referência nos estudos desta temática, no período de 2009 a 2014; Questionário de caracterização do sujeito da pesquisa, para conhecer o perfil, as experiências sociais e acadêmicas de estudantes de Pedagogia e identificar se os usos das tecnologias fornecem indícios de que estão inseridos na cultura digital; Questionário sobre as concepções quanto ao uso das tecnologias digitais na prática educativa e do currículo; e Entrevista coletiva, com a finalidade de obter indícios de intenções de utilizar as TDIC enquanto profissionais e aprofundar a compreensão sobre as concepções de cultura digital. Os resultados indicam que os significados de cultura digital imbricam- se com as concepções de tecnologia, educação e seus sujeitos, o que, mesmo sob uma perspectiva comum do conceito, apresenta diferentes nuances sobre a temática, pois as concepções se sobrelevam aos conceitos. Identificou-se que os sujeitos estão em processo de inserção na cultura digital. Reconhecem a constituição da cultura digital em sua vida cotidiana, entreveem potencial pedagógico nesse contexto e têm a intenção de utilizar as tecnologias. Contudo, mostram não se sentir como sujeitos de uma prática educativa com aporte das TDIC. Tal conjuntura indica que o curso não oportuniza a formação de pedagogos para a cultura digital. Construir a cultura digital no contexto da formação inicial em Pedagogia pressupõe a formação de profissionais competentes, capazes de mediar e incentivar o emprego dos recursos autorais e comunicacionais da rede, com a finalidade de propiciar sua emancipação, sua liberdade, responsabilidade e autonomia, para que possam se constituir cidadãos em favor da formação de uma sociedade democrática e equânime

O presente estudo objetivou analisar para uma melhor compreensão do processo de construção dos saberes que estão relacionados à atuação dos licenciandos nas aulas práticas de laboratório, durante a formação docente inicial em Ciências Biológicas. A metodologia utilizada foi de cunho quantitativo e qualitativo. A estratégia foi a pesquisa-ação, que apresenta-se como processo contínuo de aprendizagem, com participação coletiva e possibilidade de transformação organizacional. O campo de investigação foi a Faculdade de Ciências Humanas do Sertão Central – FACHUSC, na Cidade de Salgueiro/PE. Constituíram-se sujeitos desse estudo os discentes do 5º e 6º período do Curso de Ciências Biológicas, que desenvolveram seus estágios, orientado através da Disciplina Estágio Supervisionado, em 15 escolas-campo de estágio da FACHUSC. Para a coleta de dados, foram aplicados questionários semi-estruturados. Os resultados apontaram, no primeiro momento da pesquisa-ação, nas fases preparatória e exploratória, que a maioria das escolas campo de estágio,não possuem laboratórios de aulas práticas e que os educadores quase não desenvolvem atividades experimentais, sendo que o ensino de ciências tem sido mais teórico do que prático. Foi sugerido para o segundo momento da pesquisa-ação, nas fases: ação, avaliação e conclusiva, a realização de seminários com temáticas discutidas sobre o laboratório de aulas práticas, intensificar o seu uso através de minicursos, capacitações e envolvimento de todos os segmentos da escola em possibilidade de mudanças, que, segundo a percepção dos sujeitos,já deveria estar acontecendo na formação inicial dos professores de Ciências e Biologia. A fase da ação resultou em 12 projetos de intervenção pedagógica visando a utilização dos laboratórios de ciências em aulas práticas, proporcionando um maior dinamismo e autonomia dos alunos no desenvolvimento dos conteúdos relacionados a biologia e ciências. Enfim, programas que priorizem práticas pedagógicas envolvendo metodologias ativas, principalmente na área de formação de professores em Biologia e Ciências, certamente serão uma importante contribuição em termos de política educacional nos cursos de Licenciatura, ora ainda necessitando de maiores investimentos por parte dos gestores públicos. / This study aimed to analyze for a better understanding of the construction process of knowledge that are related to the performance of graduates in laboratory practical classes during the initial teacher training in Biological Sciences. The methodology used was quantitative and qualitative nature. The strategy was to search action, which appears as a continuous learning process, with collective participation and the possibility of organizational transformation. The research field was at faculty of Humanities of the Sertão Central - FACHUSC in Salgueiro / PE city. They constituted subjects of this study the students of 5th and 6th period of Biological Sciences Course, which developed their oriented stages through the discipline Supervised stage 15 stage-field schools FACHUSC. To collect data, interviews and questionnaires were used, with type semi structured questions. The results showed, in the first moment of action research, in preparatory and exploratory phases that most schools training field, do not have practical classes and laboratories that educators hardly develop experimental activities, and science education has been more theoretical than practical. It was suggested for the second phase of action research, the action phase, evaluation and conclusive seminars with themes discussed on the laboratory practical classes, intensifying its use through short courses, training and involvement of all segments school in the possibility of change, which, as perceived by the subject, should have been going on in the initial training of science and biology teachers. The phase of action resulted in 12 educational intervention projects aimed at the use of science labs in practical classes, providing greater dynamism and autonomy of students in the development of content related to biology and science. Finally, programs prioritize pedagogical practices involving active methods, especially in the teacher training area in Biology and Science, will certainly be an important contribution in terms of educational policy in degree courses, sometimes even requiring larger investments by of public officials.

À partir du constat, issu de l’analyse de la littérature internationale, d’une efficacité relative des dispositifs traditionnels de formation initiale des enseignants novices (EN) fondés sur le postulat de l’alternance intégrative, cette étude a pour objet de questionner les modalités d’une activité conjointe, collaborative et située de formation. Plus précisément, cette thèse développe des études de cas menées dans le cadre d’un dispositif de formation de terrain ancré sur le « coteaching » en Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS). Elle étudie les conditions du développement de l’activité professionnelle des EN et, au-delà, de la construction du sujet enseignant. S’inscrivant dans un programme de recherche technologique en formation d’adultes dont les fondements théoriques sont issus d’une anthropologie culturaliste (Bertone, 2011 ; Chaliès, 2012), et inspirée de la philosophie analytique de Wittgenstein (2004), cette étude a été menée dans le cadre de quatre dispositifs. Pour chacun d’entre eux, le tuteur (TU) et EN ont réalisé une activité conjointe dans le cadre de (i) la préparation de leçon, (ii) de la leçon, et (iii) du bilan suivant cette leçon. Ces phases ont été complétées par des dialogues de formation intégrant délibérément la présence du chercheur et un guide d’entretien permettant aux acteurs d’instruire en détail leur activité. Des données d’autoconfrontation ont également été recueillies, celles-ci ont permis de formaliser les raisonnements pratiques des acteurs en formation et d’identifier la téléologie des actions de formation et d’enseignement réalisées. Les résultats montrent que le dispositif technologique proposé a permis l’enseignement d’expériences normatives situées (ENS) par TU à partir d’un dressage ostensif et ostensible. Associé à des explications délibérément entreprises par TU, cet enseignement a contribué au développement du sujet enseignant. Un double processus de subjectivisation (Chaliès, 2012) a été documenté, tant sur le plan dialogique et réflexif en formation post leçon, qu’au niveau de la réalisation d’actions réglées en classe. Les résultats ont permis (i) de discuter le postulat traditionnel de l’alternance dans la formation initiale des enseignants, et (ii) d’ouvrir des perspectives de conception de dispositifs de formation initiale des enseignants. / Based on the analysis of international reviews and articles of a relative efficiency of the traditional system of initial training for preservice teachers (PST), which is based on the postulate of integrative alternance, this study aims to question the modalities of joint, collaborative and situated training working. More precisely, this study develops case studies in the context of the training system anchored in coteaching in Physical Education. It studies the conditions of the professional activity of PST, and beyond the teaching subject construction. As part of a technological research program in adult education whose theoretical foundations are the culturalist anthropology (Bertone, 2011 ; Chaliès, 2012), and inspired by the analytical philosophy of Wittgenstein (2004), this study was carried out by four systems. For each of them, the mentor and the PST carried out a joint activity during (i) the planning of the lesson, (i) the lesson, and (iii) the reflection after this lesson. These phases were supplemented by training dialogue which deliberately integrated the researchers’ presence, and an interview guide allowing actors to learn in detail their work. Self-confrontation data were also collected, which helped to formalize the practical reasoning of the actors during the training and to identify the teleology of the training and teaching actions carried out. The results show that the technological system allowed the teaching from the mentor of normative experiments located (NEL) by giving orders and/or showing by example. These teaching methods were associated with explanations deliberately given by the mentor which contributed to the development of the teaching subject. A double process of subject construction (Chaliès, 2012) has been documented, both on a dialogical and reflexive level in post-lesson training, as well as the implementation of actions set in the class. The results allowed (i) to discuss the traditional postulate of integrative alternance in the initial training of teachers, and (ii) to open perspectives to develop initial teacher training systems.

Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório e tem como foco o período de transição entre a formação superior e o ingresso no mercado de trabalho de um grupo de egressos do curso de licenciatura da Universidade de São Paulo, formados entre os anos de 1994 e 1995. A investigação teve por objetivo analisar o período inicial de profissionalização, examinando em que medida os licenciados podem ou não escolher entre ser professor ou deixar de sê-lo, buscando oferecer elementos para uma melhor compreensão da profissão docente e de seus profissionais no contexto atual. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de dois instrumentos: a) questionários aplicados junto a todos os licenciados localizados, que permitiram o delineamento do perfil do grupo; b) e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com 14 licenciados dentre esses egressos. A teoria sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu favoreceu as interpretações relativas à forma como as escolhas são processadas, constituindo-se como referência central para este trabalho. As análises revelam que, ao contrário do que se poderia supor, a opção por um curso superior não corresponde a uma escolha profissional, pois é resultado de um processo contínuo e complexo no qual estão envolvidos fatores de ordem diversa como, por exemplo, a afinidade com determinada área, a influência do meio social e limitações de ordem financeira. O valor social do diploma superior, sobretudo quando se trata de uma instituição renomada como a Universidade de São Paulo, é visto como uma espécie de salvaguarda contra o desemprego que assombra as sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas. O exame realizado mostra também que, apesar de muitas vezes o encaminhamento para a licenciatura não ser resultado do interesse em exercer a profissão docente, o magistério tem representado uma possibilidade concreta de inserção profissional, antes mesmo da obtenção do diploma, devido à falta de professores, principalmente na rede pública de ensino. Também em relação a outras atividades profissionais, o mercado de trabalho assume importante papel na construção das carreiras profissionais, sendo as oportunidades encontradas determinantes das trajetórias individuais dos egressos. / This work is an exploratory case study and has as its focus the transition period between the graduation and the labor market debut of a group of former students from the teacher’s formation course in the University of São Paulo graduated between 1994 and 1995. The investigation’s objective was to analyze the initial professionalization period and to examine to what extent the graduates can choose between being teachers or quitting the profession, and to bring in elements that allow a better understanding of the teaching activity and its professionals nowadays. The data was collected by means of two instruments: a) questionnaires answered by all the graduates that could be contacted, which made possible the construction of the group’s profile, and b) semi-structured interviews with 14 of the graduates. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory helped the interpretations concerning the way by which choices are processed, being a central reference to this work. The analysis reveal that, differently from what could be supposed, the option for a given college study does not correspond to a professional choice, but is the outcome of a continuous and complex process that involves a number of factors, such as the affinity with a given area, the influence of the social environment and financial restrictions. The social value attributed to a college degree, specially when a renowned institution such as the University of São Paulo is concerned, makes people consider that degree as a safeguard against the unemployment that haunts the contemporary western societies. The investigation also shows that although the orientation towards the teacher’s formation courses is frequently not the result of an interest in the practice of the profession, teaching represents a concrete possibility of professional insertion, even before the attainment of the degree, due to the lack of teachers, specially in public schooling system. The labor market also plays an important role in the construction of careers related to other professional activities, the opportunities found being decisive for the graduates’ individual trajectories.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo a análise das narrativas contidas nos planos de ensino elaborados durante o Estágio Supervisionado, a fim de estabelecer quais os tipos de consciência histórica que um aluno de licenciatura em História apresenta. Para sua realização foram consultados: planos de ensino elaborados por licenciandos; material bibliográfico como livros, artigos científicos, dissertações e teses que tratem dos temas de licenciatura em História, Ensino de História e Consciência Histórica; propostas curriculares, regulamentos e normas de Estágio, projeto político pedagógico das licenciaturas. Os procedimentos realizados foram: a pesquisa bibliográfica nas obras teóricas sobre conceitos e fundamentos da ciência histórica, do Ensino de História e metodologia de análise hermenêutica dos planos de ensino. Foi efetuada uma coleta de dados nos planos de ensino, com tipologias estabelecidas em conjunto com a orientadora e a etapa seguinte foi a análise dos resultados à luz da Didática da História, para reestruturar as narrativas contidas nos planos de aula. Esta reestruturação partiu da análise da tematização dos planos e permitiu estabelecer as categorias de análise que tornaram possível pesquisar a relação entre a organização da aula e os tipos de consciência histórica estabelecidas pelo historiador alemão RÜSEN (2001). Por fim, as narrativas foram agrupadas por tipo de consciência histórica e submetidas à análise à luz da Teoria da História. Os resultados obtidos foram: dos planos que apresentaram uma consciência histórica tradicional durante a sua elaboração (6 planos), apenas dois apresentaram algum objetivo orientado sob o Paradigma da Aprendizagem; nos que apresentaram uma consciência histórica exemplar (11 planos), 70% dos objetivos foram orientados sob o Paradigma da Disciplina; os planos categorizados como consciência histórica crítica, apresentaram um equilíbrio entre os dois paradigmas; por último, os planos que apresentaram a consciência histórica genética (4 planos) em sua elaboração, tem em sua totalidade, objetivos orientados sob o Paradigma da Aprendizagem. / This research aims to analyze narratives contained in the teaching plans prepared during training stage, to establish what types of historical consciousness a degree student in History presents. For its achievement were consulted: teaching plans; bibliographic material such as books, scientific articles, dissertations and theses that address the themes of degree in History, Teaching History and Historical Consciousness; curricular proposals, regulations and standards of Stage, project Political teaching of degrees. The procedures performed: research in the articles and books about History Theory, Education and Hermeneutic analysis. It was build a data collection plan and the Didactic History typologies were established for narratives analysis in the data collection (RUSEN, 2001). Finally, the narratives were grouped by type of historical consciousness and subjected to analysis in the light of the Theory of History. From the plans that presented a traditional historical consciousness during its preparation (5 plans), only two of them had some goal oriented under the Learning Paradigm. The results showed that within the category of historical awareness exemplary, the plans have at least one (1) under the targeted goal of Learning Paradigm, but on average 70% (seventy percent) of the goals are guided by Discipline\'s Paradigm. In the case of plans categorized as critical historical awareness, there is a balance between the two paradigms. At last, the plans that have been categorized by the presence of historical awareness (3 plans) in its drafting, it takes almost full goals targeted under the Paradigm Learning.

This research discusses the issue of education reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) through an exploration of the perspectives of a range of participants involved in the preparation programme for science teachers which is run through an existing relationship between the University of Taibah and public schools in Medina city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research examines the perspectives of participants in the university and the school (university supervisors, university coordinators, headteachers, collaborating teachers and science student teachers). It discusses teacher preparation issues in the multiple contexts reported in the literature. Teacher preparation in other contexts has revealed models which could be useful in the Saudi context. Activity Theory (AT) was used as the theoretical framework to achieve this study’s objective of exploring the academic systems of the university/school and the relationship between them in science teacher preparation, focussing on the contradictions that create conflicts for student teachers learning to teach the modern science curriculum. Activity Theory was a useful tool in organizing this research as it permitted the exploration of the relationships between systems, analysing the rich data collected on the relationship between university and school. Activity Theory acted as a link between the need for a more expansive unit of analysis in initial teacher education (ITE) studies and appropriate and effective research methods. This research is situated within the interpretative paradigm. It usescase study with mixed methods as an appropriate methodology, using multiple methods of data collection, namely semi-structured interviews as the main tool, questionnaires and documentary evidence. This research revealed the utilitarian nature of the relationship between the university and the school, which did not reach the level of a cooperative partnership, and which contained many contradictions that created conflicts for science teachers when learning the teaching skills required of modern science curricula.

This thesis enquires into the role of values in the attrition of teachers of physical science subjects in the formative years of their teaching careers. Recruitment and attrition have contributed to a shortage of these teachers in English schools (Bousted, 2016), and while recruitment has benefited from increased investment (Gov.uk, 2017), attrition has largely gone unaddressed. In belief system theory, values are considered to be intrinsically linked to the behaviours people exhibit (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). As the behaviour of interest in this thesis is the departure of these teachers from the profession, it was decided that the values informing this behaviour should be investigated. Values are also components of an organisation's culture, which is linked to job commitment and satisfaction (Branson, 2008). It is therefore possible that when the values of these teachers and those in school culture are aligned, this will contribute to reduced attrition. Based on the works of Rokeach (1973) and Schwartz (2012), an adapted value scale using Q-method was developed to measure the value systems of student teachers and those contributing to school culture as determined by secondary school department leaders. The measurement and comparison of these value systems showed: values held by these teachers in the formative years of their careers evolve, and ITT guides this; physical science and non-physical science student teacher value systems were shown in some instances to be similar, and in others to be noticeably different; one of the two physical science student teacher value systems was in most instances aligned with the value systems identified as being present in English secondary school culture; misalignment showed that physical science specialists place less emphasis on having a sense of belonging and on benevolence oriented values; when compared with the values in English secondary school culture, teachers in the formative years of their careers, regardless of their specialism, have the potential to overemphasise the importance of conformity oriented values. It is suggested that these combined factors contribute to the attrition of teachers of physical science subjects in the formative years of their careers.

Abstract The present, multidisciplinary study examined the early career experiences of young people in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland, following their pathways for four years after their initial vocational education. The research relates to the field of human geography. An individual and his/her actions are important factors for the vitality and development of a region. In this study the regional impact of vocational education was assessed in the framework of the students’ experiences navigating toward employment with their particular vocational qualifications. Applying empirical methods, the dissertation aimed to gather knowledge for the enhancement of vocational education guidance system, and so facilitate and accelerate the access for the young to the labor market. The research problems related to whether the expectations of the young for outcomes of vocational education were met, and whether their life paths thus far could be categorized on the basis of their educational success and early career paths. A further focus of the research related to the regional impact of the recent graduates in regard to whether they decided to stay in or to leave the region. This study aimed to provide an enhanced framework for vocational guidance professionals to work with the students starting as early as in secondary school. Early guidance is particularly important in order to identify and support individuals who delay taking necessary career steps, and also to identify those possibly at risk of exclusion. A key observation during the four-year observation period was that the expectations of the young were not always met in regard to the early vocational career path upon graduation. In these cases, the young individuals either didn’t find employment, and/or oriented themselves towards new study paths. By applying more focused, personalized career guidance starting at an early stage, many obstacles to becoming employed could have been avoided. Another observation was that unemployed young people stayed in the area, and continued to face difficulties with their job search. According to this study, the education providers, together with the business community, should improve their methods of forecasting regional workforce needs. At the same time, young people should receive more realistic guidance for their occupational future – and that guidance should be started earlier. / Tiivistelmä Kulttuurimaantieteen tutkimusalaan liittyvä väitöskirja tarkasteli monitieteellisestä näkökulmasta nuorten ammatillisen koulutuksen jälkeisiä työuraan liittyviä kokemuksia Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Sosiaalisen tilan teoria ja kulttuurihistoriallinen toimintateoria muodostivat työn teoreettisen viitekehyksen. Yksilö ja hänen toimensa ovat tärkeitä tekijöitä tarkasteltaessa alueen elinvoimaisuutta ja kehittymistä. Ammatillisen koulutuksen alueellista vaikuttavuutta arvioitiin tässä nuorten yksilöllisten ja perustutkintokohtaisten kokemusten pohjalta. Väitöskirjan tarkoitus oli empiirisin menetelmin luoda tietoa ammatillisen koulutuksen ohjausjärjestelmiin ja sitä kautta tehostaa ja nopeuttaa nuorten pääsyä työmarkkinoille. Elinkeinoelämälle ja ammattiin valmistuville nuorille on tärkeää nopea työllistyminen tai jatko-opintoihin pääseminen. Tässä tutkimuksessa seurattiin kahdesta pohjoissuomalaisen ammattiopiston monialaisesta yksiköstä ammatilliseen perustutkintoon valmistuneiden nuorten varhaisia työelämä- ja jatko-opintopolkuja noin neljän vuoden aikana. Tutkimusongelmat liittyivät siihen, toteutuivatko ammatillisen perustutkintokoulutuksen suorittaneiden nuorten odotukset ja voidaanko opintojen aikaisten tulosten ja varhaisten työelämäpolkujen perusteella tyypitellä nuorten elämänpolkuja perustutkinnoittain. Alueellisen vaikuttavuuden näkökulmasta selvitettiin lisäksi, pysyvätkö nuoret alueella, vai muuttavatko he sieltä pois. Tämä tutkimus auttaa ohjaustahoja tunnistamaan työelämäpoluissaan viivyttelevät ja mahdollisesti syrjäytymisvaarassa olevat nuoret sekä ohjaamaan heitä mahdollisimman aikaisin heidän tarvitsemallaan tavalla. Keskeinen havainto oli, että nuorten odotukset eivät toteutuneet useissa perustutkinnoissa. Näissä tapauksissa nuoret jäivät joko työttömiksi tai suuntasivat uusiin opintoihin. Samoin havaittiin, että työttömyyttä kokeneet nuoret jäivät opiskelupaikkakunnalleen ja että he kokivat monenlaisia vaikeuksia työn hakuun liittyvissä asioissa. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan koulutuksen järjestäjien tulee parantaa omia ennakointimenetelmiään yhdessä elinkeinoelämän kanssa ja samanaikaisesti tulee lisätä nuoriin kohdistuvaa realistista tulevaisuusohjausta sekä aloittaa se nykyistä aikaisemmin.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar ex vivo a influência do alargamento cervical na determinação do instrumento apical inicial (IAI), no comprimento de trabalho (CT), dos canais radiculares de primeiros molares superiores, e determinar a forma do canal a 1 mm do ápice. Cinqüenta dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o preparo dos terços cervical e médio do canal: GI- sem alargamento; GII- brocas Gates- Glidden (#2, #3) (GG); GIII- AET (S1, SC, S2 e S3); GIV- GT Rotary File (20/06, 20/08, 20/10 e 20/10) (GT); GV- LA Axxess (20.06, 35.06) (LA). Os canais foram explorados com lima tipo K inserindo-se passivamente a lima 08 no CT, e limas de diâmetros sucessivamente maiores até obter a sensação de travamento. Foram feitas secções transversais no CT, analisadas em MEV e a área do IAI e a área do canal radicular foram medidas para verificar a porcentagem que o IAI ocupou no interior do canal em cada amostra. A forma do canal radicular foi classificada em circular, oval e achatada. A análise de variância indicou diferença estatisticamente significante entre a área ocupada pelo IAI entre os grupos experimentais (p<0,0001). Os resultados mostraram que, para o canal mésio-vestibular, os valores decrescentes em porcentagem que o IAI ocupou no interior do canal foram: LA Axxess (66,70 ± 7,10) > GT (44,16 ± 9,35) = AET (44,10 ± 8,88) > GG (33,17 ± 6,68) = sem alargamento (23,85 ± 6,86); para o canal disto-vestibular: LA Axxess (75,12 ± 8,56) > GT (58,68 ± 7,70) = AET (54,66 ± 7,12) > GG (39,76 ± 7,52) > sem preparo (26,90 ± 6,10); e para o canal palatino: LA Axxess (66,55 ± 11,40) > AET (51,98 ± 10,67) = GT (49,50 ± 10,05) > GG (35,70 ± 7,62) > sem preparo (21,43 ± 2,79). A forma do canal foi predominantemente achatada para o canal mésio-vestibular, circular para o canal distovestibular e oval para o canal palatino. Pode-se concluir que o preparo dos terços cervical e médio do canal radicular permite melhor determinação do IAI, e que o preparo cervical com brocas LA Axxess apresentou a melhor adaptação do IAI no CT. / The aim of this study was to investigate ex vivo the influence of cervical preflaring on determination the initial apical file (IAI), in the working length (WL), of the root canals of the maxillary first molars and to determine the shape of the canal at 1 mm from the apex. Fifty teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10) in accordance with the preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the canal: GI - without preflaring; GII - Gates-Glidden burs (#2, #3) (GG); GIII - AET (S1, SC, S2 and S3); GIV - GT Rotary File (20/06, 20/08, 20/10 and 20/10) (GT); GV - LA Axxess burs (20.06, 35.06) (LA). The canals were sized with the type K-file, passively inserting the file 08 in the WL and files with successively greater diameters until a binding sensation was felt. Cross sections were made in the WL, analyzed by SEM and the IAI area and the area of the root canal were measured to verify the percentage that the IAI occupied inside the canal in each sample. The shape of the root canal was classified as circular, oval and flattened. The analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant difference between the area occupied by the IAI and the experimental groups (p<0.0001). The results showed that for the mesiobuccal canal, the decreasing values by percentage that the IAI occupied inside the canal were: LA Axxess (66.70 ± 7.10) > GT (44.16 ± 9.35) = AET (44.10 ± 8.88) > GG (33.17 ± 6.68) = without preflaring (23.85 ± 6.86); for the distobuccal canal: LA Axxess (75.12 ± 8.56) > GT (58.68 ± 7.70) = AET (54.66 ± 7.12) > GG (39.76 ± 7.52) > without preflaring (26.90 ± 6.10); and for the palatal canal: LA Axxess (66.55 ± 11.40) > AET (51.98 ± 10.67) = GT (49.50 ± 10.05) > GG (35.70 ± 7.62) > without preflaring (21.43 ± 2.79). The shape of the canal was predominantly flattened for the mesiobuccal canal, circular for the distobuccal canal and oval for the palatal canal. It may be concluded that the preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal allows better determination of the IAI and that the cervical preflaring with LA Axxess burs presented better adaptation of the IAI in the WL.