A capacidade inovativa não é um assunto recente, mas ainda não possui consenso entre os pesquisadores na sua definição. Alguns estudos, como os de Rush, Bessant e Hobday (2007) e Cetindamar et al. (2009), propuseram modelos de avaliação da capacidade inovativa como resultado do processo de aprendizagem tecnológica. Nesta abordagem, ter capacidade inovativa significa adquirir informações, transformá-las em novos conhecimentos, promover a mudança tecnológica e obter novos produtos. Seguindo esta abordagem, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estabelecer um modelo que pudesse analisar a capacidade inovativa através da capacidade absortiva e da capacidade tecnológica mediante a inclusão de uma variável de validação econômica, o desempenho inovativo das empresas. Isto foi realizado através de um levantamento [survey] em 491 empresas da indústria cosmética brasileira. Em 202, como resultado se obteve uma grande quantidade de empresas que lançam produtos cosméticos em função do conhecimento contido na sua própria cadeia produtiva. Desta forma, clientes e fornecedores possuem um papel importante no desenvolvimento de produtos deste setor e as mudanças tecnológicas acabam centradas em melhorias, o que confere menor grau de novidade aos produtos. A partir da análise de cluster proposta neste trabalho foi possível identificar um cluster com maior desempenho inovativo e que apresenta diferenças nas suas práticas com relação ao grande grupo de empresas. / Innovative capability is not a recent issue but still there is no consensus among researchers as to its definition. Some studies, such as Rush, Bessant and Hobday (2007) and Cetindamar et al. (2009), have proposed models for evaluation of innovative capability as a result of the technological learning process. According to this approach, being innovative capable means to acquire information, turn into new knowledge, promote technological changes and get new products. Following this view, the aim of this study was to establish a model that would be able to analyze the innovative capability through the absorptive capacity and technological capability by including a economic variable, the innovative performance of the firms. This was accomplished through a survey conducted among 491 Brazilian companies in the cosmetics industry. In 202, as a result, it was obtained a large number of companies that launch cosmetics from the contained knowledge in their own supply chain. Thus, customers and suppliers have an important role in product development. The technological changes in this industry are focused on improvements, which gives a less degree of novelty in products. Through the cluster analysis, it was possible to identify a cluster with the highest innovative performance. This cluster differs in its practices with respect to the large group of companies.

Purpose - This study aims to identify how remote work may negatively influence the innovative climate, and how organizations can overcome the identified challenges. In doing so, we present challenges of remote work and solutions of how organizations, leaders, and employees can manage the challenges.  Method – The analysis was based on 18 interviews with industry experts and employees at the case study company, as well as secondary data regarding best practices. We combined and analyzed all data by thematic analysis. Findings - We identified 12 challenges with remote work that negatively influences the innovative climate within four areas: communication, collaboration, resources, and leadership. We have also mapped out 14 solutions to overcome those identified challenges.  Theoretical contribution - Remote work has been investigated several times but the connection to the innovative climate has not earlier been established. Thus, in this study, we bridge the gap between the challenges of remote work and the innovative climate at organizations. Additionally, independent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we contribute with findings on how remote work may negatively influence the innovative climate in organizations, how organizations can overcome these challenges, and how an innovative climate can be fostered remotely. Practical implications - We show how remote work negatively influences the innovative climate at organizations and what leaders, employees, and organizations could do to overcome these challenges and foster innovation despite working remotely. See appendix 4, 5, 7, and 8 for practical guidelines that describe what four different stakeholders (leaders, employees, organizations, and meeting moderators) can do, and appendix 6 for a suggested etiquette for remote meetings. Limitations of the study - We collected most of the data through one company in the high technology industry focused on gathering qualitative findings. Thus, our findings might be limited in terms of generalizability. Therefore, validation of our findings in other industries would be interesting for future research. / Syfte - Studiens syfte var att identifiera hur distansarbete negativt kan påverka det innovativa klimatet hos organisationer och hur dessa utmaningar kan övervinnas. För att uppnå det presenterade vi utmaningar med distansarbete samt lösningar på hur organisationer, ledare, mötesmoderatorer och anställda kan hantera utmaningarna. Metod – Analysen baserades på 18 intervjuer med branschexperter och anställda vid fallstudieföretaget, samt sekundära data om bästa praxis. All data analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat - Vi identifierade 12 utmaningar med distansarbete som negativt påverkar det innovativa klimatet inom fyra områden: kommunikation, samarbete, resurser och ledarskap. Vidare har vi kartlagt 14 lösningar för att övervinna de identifierade utmaningarna. Teoretiskt bidrag - Distansarbete har undersökts flera gånger men kopplingen till det innovativa klimatet har inte fastställts tidigare. I denna studie överbryggar vi klyftan mellan utmaningarna med distansarbete och det innovativa klimatet i organisationer. Dessutom, oberoende av COVID-19-pandemin, bidrar vi med kunskap om hur distansarbete kan påverka det innovativa klimatet hos organisationer negativt, hur organisationer kan övervinna dessa utmaningar och hur ett innovativt klimat kan främjas på distans. Praktiska implikationer - Vi visar hur distansarbete negativt påverkar det innovativa klimatet i organisationer och vad ledare, anställda och organisationer kan göra för att övervinna dessa utmaningar och främja innovation trots att de arbetar på distans. Se bilaga 4, 5, 7 och 8 för praktiska riktlinjer som beskriver vad fyra olika roller (ledare, anställda, organisationer och mötesmoderatorer) kan göra, och bilaga 6 för ett förslag på en etikett för distansmöten. Studiens begränsningar - Majoriteten av studiens kvalitativa data samlades in från ett företag och därför kan våra resultat vara begränsade avseende generaliserbarhet. Validering av våra resultat i andra branscher skulle därför vara aktuellt för framtida studier.

Innovationskompetens är en eftertraktad förmåga på arbetsmarknaden. Individens tro på innovationsförmågan benämns som innovativ self-efficacy och anses vara nödvändigt inom innovationsarbete. Tidigare forskning visar att individer med hög innovativ self-efficacy hanterar motgångar bättre än de med låg. Studien undersökte skillnader avseende innovativ self-efficacy, innovationsintresse och innovativa karriärmål beroende på utbildning och arbetslivserfarenhet. Personlighet inkluderades för att kontrollera dess effekt på innovativ self-efficacy. Enkäten fylldes i av 173 individer från tre olika utbildningsprogram med olika många innovativa kurser. Innovationsstudenter med högst antal innovativa kurser har högst innovativ self-efficacy, högst intresse för innovation och innovativa karriärmål. Studenternas höga värden kan bero på mängden innovativa kurser i deras utbildning, vilket pekar på att högre utbildning har betydelse för innovativ self-efficacy. Kontroll för personlighet visade att extraversion och öppenhet kunde predicera innovativ self-efficacy. Alumner rapporterade högre tro på innovationsförmågan än studenter vid Beteedevetenskapliga programmet, vilket indikerar att arbetslivserfarenhet kan ha effekt på innovativ self-efficacy.

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Conventionally, the performances of Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) circuits have been characterized using specification-based functional tests. In these test methods, the correct functionalities of AMS circuits are verified by measuring pre-determined specification parameters of AMS circuits. The conventional test methods provide accurate test results by using various test equipments which generate functional test signals and capture the test responses externally. However, due to rapid increase in the performance of AMS circuits in recent years, the conventional test methods face various challenges in the aspects of test cost, test time and testability. The goal of this dissertation is to develop innovative functional test methods for AMS circuits which are aimed at reducing the test cost and test time while providing comparable test accuracy to the conventional test methods. To achieve this goal, efforts have been made to explore the characteristics of AMS circuits in a system level and to research efficient performance characterization methods based on the system level modeling of Devices Under Test (DUTs). As a part of these efforts, the pseudorandom test methods for nonlinear AMS circuits have been developed. In these methods, the pseudorandom signal is used to excite the DUT and to generate the test response which has sufficient information to characterize DUT performances. The pseudorandom test methods use the Volterra series model to capture the nonlinear behaviors of AMS circuits and to calculate various specification parameters of the DUT using the pseudorandom test response. In doing so, the performances of nonlinear AMS circuits can be characterized straightforwardly and accurately using a low-cost test setup. Also, in an effort to reduce the test time, parallel test methods of AMS circuits have been developed in which multiple DUTs are tested simultaneously by sharing a common test setup. In these methods, the test responses generated from different DUTs are combined together and the resulting composite test response is used to characterize the performance of each DUT individually. This will reduce the use of tester resources and will increase the test throughput beyond the level limited by the test equipments. The spectral characteristics of test stimulus are studied along with the system level behavior of AMS circuits to develop the efficient parallel test methods. Finally, in order to consider the practical issue of generating at-speed test stimuli for high-speed DUTs using a low-cost test setup, a reconfigurable built-off test interface is developed which can be used to generate various test patterns, including high-speed pseudorandom signal, using a low-speed tester. / text

This thesis focuses on innovative approaches and using project methods in German language teaching. The theoretical part deals with the history of project method, its classification and ways that should be applied in teaching. At the same time it is evaluating its positive and negative aspects. Furthermore, the work focuses on alternative and innovative approaches in education, problem-oriented teaching and also an important role of the motivation of the pupil in the educational process. The practical part deals with exchange program of Czech and German students, which was held in the Bavarian town of Lichtenfels, and where was realized project I know my second home Lichtenfels. This work aims to verify whether the project method is appropriate and effective way of teaching, and whether it can fulfill the key competencies prescribed by the Framework Curriculum for secondary schools. Furthermore, the entire project and exchanges visit are reflected by participating students. Interviews and questionnaires, which were filled by students, showed that this method is beneficial enrichment of teaching that develops especially communicative and cognitive competencies. However, it is seen more as a diversification of the traditional way of teaching, which is indispensable. KEYWORDS Innovative process,...

Le sentiment d’insécurité vis à vis de son emploi, en tant que facteur de stress, influence négativement le comportement lié au travail des employés. Dans cette recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés à la relation entre l’insécurité de l’emploi et le comportement innovateur des employés, étant donné que cette dernière n’a été pas étudiée dans la littérature. Le but de notre recherche est de savoir dans quelle mesure l’insécurité de l’emploi diminue le comportement innovateur des employés.Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse fondamentale que l’insécurité de l’emploi diminue les motivations d’un employé à innover et par conséquent diminue son comportement innovateur. La motivation d’un employé à innover a été analysée sous l’angle des attentes en matières de performance et d’image : un employé est motivé à innover lorsqu’il cherche à accroitre ses gains en matière de performance ou à améliorer son image dans l’organisation. À contrario, un employé s’abstient d’innover lorsqu’il perçoit qu’elle risque d’influencer négativement son image.Nous avons testé notre hypothèse sur un échantillon de 343 employés de différentes industries situées en France. Le résultat de notre recherche a montré que le sentiment d’insécurité de l’emploi est effectivement lié négativement au comportement innovateur des employés, au sens où cette insécurité diminue ses gains perçus en matière de performance et d’image. Que ce soit au plan académique ou au plan du management des organisations, l’apport de notre recherche consiste à proposer l’insécurité de l’emploi comme un nouvel antécédent du comportement innovateur des employés. / Ob insecurity or the threats of unemployment has been recognized to be a stress maker at the workplaces, leading to a decrease in productive behaviors in organizations. This doctoral dissertation is interested in the relationship between job insecurity and employees’ innovative behavior, considering the fact that no previous studies have been made on the latter. The aim is to find out by which means job insecurity affects an employee’s decisions on the introduction of new product ideas, applying new work methods, and suggestions about new ways to achieve the objectives at the workplace. To answer this question, this hypothesis was suggested and tested, that job insecurity reduces the employee’s motivation to innovate and therefore reduces its innovative behavior. An employee’s motivation has been studied in terms of his expectations of performance and image. An employee is motivated to innovate in order to increase its gains in performance or image in the organization, whereas an employee prevents himself to innovate when he perceives the risks of endangering his image. After defining the concept and its components, we tested our hypothesis on a sample of 343 employees of different companies in France. We found that job insecurity is negatively related to innovative behavior of an employee. While he loses his motivation to gain, he does no more innovation, as he looks no more for either performance or improving his/her image. Either through an academic way or an organization management, the contribution of this research represents job insecurity as a new antecedent of employee’s innovative behavior in the workplace.

Background: The Swedish island Gotland provides suitable conditions for the successful implementation of electric cars. Despite these conditions and the availability of the product in the Gotlandic market, electric cars do not find acceptance among consumers on Gotland. This phenomenon of consumer resistance behavior represents a rather under-researched area in current literature. Since resistance behavior is one of the main reasons responsible for the high failure rate of innovative products such as electric cars, this justifies the relevance of this study. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the reasons for consumer resistance behavior towards electric cars on Gotland. By answering this question, the authors intend to contribute not only theoretically to the existing theory of this phenomenon but also to shed new light on the special case of Gotland regarding the non-adoption of electric cars. Methodology: In order to answer the research question, an exploratory case study approach was chosen. Quantitative data in form of a questionnaire as well as qualitative data including a group interview and six expert interviews were collected and analyzed. Key findings: The barriers preventing consumers on Gotland from adopting electric cars are rooted in four different areas. First, functional barriers occur due to the limited range of electric cars, the existing charging infrastructure, the purchase cost, as well as the technological development status of the car batteries. Second, institutional barriers arise since the local government does not provide sufficient support for the further implementation of electric cars and related issues. Third, a contextual barrier in terms of the local car industry was figured out. This contributes a lot the last identified barrier, the cognitive barrier, which concerns the consumers themselves since their lacking knowledge and awareness about issues related to electric cars on Gotland is one of the main reasons for the resistance towards this innovation. As long as these barriers exist, consumers tend to postpone the buying decision of this product to a future point in time.

A energia que sustenta a atividade humana é, hoje, predominantemente elétrica, sendo produzida em sua maior parte por fontes fósseis poluentes, emissoras de gás carbônico. Na busca de soluções para essa problemática, fontes alternativas limpas e sustentáveis têm sido estudadas e já inseridas em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Nossa principal fonte, a hidrelétrica, apesar de não poluente corre, hoje, o risco do esgotamento em decorrência de grandes demandas e das mudanças climáticas. Dentre outras fontes brasileiras ainda não intensamente exploradas situam-se a biomassa, eólica, solar e nuclear; a energia nuclear pode ser uma interessante opção pois, além de limpa, oferece as vantagens da disponibilidade de combustível (urânio e tório) e o conhecimento da tecnologia aplicada nas usinas de Angra 1 e 2 e futuramente em Angra 3. A energia nuclear das gerações III+ e IV traz uma proposta bastante promissora em termos de segurança e economia, os reatores inovadores, que estão sendo desenvolvidos em muitos institutos de pesquisa de vários países, entre eles, o Brasil. O presente trabalho considera essa opção e estuda a viabilidade de implementação do reator inovador SMART no Brasil; esse reator foi desenvolvido pelo KAERI; é modular do tipo PWR, apresenta potência de 100 MWe; atende uma demanda de 100.000 habitantes, possui sistema passivo de segurança e configuração integral. O trabalho fundamenta-se em projeções de demanda energética a médio e longo prazo com ênfase na eletricidade. A viabilidade econômica do projeto foi avaliada por meio das técnicas Taxa Interna de Retorno; Valor Presente Líquido; Payback Descontado e Valor do Pagamento Periódico; foram selecionadas e estudadas três tarifas e três formas de captação de recursos; foi também calculado o custo unitário por MWh do reator SMART e comparado ao de uma hidrelétrica de igual potência. Os resultados demostraram que o projeto é viável em quatro situações distintas e o custo unitário resultou 39% inferior ao da hidrelétrica. / The energy that sustains the human activity is, nowadays, predominantly electric, being the most part produced by fossil sources polluting, carbon dioxide emitters. In the search for solutions to this problem, clean and sustainable alternative sources have been studied and already inserted in several countries, including Brazil. Our main source, hydroelectric, although not polluting, has the risk of depletion today, due to big demands and climate change. Among other Brazilian sources identified as viable alternatives and not yet intensely explored are biomass, wind, solar and nuclear; the nuclear power can be an interesting option as, besides being clean, it offers the advantages of fuel availability (uranium and thorium) and the knowledge of the technology applied in Angra 1 and 2 plants and in future in Angra 3. The nuclear energy of the III + and IV generations brings a very promising proposal in terms of safety and economy, which are the innovative reactors that are being developed in research institutes of several countries, including Brazil. The present work considers this option and studies the feasibility of implementing the innovative reactor SMART in Brazil. This reactor was developed by KAERI; it is a modular PWR type; has a power of 100 MWe; meet a demand of 100,000 inhabitants; features passive safety system and integral configuration. The work is based on projections of energy demand in the medium and long-term with emphasis on electricity. The economic viability of the project was evaluated through the Internal Rate of Return techniques; Net Present Value; Discounted Payback and Periodic Payment Amount; three rates and three forms of fundraising were selected and studied; the unit cost per MWh of the SMART reactor was also calculated and compared to a hydroelectric plant of equal power. The results showed that the project is viable in four different situations and the unit cost was 39% lower than the hydroelectric one.

A energia que sustenta a atividade humana é, hoje, predominantemente elétrica, sendo produzida em sua maior parte por fontes fósseis poluentes, emissoras de gás carbônico. Na busca de soluções para essa problemática, fontes alternativas limpas e sustentáveis têm sido estudadas e já inseridas em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Nossa principal fonte, a hidrelétrica, apesar de não poluente corre, hoje, o risco do esgotamento em decorrência de grandes demandas e das mudanças climáticas. Dentre outras fontes brasileiras ainda não intensamente exploradas situam-se a biomassa, eólica, solar e nuclear; a energia nuclear pode ser uma interessante opção pois, além de limpa, oferece as vantagens da disponibilidade de combustível (urânio e tório) e o conhecimento da tecnologia aplicada nas usinas de Angra 1 e 2 e futuramente em Angra 3. A energia nuclear das gerações III+ e IV traz uma proposta bastante promissora em termos de segurança e economia, os reatores inovadores, que estão sendo desenvolvidos em muitos institutos de pesquisa de vários países, entre eles, o Brasil. O presente trabalho considera essa opção e estuda a viabilidade de implementação do reator inovador SMART no Brasil; esse reator foi desenvolvido pelo KAERI; é modular do tipo PWR, apresenta potência de 100 MWe; atende uma demanda de 100.000 habitantes, possui sistema passivo de segurança e configuração integral. O trabalho fundamenta-se em projeções de demanda energética a médio e longo prazo com ênfase na eletricidade. A viabilidade econômica do projeto foi avaliada por meio das técnicas Taxa Interna de Retorno; Valor Presente Líquido; Payback Descontado e Valor do Pagamento Periódico; foram selecionadas e estudadas três tarifas e três formas de captação de recursos; foi também calculado o custo unitário por MWh do reator SMART e comparado ao de uma hidrelétrica de igual potência. Os resultados demostraram que o projeto é viável em quatro situações distintas e o custo unitário resultou 39% inferior ao da hidrelétrica. / The energy that sustains the human activity is, nowadays, predominantly electric, being the most part produced by fossil sources polluting, carbon dioxide emitters. In the search for solutions to this problem, clean and sustainable alternative sources have been studied and already inserted in several countries, including Brazil. Our main source, hydroelectric, although not polluting, has the risk of depletion today, due to big demands and climate change. Among other Brazilian sources identified as viable alternatives and not yet intensely explored are biomass, wind, solar and nuclear; the nuclear power can be an interesting option as, besides being clean, it offers the advantages of fuel availability (uranium and thorium) and the knowledge of the technology applied in Angra 1 and 2 plants and in future in Angra 3. The nuclear energy of the III + and IV generations brings a very promising proposal in terms of safety and economy, which are the innovative reactors that are being developed in research institutes of several countries, including Brazil. The present work considers this option and studies the feasibility of implementing the innovative reactor SMART in Brazil. This reactor was developed by KAERI; it is a modular PWR type; has a power of 100 MWe; meet a demand of 100,000 inhabitants; features passive safety system and integral configuration. The work is based on projections of energy demand in the medium and long-term with emphasis on electricity. The economic viability of the project was evaluated through the Internal Rate of Return techniques; Net Present Value; Discounted Payback and Periodic Payment Amount; three rates and three forms of fundraising were selected and studied; the unit cost per MWh of the SMART reactor was also calculated and compared to a hydroelectric plant of equal power. The results showed that the project is viable in four different situations and the unit cost was 39% lower than the hydroelectric one.