Yes / The use of foodbanks has risen sharply in the UK; however, the epidemiology of UK food insecurity is undeveloped. This study contributes to the field by analysing socio-demographic risk factors for food insecurity in a female, ethnically diverse population. Methods Data from the Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort were matched with data on food insecurity from the nested BiB1000 study (N = 1280). Logistic regression was used to model food insecurity in relation to ethnicity and socio-demographic factors. Results Food insecurity, reported by 13.98% of the sample, was more likely among White British than Pakistani women (crude Odds Ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% CI: 1.37; 2.74, adjusted OR 2.37, 95% CI: 1.57; 3.59). In fully adjusted analyses, food insecurity was associated with a range of socio-economic measures, particularly the receipt of mean-tested benefits (adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.41; 3.15) and perception of financial insecurity (adjusted OR 8.91, 95% CI: 4.14; 19.16 for finding it difficult/very difficult compared to living comfortably). Conclusions The finding that food insecurity prevalence may be higher than previously thought and that food insecurity is highly associated with socio-economic status, notably benefit receipt, is a cause for concern necessitating an urgent policy response.

Yes / This paper uses data from a city with a multi-ethnic, multi-faith population to better understand faith-based food aid. It aims to understand what constitutes faith-based responses to food insecurity; compare the prevalence and nature of faith-based food aid across different religions; and explore how community food aid meets the needs of a multi-ethnic, multi-faith population. Methodology The study involved two phases of primary research. In phase one, desk-based research and dialogue with stakeholders in local food security programmes was used to identify faith- based responses to food insecurity. Phase two consisted of 18 semi-structured interviews involving faith-based and secular charitable food aid organizations. Findings The paper illustrates the internal heterogeneity of faith-based food aid. Faith-based food aid is highly prevalent and the vast majority is Christian. Doctrine is a key motivation among Christian organizations for their provision of food. The fact that the clients at faith-based, particularly Christian, food aid did not reflect the local religious demographic is a cause for concern in light of the entry-barriers identified. This concern is heightened by the co-option of faith-based organizations by the state as part of the ‘Big Society’ agenda. Originality This is the first academic study in the UK to look at the faith-based arrangements of Christian and Muslim food aid providers, to set out what it means to provide faith-based food aid in the UK and to explore how faith-based food aid interacts with people of other religions and no religion.

Yes / This paper derives from a study of community food aid in a multi-ethnic, multi-faith city in the North of England. The paper begins to make sense of the diversity of types of food insecurity assistance, examines the potential exclusion of certain groups from receipt of food aid, and explores the relationship between food aid providers and the state. Faith-based food aid is common in the case study area, particularly among food bank provision to the most ‘destitute’ clients. While food aid is adopting service responsibilities previously borne by the state, this does not imply an extension of the ‘shadow state’. Rather, it appears reflective of a pre-welfare state system of food distribution, supported by religious institutions and individual/ business philanthropy, but adapted to be consistent with elements of the ‘Big Society’ narrative. Most faith-based providers are Christian. There is little Muslim provision of (or utilization of) food aid, despite the local demographic context. This raises concerns as to the unintentional exclusion of ethnic and religious groups which we discuss in the concluding sections. / CLAHRC

Yes / Foodbank use in the UK is rising but, despite high levels of poverty, Pakistani women are less likely to use foodbanks than white British women. This study aimed to understand the lived experience of food in the context of poverty amongst Pakistani and white British women in Bradford, including perspectives on food aid. Design: Sixteen Pakistani and white British women, recruited through community initiatives, participated in three focus groups (one interview was also held as a consequence of recruitment difficulties). Each group met for two hours aided by a moderator and professional interpreter. The transcripts were analysed thematically using a three-stage process. Findings: Women in low-income households employed dual strategies to reconcile caring responsibilities and financial obligations: the first sought to make ends meet within household income; the second looked to outside sources of support. There was a reported near absence of food insecurity amongst Pakistani women which could be attributed to support from social/familial networks; resource management within the household; and cultural and religious frameworks. A minority of participants and no Pakistani respondents accessed charitable food aid. There were three reasons for the non-use of food aid: it was not required because of resource management strategies within the household and assistance from familial/social networks; it was avoided out of shame; and knowledge about its existence was poor. Originality: This case study is the first examination of varying experiences of food insecurity amongst UK white British and Pakistani women. Whilst the sample size is small, it presents new evidence on perceptions of food insecurity amongst Pakistani households and on why households of varying ethnicities do not use food aid. / NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Yorkshire and Humber (NIHR CLAHRC YH)(Grant number IS-CLA-0113-10020); IKnowFood Research Programme at the University of York (https://iknowfood.org/) which is funded through the Global Food Security’s “Resilience of the UK Food System Programme” with support from BBSRC, ESRC, NERC and Scottish Government.

Caracas ist eine der gefährlichsten Städte auf der Welt. Die Perspektive der Viktimisierung besagt, dass eine hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate dazu führt, dass die Menschen mehr Kriminalitätsfurcht haben. Diese und andere Perspektiven generieren sich vor allem durch Forschung in den Ländern Europas und den USA. Es gibt in diesen Ländern gute Evidenz für eine Differenz zwischen subjektiver Kriminalitätsfurcht und objektiver Kriminalitätsrate. Diese Diskrepanz wird als Viktimisierungs - Furcht Paradoxon bezeichnet, wobei von einer geringeren objektiven Kriminalitätsrate ausgegangen wird und einer unverhältnismäßigen großen Kriminalitätsfurcht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob besagtes Paradox bei StudentInnen in Caracas, wo das objektive Kriminalitätslevel im internationalen Vergleich sehr hoch ist, existiert. Dabei wurde der Fragebogen „Cuestionario de Inseguridad Urbana“ (CIU) verwendet, um die Kriminalitätsfurcht valide zu messen. Der Fragebogen misst vier verschiedene Dimensionen der Furcht – affektiv, kognitiv, physiologisch und verhaltensbezogen. Insgesamt nahmen 70 StudentInnen der Universidad Central de Venezuela an der Untersuchung teil. Von denen waren 71,4 % weiblich und 28,6 % männlich. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 21 Jahre (SD = 4,69). 77 % der Studierenden wohnen in Urbanizaciones (= Mittelschicht), 23 % von ihnen in Slums. Die Mehrzahl der StudentInnen (57,1 %) wurde mindestens einmal in ihrem Leben direkt viktimisiert, das heißt sie sind Opfer von einem Überfall oder Ähnlichem gewesen. Frauen haben in der vorliegenden Studie, entgegen den theoretischen Erwartungen, eine höhere Kriminalitätsfurcht als Männer. Denn es gibt in keiner der Dimensionen und somit eben sowenig in der Gesamtfurcht, signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Laut der Perspektive der Viktimisierung sollten Personen, welche bereits direkt mit Kriminalität in Kontakt kamen oder einer höheren objektiven Kriminalitätsrate ausgesetzt sind, eine höhere Kriminalitätsfurcht haben. Diese Hypothese kann nicht bestätigt werden, denn StudentInnen mit Viktimisierungserfahrung habe keine erhöhte Kriminalitätsfurcht. Auch die Unterschicht, welche objektiv einer erhöhten Kriminalitätsrate ausgesetzt ist, hat nicht mehr Kriminalitätsfurcht als die Mittelschicht, sondern im Gegenteil signifikant weniger. Im internationalen Vergleich mit Lima ist die Kriminalitätsfurcht in Caracas, entgegen den Erwartungen signifikant geringer. Die Ergebnisse belegen ein invertiertes Viktiktimisierungs – Furcht Paradox, dass es demnach eine hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate gibt, aber eine verhältnismäßig geringe Kriminalitätsfurcht. Dies wird mittels eines Prozesses der Habituation erklärt. Die Menschen in Caracas scheinen sich an die hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate zu gewöhnen und daher auch weniger Kriminalitätsfurcht zu empfinden.

Caracas ist eine der gefährlichsten Städte auf der Welt. Die Perspektive der Viktimisierung besagt, dass eine hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate dazu führt, dass die Menschen mehr Kriminalitätsfurcht haben. Diese und andere Perspektiven generieren sich vor allem durch Forschung in den Ländern Europas und den USA. Es gibt in diesen Ländern gute Evidenz für eine Differenz zwischen subjektiver Kriminalitätsfurcht und objektiver Kriminalitätsrate. Diese Diskrepanz wird als Viktimisierungs - Furcht Paradoxon bezeichnet, wobei von einer geringeren objektiven Kriminalitätsrate ausgegangen wird und einer unverhältnismäßigen großen Kriminalitätsfurcht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob besagtes Paradox bei StudentInnen in Caracas, wo das objektive Kriminalitätslevel im internationalen Vergleich sehr hoch ist, existiert. Dabei wurde der Fragebogen „Cuestionario de Inseguridad Urbana“ (CIU) verwendet, um die Kriminalitätsfurcht valide zu messen. Der Fragebogen misst vier verschiedene Dimensionen der Furcht – affektiv, kognitiv, physiologisch und verhaltensbezogen. Insgesamt nahmen 70 StudentInnen der Universidad Central de Venezuela an der Untersuchung teil. Von denen waren 71,4 % weiblich und 28,6 % männlich. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 21 Jahre (SD = 4,69). 77 % der Studierenden wohnen in Urbanizaciones (= Mittelschicht), 23 % von ihnen in Slums. Die Mehrzahl der StudentInnen (57,1 %) wurde mindestens einmal in ihrem Leben direkt viktimisiert, das heißt sie sind Opfer von einem Überfall oder Ähnlichem gewesen. Frauen haben in der vorliegenden Studie, entgegen den theoretischen Erwartungen, eine höhere Kriminalitätsfurcht als Männer. Denn es gibt in keiner der Dimensionen und somit eben sowenig in der Gesamtfurcht, signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Laut der Perspektive der Viktimisierung sollten Personen, welche bereits direkt mit Kriminalität in Kontakt kamen oder einer höheren objektiven Kriminalitätsrate ausgesetzt sind, eine höhere Kriminalitätsfurcht haben. Diese Hypothese kann nicht bestätigt werden, denn StudentInnen mit Viktimisierungserfahrung habe keine erhöhte Kriminalitätsfurcht. Auch die Unterschicht, welche objektiv einer erhöhten Kriminalitätsrate ausgesetzt ist, hat nicht mehr Kriminalitätsfurcht als die Mittelschicht, sondern im Gegenteil signifikant weniger. Im internationalen Vergleich mit Lima ist die Kriminalitätsfurcht in Caracas, entgegen den Erwartungen signifikant geringer. Die Ergebnisse belegen ein invertiertes Viktiktimisierungs – Furcht Paradox, dass es demnach eine hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate gibt, aber eine verhältnismäßig geringe Kriminalitätsfurcht. Dies wird mittels eines Prozesses der Habituation erklärt. Die Menschen in Caracas scheinen sich an die hohe objektive Kriminalitätsrate zu gewöhnen und daher auch weniger Kriminalitätsfurcht zu empfinden.:Zusammenfassung 3 Einleitung 4 I. Theorie 5 Perspektive der Viktimisierung 6 Perspektive Sozialer Faktoren 8 Perspektive beschränkter Methodik 8 Fragestellung 12 II. Empirie 13 Methodik 3 Fragebogen zur Kriminalitätsfurcht – der CIU 14 Statistische Analyse 16 Ergebnisse 16 H1: Frauen haben mehr Kriminalitätsfurcht als Männer 18 H2: Kriminalitätsfurcht ist höher, wenn es zuvor eine Viktimisierung gab 19 H3a: Die Kriminalitätsfurcht in „Slums“ ist höher als in der Mittelschicht 20 H3b: Die Kriminalitätsfurcht in Caracas ist höher als in Lima oder San Luis 20 III. Diskussion 21 Perspektive der Habituation 26 Die Ergebnisse aus der Perspektive der Habituation 29 Ausblick 31 Literaturverzeichnis 32 Anhang 35

The mining environment is one of the largest contributors to the South African economy and provides employment and a livelihood to many South African households. However; the mining environment is one of the most hazardous and production-driven environments in South Africa and worldwide, often leaving households without their primary provider, as a result of accidents. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety motivation and -behaviour, also to determine whether the levels of job satisfaction mediate the relationship between work stressors, job insecurity, union support and safety motivation and -behaviour. The role conflict scale (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzman, 1970), role overload (qualitative and quantitative) scale (Beehr, Walsh, & Taber, 1976; Sverke, Hellgren, & Öhrming, 1999), job insecurity scale (Hellgren, Sverke, & Isaksson, 1999), union support scale (Shore, Tetrick, Sinclair, & Newton, 1994), job satisfaction scale (Hellgren, Sjöberg & Sverke, 1997), safety motivation scale (Neal, Griffin, & Hart, 2000), safety behaviour scale (Neal et al., 2000) and a biographical questionnaire were administered to employees (N = 260) from the mining industry. A cross-sectional survey design was utilised. The scales demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. Increased levels of work stressors and job insecurity were found to be associated with decreased levels of job satisfaction. Also, increased levels of perceived union support were associated with increased levels of job satisfaction and safety motivation and -behaviour. Finally, it was found that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between union support and safety motivation and -behaviour. Recommendations were made to be applied in practice, as well as for future research. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The mining environment is one of the largest contributors to the South African economy and provides employment and a livelihood to many South African households. However; the mining environment is one of the most hazardous and production-driven environments in South Africa and worldwide, often leaving households without their primary provider, as a result of accidents. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety motivation and -behaviour, also to determine whether the levels of job satisfaction mediate the relationship between work stressors, job insecurity, union support and safety motivation and -behaviour. The role conflict scale (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzman, 1970), role overload (qualitative and quantitative) scale (Beehr, Walsh, & Taber, 1976; Sverke, Hellgren, & Öhrming, 1999), job insecurity scale (Hellgren, Sverke, & Isaksson, 1999), union support scale (Shore, Tetrick, Sinclair, & Newton, 1994), job satisfaction scale (Hellgren, Sjöberg & Sverke, 1997), safety motivation scale (Neal, Griffin, & Hart, 2000), safety behaviour scale (Neal et al., 2000) and a biographical questionnaire were administered to employees (N = 260) from the mining industry. A cross-sectional survey design was utilised. The scales demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. Increased levels of work stressors and job insecurity were found to be associated with decreased levels of job satisfaction. Also, increased levels of perceived union support were associated with increased levels of job satisfaction and safety motivation and -behaviour. Finally, it was found that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between union support and safety motivation and -behaviour. Recommendations were made to be applied in practice, as well as for future research. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study examines rural household food security and its determinants in drought-prone Amhara Region of Ethiopia by focusing on Lay Gaint district as a case study site. A range of factors from physical environmental circumstances to policy and institutions-related issues determine households‟ vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood outcomes. The survey results showed that the majority (74%) of the sampled households experienced food insecurity. The situation was worse among female-headed households such that 86% of them were food insecure. The study revealed that, despite the low level of productivity related to local environmental constraints, rural livelihoods remain undiversified with small scale rain-fed agriculture to provide the primary source of livelihood for the large majority of households (~93% of respondents). Only about 25% of the respondents participated in some form of non-farm or off-farm activities, but with only little contribution to their total annual incomes. Food insecurity is a chronic problem in that, on average, households in the study area consume from own production for only about six months. The study found out that the majority of households (about 80%) perceived annual rainfall to be inadequate to support the growing of crops and grazing of animals. The main adaptive strategies employed by the majority of households included diversifying livestock kept, planting trees and diversifying crops. The study revealed that incidence, depth and severity of food insecurity of the food insecure households showed that Woina-Dega and Kolla agro-ecologies are prone to vulnerability to food insecurity. This suggests that development interventions that are geographically differentiated; and build household assets will improve household food security in the study area, and in other similar environments in the country. / Geography

Verandering vind voortdurend op alle gebiede van mense se lewens plaas. Ten einde met 'n veranderende wereld te kan tred hou en aan die behoeftes van die land en sy mense te voldoen, vind daar ook op onderwysgebied in Suid-Afrika, groot veranderinge plaas. Inrigtings betrokke by onderwysersopleiding het oo k die afgelope paar j aar ingrypende herstrukturering ondergaan. Volgens wetgewing moet aile tersiere onderwysinrigtings by die Hoeronderwys-sektor inskakel, wat inkorporering by 'n universiteit oftechnikon beteken. Hierdie studie fokus daarop om vas te stel hoe die dosente verbonde aan 'n tersiere onderwysinrigting die veranderingsproses beleef. Die navorser maak van die k:walitatiewe navorsingsmetode gebruik deur individuele onderhoude met 'n aantal dosente te voer. Hierdie inligting is met behulp van 'n oudio-bandopnemer opgeneem en verbatim transkripsies is daarvan gemaak. Na die ontleding van die transkripsies is faktore geidentifiseer wat emstige stres by die deelnemers veroorsaak tydens die veranderingsproses. Ten slotte is aanbevelings in hierdie verband gemaak. / Change is a constant in all sphere of people's lives. To keep abreast of the changing world and to meet the needs of its people, vast changes are also being implemented in education in South Mrica. Institutions involved in teacher training have also undergone far-reaching restructuring over the past few years. Legislation requires that tertiary education institutions be incorporated into the Higher education sector, which means incorporation into a university or technikon. This study focuses on establishing how the lecturers employed at a tertiary education institution " experience this process of change. The researcher has used the qualitative research method by conducting individual interviews with a number oflecturers. This information was taped and verbatim transcriptions were made of the interviews. Analysis of these transcriptions made it possible to identify factors that have caused serious stress in participants during the process of change. In the end recommendations were made concerning these factors. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Onderwysbestuur)